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Li X, Duan X, Zhang S, Wang C, Hua K, Wang Z, Wu Y, Li J, Liu J. Strategies for Achieving Ultra-Long ORR Durability-Rh Activates Interatomic Interactions in Alloys. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400549. [PMID: 38595043 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The stability of platinum-based alloy catalysts is crucial for the future development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, considering the potential dissolution of transition metals under complex operating conditions. Here, we report on a Rh-doped Pt3Co alloy that exhibits strong interatomic interactions, thereby enhancing the durability of fuel cells. The Rh-Pt3Co/C catalyst demonstrates exceptional catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) (1.31 A mgPt -1 at 0.9 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and maintaining 92 % of its mass activity after 170,000 potential cycles). Long-term testing has shown direct inhibition of Co dissolution in Rh-Pt3Co/C. Furthermore, tests on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) have shown excellent performance and long-term durability with low Pt loading. After 50,000 cycles, there was no voltage loss at 0.8 A cm-2 for Rh-Pt3Co/C, while Pt3Co/C experienced a loss of 200 mV. Theoretical calculations suggest that introducing transition metal atoms through doping creates a stronger compressive strain, which in turn leads to increased catalytic activity. Additionally, Rh doping increases the energy barrier for Co diffusion in the bulk phase, while also raising the vacancy formation energy of the surface Pt. This ensures the long-term stability of the alloy over the course of the cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Li
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- Institute of Energy Power Innovation, North China Electric Power University, 2 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Duan
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Siao Zhang
- Institute of Energy Power Innovation, North China Electric Power University, 2 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Chuanjie Wang
- Institute of Energy Power Innovation, North China Electric Power University, 2 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Kang Hua
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zejin Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yongkang Wu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Institute of Energy Power Innovation, North China Electric Power University, 2 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Institute of Energy Power Innovation, North China Electric Power University, 2 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
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2
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Zhao W, Li M, Hu S. Insight into the ordering process and ethanol oxidation performance of Au-Pt-Cu ternary alloys. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8750-8755. [PMID: 38712563 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00553h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), which have been widely recognized as nontoxic and green energy conversion devices, show attractive application prospects for liquid hydrogen-carriers, due to the higher specific energy and lower toxicity of ethanol. Pt-based catalysts are widely used in DEFCs, while their poor poisoning resistance highlights the importance of composition and structure optimization. Herein, we synthesized a series of reduced graphene oxide supported ternary alloy AuxPt1-xCu3/rGO (x = 0-1) catalysts with excellent ethanol oxidation performance and a composition-dependent volcano plot trend of the ordering degree was observed and rationalized. The highest Pt-normalized mass activity of Au0.8Pt0.2Cu3/rGO is attributed to the optimized CO binding energy according to DFT calculations. This work not only provides an efficient EOR catalyst based on ordered alloys AuxPt1-xCu3 (x = 0-1), but also offers valuable insight into the role of a third metal in tuning the structure and function of alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Mengyao Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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3
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Xu K, Liang L, Li T, Bao M, Yu Z, Wang J, Thalluri SM, Lin F, Liu Q, Cui Z, Song S, Liu L. Pt 1.8Pd 0.2CuGa Intermetallic Nanocatalysts with Enhanced Methanol Oxidation Performance for Efficient Hybrid Seawater Electrolysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403792. [PMID: 38742953 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Seawater electrolysis is a potentially cost-effective approach to green hydrogen production, but it currently faces substantial challenges for its high energy consumption and the interference of chlorine evolution reaction (ClER). Replacing the energy-demanding oxygen evolution reaction with methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) represents a promising alternative, as MOR occurs at a significantly low anodic potential, which cannot only reduce the voltage needed for electrolysis but also completely circumvents ClER. To this end, developing high-performance MOR catalysts is a key. Herein, a novel quaternary Pt1.8Pd0.2CuGa/C intermetallic nanoparticle (i-NP) catalyst is reported, which shows a high mass activity (11.13 A mgPGM -1), a large specific activity (18.13 mA cmPGM -2), and outstanding stability toward alkaline MOR. Advanced characterization and density functional theory calculations reveal that the introduction of atomically distributed Pd in Pt2CuGa intermetallic markedly promotes the oxidation of key reaction intermediates by enriching electron concentration around Pt sites, resulting in weak adsorption of carbon-containing intermediates and favorable adsorption of synergistic OH- groups near Pd sites. MOR-assisted seawater electrolysis is demonstrated, which continuously operates under 1.23 V for 240 h in simulated seawater and 120 h in natural seawater without notable degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyang Xu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang, 515200, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory (SLAB), Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Lecheng Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Tong Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang, 515200, China
| | - Mujie Bao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang, 515200, China
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory (SLAB), Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory (SLAB), Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | | | - Fei Lin
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory (SLAB), Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Quanbing Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang, 515200, China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Shuqin Song
- The Key Lab of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, PCFM Lab, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory (SLAB), Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
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4
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Shen T, Xiao D, Deng Z, Wang S, An L, Song M, Zhang Q, Zhao T, Gong M, Wang D. Stabilizing Diluted Active Sites of Ultrasmall High-Entropy Intermetallics for Efficient Formic Acid Electrooxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403260. [PMID: 38503695 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The poisoning of undesired intermediates or impurities greatly hinders the catalytic performances of noble metal-based catalysts. Herein, high-entropy intermetallics i-(PtPdIrRu)2FeCu (HEI) are constructed to inhibit the strongly adsorbed carbon monoxide intermediates (CO*) during the formic acid oxidation reaction. As probed by multiple-scaled structural characterizations, HEI nanoparticles are featured with partially negative Pt oxidation states, diluted Pt/Pd/Ir/Ru atomic sites and ultrasmall average size less than 2 nm. Benefiting from the optimized structures, HEI nanoparticles deliver more than 10 times promotion in intrinsic activity than that of pure Pt, and well-enhanced mass activity/durability than that of ternary i-Pt2FeCu intermetallics counterpart. In situ infrared spectroscopy manifests that both bridge and top CO* are favored on pure Pt but limited on HEI. Further theoretical elaboration indicates that HEI displayed a much weaker binding of CO* on Pt sites and sluggish diffusion of CO* among different sites, in contrast to pure Pt that CO* bound more strongly and was easy to diffuse on larger Pt atomic ensembles. This work verifies that HEIs are promising catalysts via integrating the merits of intermetallics and high-entropy alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Deng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lulu An
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Tonghui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Mingxing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Deli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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5
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Lin Z, Sathishkumar N, Xia Y, Li S, Liu X, Mao J, Shi H, Lu G, Wang T, Wang HL, Huang Y, Elbaz L, Li Q. Tailoring Zirconia Supported Intermetallic Platinum Alloy via Reactive Metal-Support Interactions for High-Performing Fuel Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202400751. [PMID: 38634352 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Developing efficient and anti-corrosive oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts is of great importance for the applications of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, we report a novel approach to prepare metal oxides supported intermetallic Pt alloy nanoparticles (NPs) via the reactive metal-support interaction (RMSI) as ORR catalysts, using Ni-doped cubic ZrO2 (Ni/ZrO2) supported L10-PtNi NPs as a proof of concept. Benefiting from the Ni migration during RMSI, the oxygen vacancy concentrations in the support are increased, leading to an electron enrichment of Pt. The optimal L10-PtNi-Ni/ZrO2-RMSI catalyst achieves remarkably low mass activity (MA) loss (17.8 %) after 400,000 accelerated durability test cycles in a half-cell and exceptional PEMFC performance (MA=0.76 A mgPt -1 at 0.9 V, peak power density=1.52/0.92 W cm-2 in H2-O2/-air, and 18.4 % MA decay after 30,000 cycles), representing the best reported Pt-based ORR catalysts without carbon supports. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that L10-PtNi-Ni/ZrO2-RMSI requires a lower energetic barrier for ORR than L10-PtNi-Ni/ZrO2 (direct loading), which is ascribed to a decreased Bader charge transfer between Pt and *OH, and the improved stability of L10-PtNi-Ni/ZrO2-RMSI compared to L10-PtNi-C can be contributed to the increased adhesion energy and Ni vacancy formation energy within the PtNi alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Nadaraj Sathishkumar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, 91330, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shenzhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Jialun Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, 91330, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Tanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Hsing-Lin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Lior Elbaz
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
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6
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Sun S, Zhang Y, Shi X, Sun W, Felser C, Li W, Li G. From Charge to Spin: An In-Depth Exploration of Electron Transfer in Energy Electrocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312524. [PMID: 38482969 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic materials play crucial roles in various energy-related processes, ranging from large-scale chemical production to advancements in renewable energy technologies. Despite a century of dedicated research, major enduring challenges associated with enhancing catalyst efficiency and durability, particularly in green energy-related electrochemical reactions, remain. Focusing only on either the crystal structure or electronic structure of a catalyst is deemed insufficient to break the linear scaling relationship (LSR), which is the golden rule for the design of advanced catalysts. The discourse in this review intricately outlines the essence of heterogeneous catalysis reactions by highlighting the vital roles played by electron properties. The physical and electrochemical properties of electron charge and spin that govern catalysis efficiencies are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the pronounced influence of external fields in perturbing the LSR, underscoring the vital role that electron spin plays in advancing high-performance catalyst design. The review culminates by proffering insights into the potential applications of spin catalysis, concluding with a discussion of extant challenges and inherent limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yudi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- College of Material Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, 818 A Fenghua Rd, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wen Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- College of Material Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Claudia Felser
- Topological Quantum Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- CISRI & NIMTE Joint Innovation Center for Rare Earth Permanent Magnets, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Guowei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- College of Material Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
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Liu L, Liu T, Xu C, Zhao W, Fan J, Liu J, Ma X, Fu W. FeCoCuMnRuB Nanobox with Dual Driving of High-Entropy and Electron-Trap Effects as the Efficient Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2831-2838. [PMID: 38385633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
High-entropy borides hold potential as electrocatalysts for water oxidation. However, the synthesis of the tailored nanostructures remains a challenge due to the thermodynamic immiscibility of polymetallic components. Herein, a FeCoCuMnRuB nanobox decorated with a nanosheet array was synthesized for the first time by a "coordination-etch-reduction" method. The FeCoCuMnRuB nanobox has various structural characteristics to express the catalytic performance; meanwhile, it combines the high-entropy effect of multiple components with the electron trap effect induced by electron-deficient B, synergistically regulating its electronic structure. As a result, FeCoCuMnRuB nanobox exhibits enhanced OER activity with a low overpotential (η10 = 233 mV), high TOF value (0.0539 s-1), small Tafel slope (61 mV/dec), and a satisfactory stability for 200 h, outperforming the high-entropy alloy and low-entropy borides. This work develops a high entropy and electron-deficient B-driven strategy for motivating the catalytic performance of water oxidation, which broadens the structural diversity and category of high-entropy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Tinghui Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Can Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Wanyi Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Junping Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xinguo Ma
- School of Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P. R. China
| | - Wensheng Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
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8
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Yang L, Bai J, Zhang N, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Xiao M, Liu C, Zhu S, Xu ZJ, Ge J, Xing W. Rare Earth Evoked Subsurface Oxygen Species in Platinum Alloy Catalysts Enable Durable Fuel Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315119. [PMID: 38129317 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Alleviating the degradation issue of Pt based alloy catalysts, thereby simultaneously achieving high mass activity and high durability in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), is highly challenging. Herein, we provide a new paradigm to address this issue via delaying the place exchange between adsorbed oxygen species and surface Pt atoms, thereby inhibiting Pt dissolution, through introducing rare earth bonded subsurface oxygen atoms. We have succeeded in introducing Gd-O dipoles into Pt3 Ni via a high temperature entropy-driven process, with direct spectral evidence attained from both soft and hard X-ray absorption spectroscopies. The higher rated power of 0.93 W cm-2 and superior current density of 562.2 mA cm-2 at 0.8 V than DOE target for heavy-duty vehicles in H2 -air mode suggest the great potential of Gd-O-Pt3 Ni towards practical application in heavy-duty transportation. Moreover, the mass activity retention (1.04 A mgPt -1 ) after 40 k cycles accelerated durability tests is even 2.4 times of the initial mass activity goal for DOE 2025 (0.44 A mgPt -1 ), due to the weakened Pt-Oads bond interaction and the delayed place exchange process, via repulsive forces between surface O atoms and those in the sublayer. This work addresses the critical roadblocks to the widespread adoption of PEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Power Sources, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Jingsen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Power Sources, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Nanshu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Power Sources, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang National Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201204, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Meiling Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Power Sources, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Changpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Power Sources, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Siyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Power Sources, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhichuan J Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junjie Ge
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Power Sources, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
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9
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Liu X, Wang Y, Liang J, Li S, Zhang S, Su D, Cai Z, Huang Y, Elbaz L, Li Q. Introducing Electron Buffers into Intermetallic Pt Alloys against Surface Polarization for High-Performing Fuel Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2033-2042. [PMID: 38206169 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Surface polarization under harsh electrochemical environments usually puts catalysts in a thermodynamically unstable state, which strictly hampers the thermodynamic stability of Pt-based catalysts in high-performance fuel cells. Here, we report a strategy by introducing electron buffers (variable-valence metals, M = Ti, V, Cr, and Nb) into intermetallic Pt alloy nanoparticle catalysts to suppress the surface polarization of Pt shells using the structurally ordered L10-M-PtFe as a proof of concept. Operando X-ray absorption spectra analysis suggests that with the potential increase, electron buffers, especially Cr, could facilitate an electron flow to form a electron-enriched Pt shell and thus weaken the surface polarization and tensile Pt strain. The best-performing L10-Cr-PtFe/C catalyst delivers superb oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity (mass activity = 1.41/1.02 A mgPt-1 at 0.9 V, rated power density = 14.0/9.2 W mgPt-1 in H2-air under a total Pt loading of 0.075/0.125 mgPt cm-2, respectively) and stability (20 mV voltage loss at 0.8 A cm-2 after 60,000 cycles of accelerated durability test) in a fuel cell cathode, representing one of the best reported ORR catalysts. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the optimized surface strain by introducing Cr on L10-PtFe/C accounts for the enhanced ORR activity, and the durability enhancement stems from the charge transfer contribution of Cr to the Pt shells and the increased kinetic energy barrier for Pt dissolution/Fe diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiashun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shenzhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dong Su
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhao Cai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lior Elbaz
- Department of Chemistry and the Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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10
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Chen Y, Zhao X, Yan H, Sun L, Chen S, Zhang S, Zhang J. Manipulating Pt-skin of porous network Pt-Cu alloy nanospheres toward efficient oxygen reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:1006-1015. [PMID: 37639923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Designing Pt-skin on the catalyst surface is critical to developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In this paper, an acidic reductant is proposed to synchronously manipulate in-situ growth of Pt-skin on the surface of alloyed Pt-Cu nanospheres (PtCuNSs) by a facile one-pot synthesis in an aqueous solution. Ascorbic acid can create a Pt-skin of three atomic layers to make the typical PtCu-alloy@Pt-skin core/shell nanostructure rather than the uniform alloys generated by using alkaline reductants. Surfactant as soft-template can make the alloyed PtCuNSs with a three-dimensional porous network structure. Multiple characterizations of XRD, XPS and XAFS are used to confirm Pt-alloying with Cu and formation of core/shell structure of such a catalyst. This PtCuNSs/C exhibits a half-wave potential of 0.913 V (vs. RHE), with mass activity and specific activity about 3.5 and 6.4 times higher than those of Pt/C, respectively. Fuel cell tests verify the excellent activity of PtCuNSs/C catalyst with a maximum power density of about 1.2 W cm-2. Moreover, this catalyst shows excellent stability, achieving a long-term operation of 40,000 cycles. Furthermore, theoretical calculations reveal the enhancement effect of characteristic PtCu-alloy@Pt-skin nanostructure on both catalytic ORR activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhe Chen
- Institute for Sustainable Energy/College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Institute for Sustainable Energy/College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Huangli Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Liangyu Sun
- Institute for Sustainable Energy/College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Institute for Sustainable Energy/College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jiujun Zhang
- Institute for Sustainable Energy/College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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11
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Gui R, Cheng H, Wang M, Tai X, Zhang H, Liu C, Cao X, Chen C, Ge M, Wang H, Zheng X, Chu W, Lin Y, Xie Y, Wu C. Symmetry-Induced Regulation of Pt Strain Derived from Pt 3 Ga Intermetallic for Boosting Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307661. [PMID: 37994613 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Pt-based fuel cell catalysts with excellent activity and stability for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been developed through strain regulation in recent years. Herein, this work demonstrates that symmetry-induced strain regulation of Pt surface of PtGa intermetallic compounds can greatly enhance the catalytic performance of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). With the strain environment varies derived from the lattice mismatch of analogous PtGa core but different symmetry, the Pt surface of the PtGa alloy and the Pt3 Ga (Pm3 ¯ $\bar{3}$ m) precisely realize 0.58% and 2.7% compressive strain compared to the Pt3 Ga (P4/mmm). Experimental and theoretical results reveal that when the compressive stress of the Pt lattice increases, the desorption process of O* intermediates becomes accelerated, which is conducive to oxygen reduction. The Pt3 Ga (Pm3 ¯ $\bar{3}$ m) with high symmetry and compressive Pt surface exhibit the highest mass and specific activities of 2.18 A mgPt -1 and 5.36 mA cm-2 , respectively, which are more than one order of magnitude higher than those of commercial Pt/C catalysts. This work demonstrates that material symmetry can be used to precisely modulate Pt surface stress to enhance the ORR, as well as provide a distinct platform to investigate the relationship between Pt compressibility and catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Gui
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Han Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Minghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiaolin Tai
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Congyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xuemin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Chen Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Min Ge
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Experimental Center of Engineering and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xusheng Zheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Wangsheng Chu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Changzheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
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12
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Lin F, Li M, Zeng L, Luo M, Guo S. Intermetallic Nanocrystals for Fuel-Cells-Based Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12507-12593. [PMID: 37910391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis underpins the renewable electrochemical conversions for sustainability, which further replies on metallic nanocrystals as vital electrocatalysts. Intermetallic nanocrystals have been known to show distinct properties compared to their disordered counterparts, and been long explored for functional improvements. Tremendous progresses have been made in the past few years, with notable trend of more precise engineering down to an atomic level and the investigation transferring into more practical membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which motivates this timely review. After addressing the basic thermodynamic and kinetic fundamentals, we discuss classic and latest synthetic strategies that enable not only the formation of intermetallic phase but also the rational control of other catalysis-determinant structural parameters, such as size and morphology. We also demonstrate the emerging intermetallic nanomaterials for potentially further advancement in energy electrocatalysis. Then, we discuss the state-of-the-art characterizations and representative intermetallic electrocatalysts with emphasis on oxygen reduction reaction evaluated in a MEA setup. We summarize this review by laying out existing challenges and offering perspective on future research directions toward practicing intermetallic electrocatalysts for energy conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxu Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Menggang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lingyou Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingchuan Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaojun Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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13
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Han Z, Lu C, Huang S, Chai X, Chen Z, Li X, Wang J, Zhang J, Feng B, Han S, Li R. Double-single-atom MoCu-embedded porous carbons boost the electrocatalytic N 2 reduction reaction. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16217-16223. [PMID: 37850569 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02813e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
NH3 is an essential ingredient of chemical, fertilizer, and energy storage products. Industrial nitrogen fixation consumes an enormous amount of energy, which is counter to the concept of carbon neutrality, hence eNRR ought to be implemented as a clean alternative. Herein, we propose a double-single-atom MoCu-embedded porous carbon material derived from uio-66 (MoCu@C) by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to boost eNRR capabilities, with an NH3 yield rate of 52.4 μg h-1 gcat.-1 and a faradaic efficiency (FE) of 27.4%. Advanced XANES shows that the Mo active site receives electrons from Cu, modifies the electronic structure of the Mo active site and enhances N2 adsorption activation. The invention of rational MoCu double-single-atom materials and the utilization of effective eNRR approaches furnish the necessary building blocks for the fundamental study and practical application of Mo-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiya Han
- School of Materials, Shanghai Dianji University, No. 300 Shuihua Road, Shanghai, 200245, China.
| | - Chenbao Lu
- The meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Senhe Huang
- The meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Xinyu Chai
- The meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhenying Chen
- The meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Xintong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, East China Normal University, No. 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Jilong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, East China Normal University, No. 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Jingshun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, East China Normal University, No. 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Boxu Feng
- The meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Sheng Han
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, 201418, China.
| | - Rongbin Li
- School of Materials, Shanghai Dianji University, No. 300 Shuihua Road, Shanghai, 200245, China.
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