1
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Bone KI, Puleo TR, Bandar JS. Direct C-H Hydroxylation of N-Heteroarenes and Benzenes via Base-Catalyzed Halogen Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9755-9767. [PMID: 38530788 PMCID: PMC11006572 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxylated (hetero)arenes are valued in many industries as both key constituents of end products and diversifiable synthetic building blocks. Accordingly, the development of reactions that complement and address the limitations of existing methods for the introduction of aromatic hydroxyl groups is an important goal. To this end, we apply base-catalyzed halogen transfer (X-transfer) to enable the direct C-H hydroxylation of mildly acidic N-heteroarenes and benzenes. This protocol employs an alkoxide base to catalyze X-transfer from sacrificial 2-halothiophene oxidants to aryl substrates, forming SNAr-active intermediates that undergo nucleophilic hydroxylation. Key to this process is the use of 2-phenylethanol as an inexpensive hydroxide surrogate that, after aromatic substitution and rapid elimination, provides the hydroxylated arene and styrene byproduct. Use of simple 2-halothiophenes allows for C-H hydroxylation of 6-membered N-heteroarenes and 1,3-azole derivatives, while a rationally designed 2-halobenzothiophene oxidant extends the scope to electron-deficient benzene substrates. Mechanistic studies indicate that aromatic X-transfer is reversible, suggesting that the deprotonation, halogenation, and substitution steps operate in synergy, manifesting in unique selectivity trends that are not necessarily dependent on the most acidic aryl position. The utility of this method is further demonstrated through streamlined target molecule syntheses, examples of regioselectivity that contrast alternative C-H hydroxylation methods, and the scalable recycling of the thiophene oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendelyn I. Bone
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas R. Puleo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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2
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Huo T, Zhao X, Cheng Z, Wei J, Zhu M, Dou X, Jiao N. Late-stage modification of bioactive compounds: Improving druggability through efficient molecular editing. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1030-1076. [PMID: 38487004 PMCID: PMC10935128 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry plays an indispensable role in drug discovery, contributing to hit compounds identification, lead compounds optimization, candidate drugs preparation, and so on. As Nobel Prize laureate James Black emphasized, "the most fruitful basis for the discovery of a new drug is to start with an old drug"1. Late-stage modification or functionalization of drugs, natural products and bioactive compounds have garnered significant interest due to its ability to introduce diverse elements into bioactive compounds promptly. Such modifications alter the chemical space and physiochemical properties of these compounds, ultimately influencing their potency and druggability. To enrich a toolbox of chemical modification methods for drug discovery, this review focuses on the incorporation of halogen, oxygen, and nitrogen-the ubiquitous elements in pharmacophore components of the marketed drugs-through late-stage modification in recent two decades, and discusses the state and challenges faced in these fields. We also emphasize that increasing cooperation between chemists and pharmacists may be conducive to the rapid discovery of new activities of the functionalized molecules. Ultimately, we hope this review would serve as a valuable resource, facilitating the application of late-stage modification in the construction of novel molecules and inspiring innovative concepts for designing and building new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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3
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He C, Fan X, Ji M, Sun X, Zhang W, Zhu X, Sun Z, Chu W. Visible light induced palladium catalyzed C H hydroxylation of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatics in the presence of H2O2. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Rajeev A, Balamurugan M, Sankaralingam M. Rational Design of First-Row Transition Metal Complexes as the Catalysts for Oxidation of Arenes: A Homogeneous Approach. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Rajeev
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala 673601, India
| | - Mani Balamurugan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Muniyandi Sankaralingam
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala 673601, India
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5
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Abay TA, Wanna WH, Natarajan T, Tsai YF, Janmanchi D, Jiang JC, Abu-Reziq R, Yu SSF. Selective oxidation of benzene by an iron oxide carbonaceous nanocatalyst prepared from iron perchlorate salts and hydrogen peroxide in benzene and acetonitrile. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Li X, Li S, Jia W, Sun Q, Zhang Y. Reusable citric acid modified V/AC catalyst prepared by dielectric barrier discharge for hydroxylation of benzene to phenol. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05145h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reusable and efficient citric acid modified V/AC catalyst for benzene hydroxylation was prepared using an environmentally benign DBD method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Siyu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Wenting Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
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7
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Zhao Y, Xing H, Wang Q, Chen Y, Xia J, Xu H, He G, Yin F, Chen Q, Chen H. Engineering atomically dispersed single Cu–N 3 catalytic sites for highly selective oxidation of benzene to phenol. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00343k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A single-atom Cu catalyst with a CuN3 structure is prepared by a facile and practical strategy, the pyrolysis method, showing desirable conversion and selectivity for the oxidation reaction of benzene to phenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Haoran Xing
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Yinjuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Jiawei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Guangyu He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Fengxiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Haiqun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
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8
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Zhu R, Sun Q, Li J, Li L, Gao Q, Wang Y, Fang L. para-Selective hydroxylation of alkyl aryl ethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13190-13193. [PMID: 34816833 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06210g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
para-Selective hydroxylation of alkyl aryl ethers is established, which proceeds with a ruthenium(II) catalyst, hypervalent iodine(III) and trifluoroacetic anhydride via a radical mechanism. This protocol tolerates a wide scope of substrates and provides a facile and efficient method for preparing clinical drugs monobenzone and pramocaine on a gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qianqian Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Luohao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qinghe Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yakun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lizhen Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Baruah MJ, Bora TJ, Dutta R, Roy S, Guha AK, Bania KK. Fe(III) superoxide radicals in halloysite nanotubes for visible-light-assisted benzyl alcohol oxidation and oxidative C C coupling of 2-naphthol. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, and Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, and Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hengrui Cai
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, and Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu Gong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Han
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, and Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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11
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Perego C, de Angelis A, Pollesel P, Millini R. Zeolite-Based Catalysis for Phenol Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Perego
- Research & Technological Innovation Department, Eni S.p.A., Via F. Maritano 26, San Donato, Milanese I-20097, Italy
| | - Alberto de Angelis
- Research & Technological Innovation Department, Eni S.p.A., Via F. Maritano 26, San Donato, Milanese I-20097, Italy
| | - Paolo Pollesel
- Research & Technological Innovation Department, Eni S.p.A., Via F. Maritano 26, San Donato, Milanese I-20097, Italy
| | - Roberto Millini
- Research & Technological Innovation Department, Eni S.p.A., Via F. Maritano 26, San Donato, Milanese I-20097, Italy
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12
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Sahin Y, Sika-Nartey AT, Ercan KE, Kocak Y, Senol S, Ozensoy E, Türkmen YE. Precious Metal-Free LaMnO 3 Perovskite Catalyst with an Optimized Nanostructure for Aerobic C-H Bond Activation Reactions: Alkylarene Oxidation and Naphthol Dimerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:5099-5110. [PMID: 33492925 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we describe the development of a new aerobic C-H oxidation methodology catalyzed by a precious metal-free LaMnO3 perovskite catalyst. Molecular oxygen is used as the sole oxidant in this approach, obviating the need for other expensive and/or environmentally hazardous stoichiometric oxidants. The electronic and structural properties of the LaMnO3 catalysts were systematically optimized, and a reductive pretreatment protocol was proved to be essential for acquiring the observed high catalytic activities. It is demonstrated that this newly developed method was extremely effective for the oxidation of alkylarenes to ketones as well as for the oxidative dimerization of 2-naphthol to 1,1-binaphthyl-2,2-diol (BINOL), a particularly important scaffold for asymmetric catalysis. Detailed spectroscopic and mechanistic studies provided valuable insights into the structural aspects of the active catalyst and the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abel T Sika-Nartey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kerem E Ercan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kocak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinem Senol
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emrah Ozensoy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yunus E Türkmen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Ticconi B, Capocasa G, Cerrato A, Di Stefano S, Lapi A, Marincioni B, Olivo G, Lanzalunga O. Insight into the chemoselective aromatic vs. side-chain hydroxylation of alkylaromatics with H 2O 2 catalyzed by a non-heme imine-based iron complex. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01868f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Side-chain/ring oxygenated product ratio increases upon decreasing the benzylic bond dissociation energy in the oxidation of alkylaromatics with H2O2 catalyzed by an imine-based iron complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ticconi
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” and
- Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR)
- Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”
| | - Giorgio Capocasa
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” and
- Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR)
- Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” and
- Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR)
- Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”
| | - Stefano Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” and
- Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR)
- Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”
| | - Andrea Lapi
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” and
- Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR)
- Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”
| | - Beatrice Marincioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” and
- Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR)
- Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”
| | - Giorgio Olivo
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química
- Universitat de Girona
- 17003 Girona
- Spain
| | - Osvaldo Lanzalunga
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” and
- Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR)
- Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”
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14
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One-Step Catalytic or Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzene to Phenol: Possible Alternative Routes for Phenol Synthesis? Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenol is an important chemical compound since it is a precursor of the industrial production of many materials and useful compounds. Nowadays, phenol is industrially produced from benzene by the multi-step “cumene process”, which is energy consuming due to high temperature and high pressure. Moreover, in the “cumene process”, the highly explosive cumene hydroperoxide is produced as an intermediate. To overcome these disadvantages, it would be useful to develop green alternatives for the synthesis of phenol that are more efficient and environmentally benign. In this regard, great interest is devoted to processes in which the one-step oxidation of benzene to phenol is achieved, thanks to the use of suitable catalysts and oxidant species. This review article discusses the direct oxidation of benzene to phenol in the liquid phase using different catalyst formulations, including homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and photocatalysts, and focuses on the reaction mechanisms involved in the selective conversion of benzene to phenol in the liquid phase.
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15
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Wanna WH, Janmanchi D, Thiyagarajan N, Ramu R, Tsai YF, Yu SSF. Selective Oxidation of Simple Aromatics Catalyzed by Nano-Biomimetic Metal Oxide Catalysts: A Mini Review. Front Chem 2020; 8:589178. [PMID: 33195091 PMCID: PMC7649321 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.589178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of selective oxy-functionalization of hydrocarbons using peroxide, O3, H2O2, O2, and transition metals can be carried out by the reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl/hydroperoxyl radical and/or metal oxygenated species generated in the catalytic reaction. Thus, a variety of mechanisms have been proposed for the selective catalytic oxidation of various hydrocarbons including light alkanes, olefins, and simple aromatics by the biological metalloproteins and their biomimetics either in their homogeneous or heterogeneous platforms. Most studies involving these metalloproteins are Fe or Cu monooxygenases. The pathways carried out by these metalloenzymes in the oxidation of C-H bonds invoke either radical reaction mechanisms including Fenton's chemistry and hydrogen atom transfer followed by radical rebound reaction mechanism or electrophilic oxygenation/O-atom transfer by metal-oxygen species. In this review, we discuss the metal oxide nano-catalysts obtained from metal salts/molecular precursors (M = Cu, Fe, and V) that can easily form in situ through the oxidation of substrates using H2O2(aq) in CH3CN, and be facilely separated from the reaction mixtures as well as recycled for several times with comparable catalytic efficiency for the highly selective conversion from hydrocarbons including aromatics to oxygenates. The mechanistic insights revealed from the oxy-functionalization of simple aromatics mediated by the novel biomimetic metal oxide materials can pave the way toward developing facile, cost-effective, and highly efficient nano-catalysts for the selective partial oxidation of simple aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ravirala Ramu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Sree Dattha Institute of Engineering and Science, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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