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Abid U, Gill YQ, Irfan MS, Umer R, Saeed F. Potential applications of polycarbohydrates, lignin, proteins, polyacids, and other renewable materials for the formulation of green elastomers. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:1-29. [PMID: 33744249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Renewable resources including polycarbohydrates, lignin, proteins, and polyacids are the intrinsically valuable class of materials that are naturally available in great quantities. Their utilization as green additives and reinforcing bio-fillers, in substitution of environmentally perilous petroleum-based fillers, for developing high-performance green rubber blends and composites is presently a highly tempting option. Blending of these renewable materials with elastomers is not straight-forward and research needs to exploit the high functionality of carbohydrates and other natural materials as proper physicochemical interactions are essential. Correlating and understanding the structural properties of lignin, carbohydrates, polyacids, and other biopolymers, before their incorporation in elastomers, is a potential approach towards the development of green elastomers for value-added applications. Promising properties i.e., biodegradability, biocompatibility, morphological characteristics, high mechanical properties, thermal stability, sustainability, and various other characteristics along with recent advancements in the development of green elastomers are reviewed in this paper. Structures, viability, interactions, properties, and use of most common natural polycarbohydrates (chitosan and starch), lignin, and proteins (collagen and gelatin) for elastomer modification are extensively reviewed. Challenges in commercialization, applications, and future perspectives of green elastomers are also discussed. Sustainability analysis of green elastomers is accomplished to elaborate their cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Abid
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Yasir Qayyum Gill
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shafiq Irfan
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Coir Fibers Treated with Henna as a Potential Reinforcing Filler in the Synthesis of Polyurethane Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051128. [PMID: 33673702 PMCID: PMC7957822 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, coir fibers were successfully modified with henna (derived from the Lawsonia inermis plant) using a high-energy ball-milling process. In the next step, such developed filler was used as a reinforcing filler in the production of rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams. The impact of 1, 2, and 5 wt % of coir-fiber filler on structural and physico-mechanical properties was evaluated. Among all modified series of PUR composites, the greatest improvement in physico-mechanical performances was observed for PUR composites reinforced with 1 wt % of the coir-fiber filler. For example, on the addition of 1 wt % of coir-fiber filler, the compression strength was improved by 23%, while the flexural strength increased by 9%. Similar dependence was observed in the case of dynamic-mechanical properties—on the addition of 1 wt % of the filler, the value of glass transition temperature increased from 149 °C to 178 °C, while the value of storage modulus increased by ~80%. It was found that PUR composites reinforced with coir-fiber filler were characterized by better mechanical performances after the UV-aging.
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Potivara K, Phisalaphong M. Development and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose Reinforced with Natural Rubber. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142323. [PMID: 31330890 PMCID: PMC6678885 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Films of bacterial cellulose (BC) reinforced by natural rubber (NR) with remarkably high mechanical strength were developed by combining the prominent mechanical properties of multilayer BC nanofibrous structural networks and the high elastic hydrocarbon polymer of NR. BC pellicle was immersed in a diluted NR latex (NRL) suspension in the presence of ethanol aqueous solution. Effects of NRL concentrations (0.5%–10% dry rubber content, DRC) and immersion temperatures (30–70 °C) on the film characteristics were studied. It was revealed that the combination of nanocellulose fibrous networks and NR polymer provided a synergistic effect on the mechanical properties of NR–BC films. In comparison with BC films, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the NR–BC films were considerably improved ~4-fold. The NR–BC films also exhibited improved water resistance over that of BC films and possessed a high resistance to non-polar solvents such as toluene. NR–BC films were biodegradable and could be degraded completely within 5–6 weeks in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornkamol Potivara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Muenduen Phisalaphong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Yang L, Lu S, Li J, Zhang F, Cha R. Nanocrystalline cellulose-dispersed AKD emulsion for enhancing the mechanical and multiple barrier properties of surface-sized paper. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:1035-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sonia A, Priya Dasan K. Celluloses microfibers (CMF)/poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) composites for food packaging applications: A study based on barrier and biodegradation behavior. J FOOD ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Khan A, Khan RA, Salmieri S, Le Tien C, Riedl B, Bouchard J, Chauve G, Tan V, Kamal MR, Lacroix M. Mechanical and barrier properties of nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced chitosan based nanocomposite films. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:1601-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Jia X, Yu Y, Li G, Sui G, Li P, Yang X. Effects of curing systems and polysulfonamide pulp on the curing characteristics, mechanical properties, and swelling behavior of ethylene-propylene-diene elastomer composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Joseph S, Joseph K, Thomas S. Green Composites from Natural Rubber and Oil Palm Fiber: Physical and Mechanical Properties. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030600550505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaji Joseph
- a Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans' College , Changanacherry, Kottayam , Kerala , India
| | - Kuruvilla Joseph
- a Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans' College , Changanacherry, Kottayam , Kerala , India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- b School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam , Kerala , India
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De D, De D, Adhikari B. Curing characteristics and mechanical properties of alkali-treated grass-fiber-filled natural rubber composites and effects of bonding agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mathew L, Joseph R. Mechanical properties of short-isora-fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites: Effects of fiber length, orientation, and loading; alkali treatment; and bonding agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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El‐Sabbagh S, Hussain A, Abd El‐Ghaffar M. Utilisation of maleic anhydride and epoxidised soyabean oil as compatibilisers for NBR/EPDM blends reinforced with modified and unmodified polypropylene fibres. PIGMENT & RESIN TECHNOLOGY 2005; 34:203-217. [DOI: 10.1108/03699420510609097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
PurposeTo evaluate the performance of the compatibiliser of epoxidised soyabean oil‐free fatty acid prepared on the NBR/EPDM blends compared with maleic anhydride and also to explore the effect of loading the compatibiliser NBR/EPDM rubber blend with unmodified and modified polypropylene fibres on the mechanical properties of the blend.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve desirable rheological and physico‐mechanical properties of NBR/EPDM rubber blend, various compositions were made by incorporating different doses of the compatibiliser of epoxidised soyabean oil‐free fatty acid prepared and maleic anhydride to form NBR/EPDM blends. The effect of loading the compatibiliser rubber blend with unmodified and modified polypropylene fibres on the mechanical properties of the blend was investigated.FindingsThe incorporation of epoxidised soyabean oil‐free fatty acid or maleic anhydride into NBR/EPDM blend greatly enhanced their compatibility improved the rheological, as well as physical properties of rubber blends. The addition of NBR to EPDM improved the motor oil swelling resistance of EPDM. Blending of the two individual rubbers without a compatibiliser generally exhibited a non‐synergistic effect with respect to the physical properties. The strain energy, tensile strength, Young's modulus and strain at yield varied linearly with composition in the presence of compatibiliser, but deviated from linearity in the absence of compatibiliser. Reinforcement of the NBR/EPDM blend with modified polypropylene fibres enhanced the physical properties more significantly than with the unmodified ones.Research limitations/implicationsThe compatibiliser of epoxidised soyabean oil was prepared by reacting in situ soyabean oil‐free fatty acid with per‐acetic acid.Practical implicationsThe method developed provided a simple and practical solution to improving the rheological and physico‐mechanical properties of the NBR/EPDM rubber blend.Originality/valueThe method for enhancing rheological and physico‐mechanical properties of NBR/EPDM rubber blend loaded with modified polypropylene fibres was very important and showed a synergistic effect and could find numerous applications in the rubber and plastic industries.
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Helaly F, El-Sabbagh S, El-latif LA. Evaluation of the Mechanical and Ultrasonic Properties of Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Rubber Containing Short Aramid Fibres. POLYMERS AND POLYMER COMPOSITES 2005; 13:281-299. [DOI: 10.1177/096739110501300308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Short aramid fibres were incorporated into butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer rubber (NBR). An adhesion system (hydrated silica, resorcinol and hexamethylene tetramine) (HRH) was used to strengthen the bond between the rubber and the fibres. The rheological, tensile, ultrasonic properties and the hardness were determined by standard test methods. The properties of the composites improved as the fibre content increased up to 30 phr by weight. Longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic velocities were used to calculate the elastic parameters of the composites. Ultrasonic results were then used to assess the bonding between the fibres and the rubber matrix as well as the sound absorptive potential of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the fibre distribution in the rubber was satisfactory. Regression analysis was used to clarify the correlation between the longitudinal tensile strength and ageing time. The strain energy increased with fibre content while the fatigue life decreased.
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Geethamma VG, Pothen LA, Rhao B, Neelakantan NR, Thomas S. Tensile stress relaxation of short-coir-fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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The effect of acetylation on interfacial shear strength between plant fibres and various matrices. Eur Polym J 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(00)00199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Suhara F, Kutty S, Nando G. Thermal degradation of short polyester fiber-polyurethane elastomer composite. Polym Degrad Stab 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Geethamma V, Thomas Mathew K, Lakshminarayanan R, Thomas S. Composite of short coir fibres and natural rubber: effect of chemical modification, loading and orientation of fibre. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Geethamma VG, Ramamurthy K, Janardhan R, Thomas S. Melt Flow Behavior of Short Coir Fiber Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites. INT J POLYM MATER PO 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/00914039608029391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Varghese S, Kuriakose B, Thomas S. Short sisal fibre reinforced natural rubber composites: high-energy radiation, thermal and ozone degradation. Polym Degrad Stab 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-3910(94)90032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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