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Enache AC, Grecu I, Samoila P. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Recycled by Catalytic Glycolysis: A Bridge toward Circular Economy Principles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2991. [PMID: 38930360 PMCID: PMC11205646 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has escalated into a critical global issue, with production soaring from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to 400.3 million metric tons in 2022. The packaging industry alone accounts for nearly 44% of this production, predominantly utilizing polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Alarmingly, over 90% of the approximately 1 million PET bottles sold every minute end up in landfills or oceans, where they can persist for centuries. This highlights the urgent need for sustainable management and recycling solutions to mitigate the environmental impact of PET waste. To better understand PET's behavior and promote its management within a circular economy, we examined its chemical and physical properties, current strategies in the circular economy, and the most effective recycling methods available today. Advancing PET management within a circular economy framework by closing industrial loops has demonstrated benefits such as reduced landfill waste, minimized energy consumption, and conserved raw resources. To this end, we identified and examined various strategies based on R-imperatives (ranging from 3R to 10R), focusing on the latest approaches aimed at significantly reducing PET waste by 2040. Additionally, a comparison of PET recycling methods (including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary recycling, along with the concepts of "zero-order" and biological recycling techniques) was envisaged. Particular attention was paid to the heterogeneous catalytic glycolysis, which stands out for its rapid reaction time (20-60 min), high monomer yields (>90%), ease of catalyst recovery and reuse, lower costs, and enhanced durability. Accordingly, the use of highly efficient oxide-based catalysts for PET glycolytic degradation is underscored as a promising solution for large-scale industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petrisor Samoila
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.-C.E.); (I.G.)
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2
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Asueta A, Arnaiz S, Miguel-Fernández R, Leivar J, Amundarain I, Aramburu B, Gutiérrez-Ortiz JI, López-Fonseca R. Viability of Glycolysis for the Chemical Recycling of Highly Coloured and Multi-Layered Actual PET Wastes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4196. [PMID: 37896440 PMCID: PMC10610810 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) -PET- fractions, derived from actual household packaging waste streams, using solvolysis, was investigated. This recycling strategy was applied after a previous on-line automatic identification, by near-infrared spectroscopy -NIR-, and a subsequent selective sorting of the different PET materials that were present in the packaging wastes. Using this technology, it was possible to classify fractions exclusively including PET, virtually avoiding the presence of both other plastics and materials, such as paper, cardboard and wood, that are present in the packaging wastes, as they were efficiently recognised and differentiated. The simple PET fractions, including clear and monolayered materials, were adequate to be recycled by mechanical means meanwhile the complex PET fractions, containing highly coloured and multi-layered materials, were suitable candidates to be recycled by chemical routes. The depolymerisation capacity of the catalytic glycolysis, when applied to those complex PET wastes, was studied by evaluating the effect of the process parameters on the resulting formation and recovery of the monomer bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate -BHET- and the achieved quality of this reaction product. Comparable and reasonable results, in terms of monomer yield and its characteristics, were obtained independently of the type of complex PET waste that was chemically recycled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Asueta
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.A.); (R.M.-F.); (J.L.); (I.A.); (B.A.)
| | - Sixto Arnaiz
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.A.); (R.M.-F.); (J.L.); (I.A.); (B.A.)
| | - Rafael Miguel-Fernández
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.A.); (R.M.-F.); (J.L.); (I.A.); (B.A.)
| | - Jon Leivar
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.A.); (R.M.-F.); (J.L.); (I.A.); (B.A.)
| | - Izotz Amundarain
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.A.); (R.M.-F.); (J.L.); (I.A.); (B.A.)
| | - Borja Aramburu
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.A.); (R.M.-F.); (J.L.); (I.A.); (B.A.)
| | - Jose Ignacio Gutiérrez-Ortiz
- Chemical Technologies for Environmental Sustainability Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (J.I.G.-O.); (R.L.-F.)
| | - Rubén López-Fonseca
- Chemical Technologies for Environmental Sustainability Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (J.I.G.-O.); (R.L.-F.)
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3
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Trejo-Carbajal N, Ambriz-Luna KI, Herrera-González AM. Efficient method and mechanism of depolymerization of PET under conventional heating and microwave radiation using t-BuNH2/Lewis acids. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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De Vos L, Van de Voorde B, Van Daele L, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Poly(alkylene terephthalate)s: From current developments in synthetic strategies towards applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Ghasemi MH, Neekzad N, Ajdari FB, Kowsari E, Ramakrishna S. Mechanistic aspects of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling-toward enabling high quality sustainability decisions in waste management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43074-43101. [PMID: 34146328 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since plastic waste pollution is a severe environmental concern in modern life, the demand for recycling poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has increased due to its versatile applications. Taking advantage of plastic recycling methods creates the chances of minimizing overall crude oil-based materials consumption, and as a result, greenhouse gasses, specifically CO2, will be decreased. Although many review articles have been published on plastic recycling methods from different aspects, a few review articles exist to investigate the organic reaction mechanism in plastic recycling. This review aims to describe other processes for recycling bottle waste of PET, considering the reaction mechanism. Understanding the reaction mechanism offers practical solutions toward protecting the environment against disadvantageous outgrowths rising from PET wastes. PET recycling aims to transform into a monomer/oligomer to produce new materials from plastic wastes. It is an application in various fields, including the food and beverage industry, packaging, and textile applications, to protect the environment from contamination and introduce a green demand for the near future. In this review, the chemical glycolysis process as an outstanding recycling technique for PET is also discussed, emphasizing the catalysts' performance, reaction conditions and methods, degradation agents, the kinetics of reactions, and reprocessing products. In general, a correct understanding of the PET recycling reaction mechanism leads to making the right decisions in waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Ghasemi
- Applied Chemistry Research Group, ACECR-Tehran Organization, PO Box 13145-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nariman Neekzad
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran
| | | | - Elaheh Kowsari
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
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6
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Damayanti, Wu HS. Strategic Possibility Routes of Recycled PET. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1475. [PMID: 34063330 PMCID: PMC8125656 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) application has many challenges and potential due to its sustainability. The conventional PET degradation was developed for several technologies to get higher yield products of ethylene glycol, bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) and terephthalic acid. The chemical recycling of PET is reviewed, such as pyrolysis, hydrolysis, methanolysis, glycolysis, ionic-liquid, phase-transfer catalysis and combination of glycolysis-hydrolysis, glycolysis-methanolysis and methanolysis-hydrolysis. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics and reaction conditions were investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The recycling of PET is to solve environmental problems and find another source of raw material for petrochemical products and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damayanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, Lampung 35365, Indonesia;
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Shing Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
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7
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Improving the Efficiency for the Production of Bis-(2-Hydroxyethyl) Terephtalate (BHET) from the Glycolysis Reaction of Poly(Ethylene Terephtalate) (PET) in a Pressure Reactor. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091461. [PMID: 33946538 PMCID: PMC8125405 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The depolymerization process of PET by glycolysis into BHET monomer is optimized in terms of reaction temperature and time, by carrying out the process under pressure to be faster for reducing the energy required. Almost pure BHET has been obtained by working in a pressure reactor at 3 bar both at 220 and 180 °C after short reaction times, while for longer ones a mixture of oligomers and dimers is obtained. Depending on the potential application required, the obtention of different reaction products is controlled by adjusting reaction temperature and time. The use of a pressure reactor allows work at lower temperatures and shorter reaction times, obtaining almost pure BHET. To the best of our knowledge, except for microwave-assisted procedures, it is the first time in which pure BHET is obtained after such short reaction times, at lower temperatures than those usually employed.
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8
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Delle Chiaie KR, McMahon FR, Williams EJ, Price MJ, Dove AP. Dual-catalytic depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01920k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Limiting our plastic waste and finding greener, more sustainable solutions for disposal is a current environmental priority.
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9
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Bin Jumah A, Anbumuthu V, Tedstone AA, Garforth AA. Catalyzing the Hydrocracking of Low Density Polyethylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Bin Jumah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Vanithasri Anbumuthu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksander A. Tedstone
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur A. Garforth
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
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10
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Kim NG, Yim KJ, Kim CS, Song DK, Okuyama K, Han MH, Kim YH, Lee SE, Kim TO. High production of CH4 and H2 by reducing PET waste water using a non-diaphragm-based electrochemical method. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20512. [PMID: 26842833 PMCID: PMC4740802 DOI: 10.1038/srep20512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the worldwide use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has increased exponentially. PET wastewater contains ethylene glycol (EG) and terephthalic acid (TPA). In this study, we present a unique method for producing combustible gases like CH4 and H2 from PET wastewater by electrochemical reaction of EG and TPA. The non-diaphragm-based electrochemical (NDE) method was used to treat PET wastewater. The electrochemical removal of EG and TPA from PET wastewater was examined and the optimal conditions for their reduction to CH4 and H2 were determined. Using the proposed system, 99.9% of the EG and TPA present in the PET wastewater samples were degraded to produce CH4 and H2, at applied voltages lower than 5 V. The highest Faradaic efficiency achieved for EG and TPA reduction was 62.2% (CH4, 25.6%; H2, 36.6%), at an applied voltage of 0.8 V. Remarkably, CH4 was produced from EG decomposition and H2 from TPA decomposition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of CH4 and H2 production from EG and TPA, respectively. The electrochemical reductive treatment will be an important discovery for reducing water contamination and replacing fossil fuels with respect to generating green energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Gyu Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Daehak-ro 61, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 730-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Jin Yim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Daehak-ro 61, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 730-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Soo Kim
- Marine Energy Convergence &Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Keun Song
- Department of Eco-Machinery Systems, Environmental and Energy Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Kikuo Okuyama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Min-Ho Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Daehak-ro 61, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 730-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Daehak-ro 61, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 730-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Oh Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Daehak-ro 61, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 730-701, Republic of Korea
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11
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Sangalang A, Bartolome L, Kim DH. Generalized kinetic analysis of heterogeneous PET glycolysis: Nucleation-controlled depolymerization. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Nunes CS, Vieira da Silva MJ, Cristina da Silva D, Freitas ADR, Rosa FA, Rubira AF, Muniz EC. PET depolymerisation in supercritical ethanol catalysed by [Bmim][BF4]. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00262h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) was depolymerised under supercritical ethanol, 98 wt% of diethylterephthalate was obtained after 45 min, by adding [Bmim][BF4] as catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Santos Nunes
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá
- Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Adley Forti Rubira
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá
- Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Edvani Curti Muniz
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá
- Maringá-PR, Brazil
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13
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Dutt K, Soni RK. A review on synthesis of value added products from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090413070075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Geyer B, Röhner S, Lorenz G, Kandelbauer A. Designing oligomeric ethylene terephtalate building blocks by chemical recycling of polyethylene terephtalate. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Geyer
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI); Reutlingen University; Germany
| | - Stefan Röhner
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI); Reutlingen University; Germany
| | - Günter Lorenz
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI); Reutlingen University; Germany
- School of Applied Chemistry; Reutlingen University; Alteburgstrasse 150 72762 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Andreas Kandelbauer
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI); Reutlingen University; Germany
- School of Applied Chemistry; Reutlingen University; Alteburgstrasse 150 72762 Reutlingen Germany
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15
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Fávaro S, Freitas A, Ganzerli T, Pereira A, Cardozo A, Baron O, Muniz E, Girotto E, Radovanovic E. PET and aluminum recycling from multilayer food packaging using supercritical ethanol. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Fukushima K, Coady DJ, Jones GO, Almegren HA, Alabdulrahman AM, Alsewailem FD, Horn HW, Rice JE, Hedrick JL. Unexpected efficiency of cyclic amidine catalysts in depolymerizing poly(ethylene terephthalate). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Chaeichian S, Pourmahdian S, Afshar Taromi F. Synthesis of Unsaturated Polyester Resins from PET Wastes: Effect of a Novel Co-catalytic System on Glycolysis and Polyesterification Reactions. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/156855508x298080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Chaeichian
- a Polymer Engineering Department, Amir Kabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Pourmahdian
- b Polymer Engineering Department, Amir Kabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran;,
| | - Faramarz Afshar Taromi
- c Polymer Engineering Department, Amir Kabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
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18
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19
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Fukushima K, Coulembier O, Lecuyer JM, Almegren HA, Alabdulrahman AM, Alsewailem FD, Mcneil MA, Dubois P, Waymouth RM, Horn HW, Rice JE, Hedrick JL. Organocatalytic depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fukushima
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymer (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, B‐7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Julien M. Lecuyer
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192
| | - Hamid A. Almegren
- Petrochemicals Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Alabdulrahman
- Petrochemicals Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fares D. Alsewailem
- Petrochemicals Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Melanie A. Mcneil
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymer (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, B‐7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Robert M. Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Hans W. Horn
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120
| | - Julia E. Rice
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120
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20
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Sub- and supercritical glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into the monomer bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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López-Fonseca R, Duque-Ingunza I, de Rivas B, Arnaiz S, Gutiérrez-Ortiz J. Chemical recycling of post-consumer PET wastes by glycolysis in the presence of metal salts. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Wang H, Liu Y, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhang Y. Glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) catalyzed by ionic liquids. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Pingale N, Shukla S. Microwave assisted ecofriendly recycling of poly (ethylene terephthalate) bottle waste. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Zope VS, Mishra S. Kinetics of neutral hydrolytic depolymerization of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) waste at higher temperature and autogenious pressures. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Czub P. Synthesis and modification of epoxy resins using recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Michel A, Cassagnau P, Dannoux M. Synthesis of Oligoester α,ω-diols by Alcoholysis of PET through the Reactive Extrusion Process. CAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450800609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Andanson JM, Kazarian SG. In situ ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Subjected to High-Temperature Methanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200850521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Atta AM, Elsockary MA, Kandil OF, Shaker NO. Nonionic Surfactants from Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate) as Corrosion Inhibitors of Steel in 1 M HCl. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690701686791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Kim BK, Kim D, Cho Y, Han M. Chemical Recycling of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Using a New Hybrid Process. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2008. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.07we304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-kyung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungnam National University
| | - Dongpil Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungnam National University
| | - Youngmin Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungnam National University
| | - Myungwan Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungnam National University
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Atta AM, Maysour NE. Surface and Thermodynamic Parameters of Polymeric Surfactants from Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate). J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690701527995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Choi HM. Hygroscopic Poly(ethylene terephthalate) by Nonaqueous Alkaline Glycolysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0705960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Min Choi
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 156-743
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SU L, WU X, LIU X, CHEN L, CHEN K, HONG S. Effect of Increasing Course of Temperature and Pressure on Polypropylene Degradation in Supercritical Water. Chin J Chem Eng 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(07)60155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mohammad Alavi Nikje M, Nazari F, Imanieh H, Bagheri Garmarudi A, Haghshenas M. PET Recycling by Diethylene Glycol‐Diethanol Amine Binary Mixture and Application of Product in Rigid Polyurethane Foam Formulation. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320701353231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Nikje MMA, Nazari F. Microwave-assisted depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] at atmospheric pressure. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.20080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Atta AM. Surface and thermodynamic parameters of polymeric surfactants from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate). POLYM INT 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Goje AS, Shinde PH, Mishra S. Production of agrochemical from waste polyesters. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) using water at high temperature: Effect of proton on low ethylene glycol yield. Catal Today 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Ghaemy M, Mossaddegh K. Depolymerisation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibre wastes using ethylene glycol. Polym Degrad Stab 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Atta AM, Abdel-Rauf ME, Maysour NE, Abdul-Rahiem AM, Abdel-Azim AAA. Surfactants from Recycled Poly (ethylene terephthalate) Waste as Water Based Oil Spill Dispersants. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-005-9003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Penczek P, Czub P, Pielichowski J. Unsaturated Polyester Resins: Chemistry and Technology. CROSSLINKING IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/b136243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Mishra S, Goje AS. Chemical Recycling, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics of Alkaline Depolymerization of Waste Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/pre-120026382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Mishra S, Zope VS, Goje AS. Kinetics and thermodynamics of hydrolytic depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) at high pressure and temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Goje AS, Thakur SA, Patil TM, Mishra S. Glycolytic aminolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste for recovery of value-added comonomer at atmospheric pressure. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Methanolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the presence of aluminium tiisopropoxide catalyst to form dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol. Polym Degrad Stab 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(02)00370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Chen CH. Study of glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled from postconsumer soft-drink bottles. III. Further investigation. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.11694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Carta D, Cao G, D'Angeli C. Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by hydrolysis and glycolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2003; 10:390-394. [PMID: 14699998 DOI: 10.1065/espr2001.12.104.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we review an interesting method of PET recycling, i.e. chemical recycling; it is based on the concept of depolymerizing the condensation polymer through solvolytic chain cleavage into low molecular products which can be purified and reused as raw materials for the production of high-quality chemical products. In this work our attention is confined to the hydrolysis (neutral, acid and alkaline) and glycolysis processes of PET chemical recycling; operating conditions and mechanism of each method are reported and described. The neutral hydrolysis has an auto accelerating character; two kinetic models have been proposed: an half-order and a second order kinetic model. The acid hydrolysis could be explained by a modified shrinking core model under chemical reaction control and the alkaline hydrolysis by a first-order model with respect to hydroxide ion concentration. To describe glycolysis, two different kinetic models have been proposed where EG can act or not as internal catalyst. Further experimental and theoretical investigations are required to shed light on the promising processes of PET chemical recycling reviewed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica e Materiali, Unità di ricerca del Consorzio, Università di Cagliari, Piazza D'Armi, Cagliari, Italy
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Karayannidis GP, Chatziavgoustis AP, Achilias DS. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling and recovery of pure terephthalic acid by alkaline hydrolysis. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Yang Y, Lu Y, Xiang H, Xu Y, Li Y. Study on methanolytic depolymerization of PET with supercritical methanol for chemical recycling. Polym Degrad Stab 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(01)00217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Chen CH, Chen CY, Lo YW, Mao CF, Liao WT. Studies of glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled from postconsumer soft-drink bottles. I. Influences of glycolysis conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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