1
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Liu J, Pan Y. Nucleation and crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene induced by zinc tetrahydrophthalate. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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2
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An experimentally validated model for quiescent multiphase primary and secondary crystallization phenomena in PP with low content of ethylene comonomer. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Low Temperature Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers by Means of Fractal Quasi-Simultaneous Exposure Strategies. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071428. [PMID: 35406301 PMCID: PMC9003333 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers (PBF-LB/P) is a layer-wise additive manufacturing process that predominantly relies on the quasi-isothermal processing of semi-crystalline polymers, inherently limiting the spectrum of polymers suitable for quasi-isothermal PBF. Within the present paper, a novel approach for extending the isothermal processing window towards significantly lower temperatures by applying the quasi-simultaneous laser-based exposure of fractal scan paths is proposed. The proposed approach is based on the temporal and spatial discretization of the melting and subsequent crystallization of semi-crystalline thermoplastics, hence allowing for the mesoscale compensation of crystallization shrinkage of distinct segments. Using thermographic monitoring, a homogenous temperature increase of discrete exposed sub-segments, limited thermal interference of distinct segments, and the resulting avoidance of curling and warping can be observed. Manufactured parts exhibit a dense and lamellar part morphology with a nano-scale semi-crystalline structure. The presented approach represents a novel methodology that allows for significantly reducing energy consumption, process preparation times and temperature-induced material aging in PBF-LB/P while representing the foundation for the processing of novel, thermo-sensitive material systems in PBF-LB/P.
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4
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Crystallization of Isotactic Polypropylene Nanocomposites with Fibrillated Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) under Elevated Pressure. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010088. [PMID: 35012111 PMCID: PMC8747199 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposites of isotactic polypropylene with 1–5 wt.% of fibrillated PTFE (PP/T) were prepared, and their crystallization during cooling under elevated pressure, in a wide pressure range, up to 300 MPa, as well as the resulting structure, were examined. The crystallization peak temperatures of PP/T, especially with 3 and 5 wt.% of PTFE, exceeded by up to 13 °C those of neat PP. Moreover, a fine-grain structure was formed in PP/T in the entire pressure range, which proved the ability of the fibrillated PTFE to nucleate crystallization of PP in the γ-form under elevated pressure. This also resulted in a higher crystallinity level developed in the γ-domain, before the temperature range of the α-domain was reached during cooling. Hence, the γ-content increased in comparison to that in neat PP, under the pressure up to 200 MPa, especially under 50–100 MPa.
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5
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Cali J, Hu W, Kysor E, Kohlmann O. Aging of polypropylene random copolymers studied by NMR relaxometry. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Li X, Ding J, Chen P, Zheng K, Zhang X, Tian X. Detection and characterization of folded-chain clusters in the structured melt of isotactic polypropyl-ene. IUCRJ 2021; 8:595-607. [PMID: 34258008 PMCID: PMC8256699 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521003821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite ceaseless efforts in past decades, the memory effect of semi-crystalline polymers has not been elucidated completely yet. An important reason why is that residual lamellar crystals in the structured melt are difficult to characterize. Recently, we developed a new small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) theory [Li et al. (2019). IUCrJ, 6, 968-983] and Fourier transform method [Li et al. (2020). CrystEngComm, 22, 3042-3058] for lamellar crystals that could derive structural information from SAXS readily. In this study, we tried to employ the new theory and method to characterize residual lamellar crystals in the structured melt. It was found that although scattering peaks cannot be observed in raw scattering profiles, they actually exist. Subtracting free-melt scattering and multiplying by q 4 benefit the observation of these weak scattering peaks. With the new Fourier transform method, it was found that indeed as proposed previously, thicker lamellar crystals exist in the structured melt. To determine the lateral size of residual lamellar crystal especially, a new method was developed under the guidance of the new theory. With the new method, it was found that although the crystallinity is very low (∼1% at 174°C), the lateral sizes in the structured melts are still large, e.g. 45.3 nm at 174°C, much greater than the critical nucleation size. This implies that these residual lamellar crystals can act as athermal nuclei after quenching to a lower temperature, as proposed by Ziabicki & Alfonso [(1994). Colloid Polym. Sci. 272, 1027-1042; (2002). Macromol. Symp. 185, 211-231] more than 20 years ago. The methodologies proposed here could also be applied to other polymer lamellar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- Institute of Solid State Physics, CAS Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Ding
- Institute of Solid State Physics, CAS Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pujing Chen
- Institute of Solid State Physics, CAS Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Institute of Solid State Physics, CAS Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, CAS Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyou Tian
- Institute of Solid State Physics, CAS Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Carmeli E, Kandioller G, Gahleitner M, Müller AJ, Tranchida D, Cavallo D. Continuous Cooling Curve Diagrams of Isotactic-Polypropylene/Polyethylene Blends: Mutual Nucleating Effects under Fast Cooling Conditions. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Carmeli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Gottfried Kandioller
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- Polymat and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Davide Tranchida
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
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8
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Yang R, Cao H, Chen W, Ding L, Chen L, Zhang X, Li J. An efficient liquid crystalline ionomer
β‐nucleating
agent featuring π‐π stacking and ionic interactions for isotactic polypropylene. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Weilong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Lv Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Li Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco‐Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco‐Friendly and Fire‐Safety Polymeric Materials Chengdu China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Jinchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou China
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9
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Poly(Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) as a Special β-Nucleating Agent on the Toughness of Isotactic Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111894. [PMID: 31744092 PMCID: PMC6918448 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) (ABS) as a special β-nucleating agent on the impact and tensile properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) were investigated by dynamic rheological measurements, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical properties tests. It is found that the β nucleation efficiency of ABS is closely related to its concentration, dispersibility, and molding method for the iPP/ABS blends. The content of β-crystal (Kβ) rises with the incorporation of ABS and shows a maximum with the introduction of 1% ABS for compression-molded blends and 2% ABS for injection-molded blends, respectively, which is followed by a decrease in Kβ. The addition of a small amount of ABS has a significant reinforcing and toughening effect on iPP. Compared with the compression-molded samples, the ABS dispersed phase in injection-molded samples has a smaller particle size and a larger specific surface area, which are favorable for stress transmission and higher β nucleation efficiency, and therefore, better tensile and impact properties can be expected.
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10
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Li XY, Ding JJ, Liu YP, Tian XY. A new small-angle X-ray scattering model for polymer spherulites with a limited lateral size of the lamellar crystals. IUCRJ 2019; 6:968-983. [PMID: 31576229 PMCID: PMC6760438 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519011035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As is well known, polymers commonly form lamellar crystals, and these assemble further into lamellar stacks and spherulites during quiescent crystallization. Fifty years ago, Vonk and Kortleve constructed the classical small-angle X-ray scattering theory (SAXS) for a lamellar system, in which it was assumed that the lamellar stack had an infinite lateral size [Vonk & Kortleve (1967 ▸), Kolloid Z. Z. Polym. 220, 19-24]. Under this assumption, only crystal planes satisfying the Bragg condition can form strong scattering, and the scattering from the lamellar stack arises from the difference between the scattering intensities in the amorphous and crystalline layers, induced by the incident X-ray beam. This assumption is now deemed unreasonable. In a real polymer spherulite, the lamellar crystal commonly has dimensions of only a few hundred nanometres. At such a limited lateral size, lamellar stacks in a broad orientation have similar scattering, so interference between these lamellar stacks must be considered. Scattering from lamellar stacks parallel to the incident X-ray beam also needs to be considered when total reflection occurs. In this study, various scattering contributions from lamellar stacks in a spherulite are determined. It is found that, for a limited lateral size, the scattering induced by the incident X-ray beam is not the main origin of SAXS. It forms double peaks, which are not observed in real scattering because of destructive interference between the lamellar stacks. The scattering induced by the evanescent wave is the main origin. It can form a similar interference pattern to that observed in a real SAXS measurement: a Guinier region in the small-q range, a signal region in the intermediate-q range and a Porod region in the high-q range. It is estimated that, to avoid destructive interference, the lateral size needs to be greater than 11 µm, which cannot be satisfied in a real lamellar system. Therefore, SAXS in a real polymer system arises largely from the scattering induced by the evanescent wave. Evidence for the existence of the evanescent wave was identified in the scattering of isotactic polypropyl-ene. This study corrects a long-term misunderstanding of SAXS in a polymer lamellar system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Li
- Institute of Applied Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Ding
- Institute of Applied Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Liu
- National Center for International Research of Micro–Nano Molding Technology and Key Laboratory for Micro Molding Technology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-You Tian
- Institute of Applied Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Schick C, Androsch R. Nucleation‐controlled semicrystalline morphology of bulk polymers. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schick
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics and Competence Center CALOR Rostock Germany
- Istitute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University Kazan Russian Federation
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐Oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN)Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
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12
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Mileva D, Tranchida D, Gahleitner M. Designing polymer crystallinity: An industrial perspective. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mileva
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters, 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Davide Tranchida
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters, 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters, 4021 Linz Austria
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13
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Liu X, Zhang L, Yuan C, Jia R, Shao C, Wang M, Hong S. A Study of the Pressure-Induced Solidification of Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10080847. [PMID: 30960771 PMCID: PMC6403784 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By using a self-designed pressure-jump apparatus, we investigated the melt solidification behavior in the rapid compression process for poly-ethylene-terephthalate (PET), polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), isotactic polypropylene (iPP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and the living polymer sulfur. The experimental results clearly show that crystallization could be inhibited, and some melts were solidified to the full amorphous state for PET, PEEK, and sulfur. Full amorphous PEEK that was 24 mm in diameter and 12 mm in height was prepared, which exceeded the size obtained by the melt quenching method. The bulk amorphous sulfur thus obtained exhibited extraordinarily high thermal stability, and an abnormal exothermic transition to liquid sulfur was observed at around 396 K. Since the solidification of melt is realized by changing pressure instead of temperature and is not essentially limited by thermal conductivity, it is a promising way to prepare fully amorphous polymers. In addition, novel properties are also expected in these polymers solidified by the pressure-jump within milliseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuru Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Linji Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Chaosheng Yuan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Ru Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Chunguang Shao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Mingyou Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Shiming Hong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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14
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Yang R, Ding L, Chen W, Zhang X, Li J. Molecular-Weight Dependence of Nucleation Effect of a Liquid Crystalline Polyester β-Nucleating Agent for Isotactic Polypropylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering (Changzhou University), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Lv Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering (Changzhou University), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Weilong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering (Changzhou University), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering (Changzhou University), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Jinchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering (Changzhou University), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
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15
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Yang R, Ding L, Zhang X, Li J. Nonisothermal Crystallization, Melting Behaviors, and Mechanical Properties of Isotactic Polypropylene Nucleated with a Liquid Crystalline Polymer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Environmentally
Friendly Polymeric Materials, National Experimental Demonstration
Center for Materials Science and Engineering (ChangzhouUniversity),
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative
Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Lv Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Environmentally
Friendly Polymeric Materials, National Experimental Demonstration
Center for Materials Science and Engineering (ChangzhouUniversity),
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative
Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Environmentally
Friendly Polymeric Materials, National Experimental Demonstration
Center for Materials Science and Engineering (ChangzhouUniversity),
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative
Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Jinchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Environmentally
Friendly Polymeric Materials, National Experimental Demonstration
Center for Materials Science and Engineering (ChangzhouUniversity),
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative
Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
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16
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Yang R, Ding L, Chen W, Chen L, Zhang X, Li J. Chain Folding in Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polyester with Strong π–π Interaction: An Efficient β-Nucleating Agent for Isotactic Polypropylene. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Lv Ding
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Weilong Chen
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Li Chen
- Center
for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of
Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric
Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jinchun Li
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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17
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Li X, Ding J, Liu Y, Tian X. A new model for mesomorphic-monoclinic phase transition of isotactic polypropylene. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Pantani R, Speranza V, Titomanlio G. Thirty Years of Modeling of Injection Molding. A Brief Review of the Contribution of UNISA Code to the Field. INT POLYM PROC 2016. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
UNISA code, a software for the analysis and modeling of injection molding, was born at the University of Palermo in Italy in the 1980s. Afterwards, in the 1990s, it was rewritten and expanded at the University of Salerno (Italy) and continuously improved over the years. It is a study code, aimed at understanding rather than simulating. It has the unique characteristic of describing, since the early versions, the morphology of the molded samples. Furthermore, it always implemented the interrelationships among the different material properties (crystallinity, viscosity, density). In this work, the evolution of the software is reviewed, placed in the background, underlining the contribution given to the understanding of polymer processing and morphology evolution. Eventually, the future challenges of modeling are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Pantani
- Department of Industrial Engineering , University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA) , Italy
| | - V. Speranza
- Department of Industrial Engineering , University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA) , Italy
| | - G. Titomanlio
- Department of Industrial Engineering , University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA) , Italy
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19
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20
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Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene under Processing-Relevant Cooling Conditions with respect to Isothermal Holding Time. INT J POLYM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/5450708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For semicrystalline thermoplastics, aside from pressure and shear, the temperature-time behavior while cooling the melt significantly affects the geometry and degree of ordered structures (e.g., spherulite size, degree of crystallization, and crystal modification) and, as a consequence, the resulting global component properties. Previous research has shown that a higher isothermal holding temperature (e.g., mold temperature and chill-roll temperature) leads to the formation of more distinct ordered structures and, therefore, can lead to greater stiffness and strength. Nevertheless, isothermal holding time during manufacturing is typically not taken into account. In this paper, fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) measurements were taken using polypropylene to analyze the crystallization during idealized temperature-time profiles based on the dynamic temperature process and to investigate the crystallization behavior at different temperatures and isothermal holding times analytically. Furthermore, iPP foils were extruded and tested mechanically to investigate the knowledge gained experimentally. Analytical and mechanical results show that foils produced at the same isothermal holding temperature can obtain significantly different ordered structures and mechanical properties depending primarily on the isothermal holding time.
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Ma L, Zhang J, Memon MA, Sun X, Li H, Yan S. Melt recrystallization behavior of carbon-coated melt-drawn oriented isotactic polypropylene thin films. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01083g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The melt recrystallization of vacuum carbon evaporated melt-drawn iPP thin films at varying melting temperature, melting time and recrystallization temperature was studied by means of transmission electron microscopy combined with electron diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Mushtaque A. Memon
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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van Drongelen M, van Erp T, Peters G. Quantification of non-isothermal, multi-phase crystallization of isotactic polypropylene: The influence of cooling rate and pressure. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Cavallo D, Gardella L, Alfonso GC, Mileva D, Androsch R. Effect of comonomer partitioning on the kinetics of mesophase formation in random copolymers of propene and higher α-olefins. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Piccarolo S, Poulose AM, Luzio A. Influence of plasticizers suggests role of topology in polymer solidification at high cooling rates. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nishida K, Okada K, Asakawa H, Matsuba G, Ito K, Kanaya T, Kaji K. In situ observations of the mesophase formation of isotactic polypropylene—A fast time-resolved X-ray diffraction study. Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2011.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sorrentino A, Pantani R, Titomanlio G. Two-phase crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polystyrene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cavallo D, Azzurri F, Floris R, Alfonso GC, Balzano L, Peters GW. Continuous Cooling Curves Diagrams of Propene/Ethylene Random Copolymers. The Role of Ethylene Counits in Mesophase Development. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902865e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cavallo
- Università di Genova, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, via Dodecaneso, 31-16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Azzurri
- Università di Genova, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, via Dodecaneso, 31-16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Floris
- Università di Genova, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, via Dodecaneso, 31-16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni C. Alfonso
- Università di Genova, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, via Dodecaneso, 31-16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Balzano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit W. Peters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Brucato V, Kiflie Z, La Carrubba V, Piccarolo S. The continuous cooling transformation (CCT) as a flexible tool to investigate polymer crystallization under processing conditions. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.20151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Flores A, Ania F, Baltá-Calleja F. From the glassy state to ordered polymer structures: A microhardness study. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mathot VB, Poel GV, Pijpers TF. Benefits and Potentials of High Performance Differential Scanning Calorimetry (HPer DSC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1573-4374(08)80011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Dobreva T, López-Majada JM, Pereña JM, Pérez E, Benavente R. Nonisothermal melt-crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene synthesized with a metallocene catalyst and compounded with different quantities of an α nucleator. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhang GP, Yu JY, Xin Z, Gui QD, Wang SY. Crystallization Kinetics of Nucleated Polypropylene with Organic Phosphates. J MACROMOL SCI B 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/mb-120021597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-ping Zhang
- a College of Textiles, Donghua University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian-yong Yu
- a College of Textiles, Donghua University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Xin
- b Polymer Processing Lab , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Quan-de Gui
- b Polymer Processing Lab , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shan-yuan Wang
- a College of Textiles, Donghua University , Shanghai, P.R. China
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Wasiak A. STUDIES OF KINETICS OF NONISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION OF i-POLYPROPYLENE BY WIDE-ANGLE AND SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING OF X-RAY SYNCHROTRON RADIATION. J MACROMOL SCI B 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/mb-100106178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Wasiak
- a Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences , Swietokrzyska 21, 00-049 Warszawa, 15-351, Poland
- b Technical University of Bialystok , Wiejska 45A, Bialystok, Poland
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Tranchida D, Piccarolo S, Loos J, Alexeev A. Mechanical Characterization of Polymers on a Nanometer Scale through Nanoindentation. A Study on Pile-up and Viscoelasticity. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062140k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Tranchida
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e dei Materiali, Viale delle Scienze, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Polymer Institute, P. O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and NT-MDT, 124460 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Stefano Piccarolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e dei Materiali, Viale delle Scienze, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Polymer Institute, P. O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and NT-MDT, 124460 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Joachim Loos
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e dei Materiali, Viale delle Scienze, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Polymer Institute, P. O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and NT-MDT, 124460 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e dei Materiali, Viale delle Scienze, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Polymer Institute, P. O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and NT-MDT, 124460 Moscow, Russian Federation
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37
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La Carrubba V, Piccarolo S, Brucato V. Crystallization kinetics of iPP: Influence of operating conditions and molecular parameters. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Søndergaard K, Minà P, Piccarolo S. Wide-range cooling characteristics of a selected isotactic polypropylene. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222349708212399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Søndergaard
- a Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e dei Materiali , Università di Palermo Viale delle Scienze , 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - P. Minà
- a Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e dei Materiali , Università di Palermo Viale delle Scienze , 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - S. Piccarolo
- a Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e dei Materiali , Università di Palermo Viale delle Scienze , 90128, Palermo, Italy
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39
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Cai J, Li T, Han Y, Zhuang Y, Zhang X. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics and morphology of self-seeded syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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40
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Janeschitz-Kriegl H, Ratajski E. Kinetics of polymer crystallization under processing conditions: transformation of dormant nuclei by the action of flow. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Tranchida D, Piccarolo S. Relating morphology to nanoscale mechanical properties: from crystalline to mesomorphic iPP. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Nishida K, Konishi T, Kanaya T, Kaji K. Novel morphology of isotactic polypropylene crystal generated by a rapid temperature jump method. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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La Carrubba V, Brucato V, Piccarolo S. Isotactic polypropylene solidification under pressure and high cooling rates. A master curve approach. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Choi CH, White JL. Correlation and modeling of the occurrence of different crystalline forms of isotactic polypropylene as a function of cooling rate and uniaxial stress in thin and thick parts. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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A Study of Chemical and Physical Changes During Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene Film Production. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2003. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng.2003.23.6.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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La Carrubba V, Gabriëlse W, van Gurp M, Piccarolo S, Brucato V. Indentation test as a tool for monitoring the solidification process during injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pantani R, Speranza V, Besana G, Titomanlio G. Crystallization kinetics and PVT behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) in process conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dweik H, Al-Jabareen A, Marom G, Assouline E. Thermal and chemical effects of nucleating agents on α, β, γ-polymorphism of isotactic polypropylene. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030304900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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