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Kim CH, Lee SY, Park SJ. Positive/Negative Temperature Coefficient Behaviors of Electron Beam-Irradiated Carbon Blacks-Loaded Polyethylene Nanocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47933-47940. [PMID: 36591175 PMCID: PMC9798534 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-based materials with positive temperature coefficients (PTC) are regarded as potential candidates for electrical heating elements in a wide range of applications, such as wearable electronics, soft robots, and smart skin. They offer many advantages over ceramic or metal oxide-based composites, including low resistance at room temperature, excellent flexibility and processability, and low cost. However, the electrical resistance instability and poor reproducibility have limited their use in practical applications. In this work, we prepared carbon blacks-reinforced high-density polyethylene nanocomposites (CBs-HDPE) loaded with polar additives (polyols or ionomers), which were subsequently subjected to electron beam (EB) irradiation to explore their PTC behaviors. We found that the EB-treated nanocomposites exhibited PTC behaviors, while the untreated samples showed negative temperature coefficients. Further, EB-ionomer-CBs-HDPE showed the highest PTC intensity of 3.01 Ω·cm, which was ∼35% higher than that of EB-CBs-HDPE. These results suggested that the EB irradiation enabled a specific volume expansion behavior via enhanced crosslinking among CBs, polar additives, and HDPE, inhibiting the formation of conductive networks in the nanocomposites. Thus, it can be concluded that polar additives and further EB irradiation played an important role in enhancing the PTC performances. We believe the findings provide crucial insight for designing carbon-polymer nanocomposites with PTC behaviors in various self-regulating heating devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon22212, Republic of Korea
- KIURI Center for Hydrogen Based Next Generation Mechanical System, Incheon21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon22212, Republic of Korea
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2
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Stalmann G, Matic A, Jacobsson P, Tranchida D, Gitsas A, Gkourmpis T. Crystallisation Kinetics and Associated Electrical Conductivity Dynamics of Poly(Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) Nanocomposites in the Melt State. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3602. [PMID: 36296791 PMCID: PMC9612297 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite systems comprised of a poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA) matrix and carbon black (CB) or graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were used to investigate conductivity and crystallisation dynamics using a commercially relevant melt-state mixing process. Crystallisation kinetics and morphology, as investigated by DSC and SEM, turn out to depend on the interplay of (i) the interphase interactions between matrix and filler, and (ii) the degree of filler agglomeration. For the GNP-based systems, an almost constant conductivity value was observed for all compositions upon cooling, something not observed for the CB-based compositions. These conductivity changes reflect structural and morphological changes that can be associated with positive and negative thermal expansion coefficients. GNP-based systems were observed to exhibit a percolation threshold of approximately 2.2 vol%, lower than the 4.4 vol% observed for the CB-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud Stalmann
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothemburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Matic
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Jacobsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Davide Tranchida
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Antonis Gitsas
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Gkourmpis
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis AB, 444 86 Stenungsund, Sweden
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3
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Wei Q, Wang Y, Lei M, Li M, Li D, Zhang L, Wu Y. Self-Healing Mechanism and Conductivity of the Hydrogel Flexible Sensors: A Review. Gels 2021; 7:216. [PMID: 34842713 PMCID: PMC8628684 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensors are devices that can capture changes in environmental parameters and convert them into electrical signals to output, which are widely used in all aspects of life. Flexible sensors, sensors made of flexible materials, not only overcome the limitations of the environment on detection devices but also expand the application of sensors in human health and biomedicine. Conductivity and flexibility are the most important parameters for flexible sensors, and hydrogels are currently considered to be an ideal matrix material due to their excellent flexibility and biocompatibility. In particular, compared with flexible sensors based on elastomers with a high modulus, the hydrogel sensor has better stretchability and can be tightly attached to the surface of objects. However, for hydrogel sensors, a poor mechanical lifetime is always an issue. To address this challenge, a self-healing hydrogel has been proposed. Currently, a large number of studies on the self-healing property have been performed, and numerous exciting results have been obtained, but there are few detailed reviews focusing on the self-healing mechanism and conductivity of hydrogel flexible sensors. This paper presents an overview of self-healing hydrogel flexible sensors, focusing on their self-healing mechanism and conductivity. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of different types of sensors have been summarized and discussed. Finally, the key issues and challenges for self-healing flexible sensors are also identified and discussed along with recommendations for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yanen Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Qinghua Wei
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Mingju Lei
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Dinghao Li
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Longyu Zhang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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4
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Al Mizan R, Islam MA. Synchronization of thermal properties and constituents in Nanocomposite: Manufacturing, characterization, adjustable properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashed Al Mizan
- Department of Textile Engineering Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh
- Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Department Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Bangladesh
| | - Md. Aminul Islam
- Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Department Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Bangladesh
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5
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He L, Tjong SC. Electrical behavior and positive temperature coefficient effect of graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composites containing silver nanowires. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:375. [PMID: 25114661 PMCID: PMC4124501 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composites filled with in situ thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRG) and silver nanowire (AgNW) were prepared using solution mixing followed by coagulation and thermal hot pressing. Binary TRG/PVDF nanocomposites exhibited small percolation threshold of 0.12 vol % and low electrical conductivity of approximately 10(-7) S/cm. Hybridization of TRGs with AgNWs led to a significant improvement in electrical conductivity due to their synergistic effect in conductivity. The bulk conductivity of hybrids was higher than a combined total conductivity of TRG/PVDF and AgNW/PVDF composites at the same filler loading. Furthermore, the resistivity of hybrid composites increased with increasing temperature, giving rise to a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect at the melting temperature of PVDF. The 0.04 vol % TRG/1 vol % AgNW/PVDF hybrid exhibited pronounced PTC behavior, rendering this composite an attractive material for making current limiting devices and temperature sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiang He
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sie-Chin Tjong
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Parmar HB, Gupta RK, Bhattacharya SN. Melt Strength and Thermal Properties of Organic Peroxide Modified Virgin and Recycled HDPE. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Commercial blow moulding grade recycled high density polyethylene (r-HDPE) and blow moulding grade virgin HDPE were reactively extruded with various compositions (0.00 to 0.15 %) of different peroxides in a twin screw extruder. The aim was to improve the melt strength properties of a blow moulding grade HDPE homopolymer – a polymer resin comprising a significant part of the post consumer recycled plastic stream in Australia. Melting behaviour and crystallinity were investigated by modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). Uniaxial melt extensional (UME) measurement of the modified materials was carried out using Göttfert Rheotens melt strength tester to measure melt quality of the material. Melt strength and zero shear viscosity were also measured to assess and correlate changes in melt properties due to peroxide modification. Melt strength and zero shear viscosity of both recycled and virgin material were enhanced with the increase in composition of peroxide. However, addition of peroxide also brought with it flow instabilities like draw resonance and necking, both of which lead to limitations in polymer processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. B. Parmar
- Rheology and Materials Processing Centre, School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R. K. Gupta
- Rheology and Materials Processing Centre, School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S. N. Bhattacharya
- Rheology and Materials Processing Centre, School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Lu C, Cao QQ, Huang XH, Hu XN, He YX, Liu CY, Zhang YQ. Influence of morphology on positive temperature coefficient effect for conductive polymer composites with carbon black dispersed at interface. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Lu
- Key Lab of Polymer Science and Nanotechnology of Henan University of Science and Technology; Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics School; Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang 471003 China
| | - Qing-Qing Cao
- Key Lab of Polymer Science and Nanotechnology of Henan University of Science and Technology; Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics School; Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang 471003 China
| | - Xin-Hui Huang
- Key Lab of Polymer Science and Nanotechnology of Henan University of Science and Technology; Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics School; Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang 471003 China
| | - Xiao-Ning Hu
- Key Lab of Polymer Science and Nanotechnology of Henan University of Science and Technology; Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics School; Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang 471003 China
| | - Yu-Xin He
- Key Lab of Polymer Science and Nanotechnology of Henan University of Science and Technology; Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics School; Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang 471003 China
| | - Cui-Yun Liu
- Key Lab of Polymer Science and Nanotechnology of Henan University of Science and Technology; Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics School; Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang 471003 China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- Key Lab of Polymer Science and Nanotechnology of Henan University of Science and Technology; Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics School; Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang 471003 China
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8
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Gao JF, Huang HD, Yan DX, Ren PG, Zeng XB, Li ZM. Resistivity Relaxation of Anisotropic Conductive Polymer Composites. J MACROMOL SCI B 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2012.730356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Feng Gao
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Dong Huang
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Xiang Yan
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Gang Ren
- b Institute of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an , Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Bu Zeng
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , People's Republic of China
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9
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Salam MHAE, Ismail AM. Electrical conductivity and electric modulus of stable Kevlar® fiber loaded HAF/NBR rubber composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Cheng HKF, Sahoo NG, Pan Y, Li L, Chan SH, Zhao J, Chen G. Complementary effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and conductive carbon black on polyamide 6. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Gao JF, Yan DX, Huang HD, Dai K, Li ZM. Positive temperature coefficient and time-dependent resistivity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Song Y, Zheng Q. Influence of annealing on conduction of high-density polyethylene/carbon black composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Traina M, Pegoretti A, Penati A. Time–temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of high-density polyethylene/carbon black composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Shaojin J, Pingkai J, Zhicheng Z, Zhongguang W. Effect of carbon-black treatment by radiation emulsion polymerization on temperature dependence of resistivity of carbon-black-filled polymer blends. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Mathew AP, Varghese H, Thomas S. Electrical properties of nanostructured interpenetrating polymer networks based on natural rubber (NR)/polystyrene (PS). J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Kim JH, Cho HN, Kim SH, Kim JY. PTC behavior of polymer composites containing ionomers upon electron beam irradiation. Macromol Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Yu G, Zhang MQ, Zeng HM, Hou YH, Zhang HB. Conductive polymer blends filled with carbon black: Positive temperature coefficient behavior. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Mironi-Harpaz I, Narkis M. Thermo-electric behavior (PTC) of carbon black-containing PVDF/UHMWPE and PVDF/XL-UHMWPE blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Feng J, Chan CM. Carbon black-filled immiscible blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and high density polyethylene: The relationship between morphology and positive and negative temperature coefficient effects. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Di W, Zhang G, Xu J, Peng Y, Wang X, Xie Z. Positive-temperature-coefficient/negative-temperature-coefficient effect of low-density polyethylene filled with a mixture of carbon black and carbon fiber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Seok Park J, Hyun Kang P, Chang Nho Y, Hack Suh D. Effects of thermal ageing treatment and antioxidants on the positive temperature coefficient characteristics of carbon black/polyethylene conductive composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.11953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Shen JW, Chen XM, Huang WY. Structure and electrical properties of grafted polypropylene/graphite nanocomposites prepared by solution intercalation. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.11892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Shaojin J, Zhicheng Z, Yangmei F, Huiming W, Xianfeng Z, Rongdian H. Study of the size and numerical concentration of the free volume of carbon filled HDPE composites by the positron annihilation method. Eur Polym J 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(02)00147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Park SJ, Kim HC, Kim HY. Roles of work of adhesion between carbon blacks and thermoplastic polymers on electrical properties of composites. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 255:145-9. [PMID: 12702379 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2002.8481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the work of adhesion between carbon blacks and different thermoplastic polymers on the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) of composites was investigated. Thermoplastic polymers, such as EVA, LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, and PP, were used with the addition of 30 wt% of carbon blacks. The work of adhesion based on the surface free energy of a composite was studied in the context of two-liquid contact angle measurements using deionized water and diiodomethane. It was observed that the resistivity on PTC behavior was greatly increased near the crystalline melting temperature, due to the thermal expansion of polymeric matrix. It was shown that the PTC intensity defined as the ratio of the maximum resistivity (rho(max)) to the resistivity at room temperature (rho(RT)) had the largest value on CB/HDPE composites. From the experimental results, the decrease in the work of adhesion induced by interactions between carbon black surfaces and polymer chains is an important factor in the fabrication of a PTC composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Park
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, Yusong, Taejon 305-600, Korea.
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25
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Xie H, Deng P, Dong L, Sun J. LDPE/carbon black conductive composites: Influence of radiation crosslinking on PTC and NTC properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Hou YH, Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Yu G, Zeng HM. Improvement of conductive network quality in carbon black-filled polymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Chen J, Iwata H, Tsubokawa N, Maekawa Y, Yoshida M. Novel vapor sensor from polymer-grafted carbon black: effects of heat-treatment and γ-ray radiation-treatment on the response of sensor material in cyclohexane vapor. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Lee MG, Nho YC. Electrical resistivity of carbon black-filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composite containing radiation crosslinked HDPE particles. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(00)00354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Chen J, Tsubokawa N. A NOVEL GAS SENSOR FROM POLYMER-GRAFTED CARBON BLACK: EFFECTS OF POLYMER, CRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUND, AND CARBON BLACK ON ELECTRIC RESPONSE TO TETRAHYDROFURAN VAPOR. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-100103356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Mironi-Harpaz I, Narkis M. Thermoelectric behavior (PTC) of carbon black-containing TPX/UHMWPE and TPX/XL-UHMWPE blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Mironi-Harpaz I, Narkis M. Electrical behavior and structure of polypropylene/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/carbon black immiscible blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Chen J, Tsubokawa N. Electric Properties of Conducting Composite from Poly(ethylene oxide) and Poly(ethylene oxide)-Grafted Carbon Black in Solvent Vapor. Polym J 2000. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.32.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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