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Dai C, Ye L, He W, Zhao X. Urea‐glutaraldehyde‐formaldehyde resin with low formaldehyde emission and high flexibility: Structure and toughening mechanism. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changfa Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Wenjun He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xiaowen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
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2
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Use of Thymus Plants as an Ecological Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives Intended for Bonding Plywood. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative adhesive formulations have been developed in the laboratory based on urea-formaldehyde resin by adding medicinal plants to an industrial adhesive formulation containing raw materials: urea-formaldehyde resin, urea, ammonium sulphate and starch. Specifically, Thymus species (Thymus bleicherianus, Thymus capitates, Thymus satureioides, Thymus vulgaris and Thymus zygis) replaced part of the starch and were considered as the second filler in the formulations. The physico-chemical properties of the resulting adhesive formulations, such as: pH, viscosity, gel time, solids content, density, concentration of free formaldehyde and color were measured, and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In order to evaluate the mechanical performances of adhesive formulations based on plants, plywood panels were produced and their mechanical properties were studied. These mechanical properties included the shear strength, bending strength and the modulus of elasticity. The performance of these panels is comparable to that of plywood panels made using the standard adhesive formulation. From the results obtained, and following the statistical studies, the new adhesive formulations based on plants have the same physico-chemical properties, the same morphologies, and the same mechanical properties. Moreover, the novel adhesives are more viscous, and they have less free formaldehyde content than the commercial formulation.
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3
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Wibowo ES, Park BD, Causin V. Recent advances in urea–formaldehyde resins: converting crystalline thermosetting polymers back to amorphous ones. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.2014520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eko Setio Wibowo
- Department of Wood and Paper Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Dae Park
- Department of Wood and Paper Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Valerio Causin
- Departimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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4
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Li J, Zhang Y. Morphology and Crystallinity of Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives with Different Molar Ratios. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050673. [PMID: 33668111 PMCID: PMC7956499 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using formaldehyde and urea as raw materials, a stable urea–formaldehyde resin (UF) is synthesized by the “alkali-acid-alkali” method. Unlike most thermosetting resins, UF often shows the appearance of crystal domains. In order to understand the relationship between the crystal and morphology of UF resin, analysis was carried out with the help of polarizing microscopy (POM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The changes of two kinds of UF resins with molar ratios (F/U) of 1.4 and 1.0 before and after curing and under the influence of different curing agents and additives were studied. SEM results showed that the UF resins with low F/U (1.0) show spherical or flat structures before and after curing, and the diameter of the spherical structure increases with the increase of the content of curing agent, while in the UF resin with high F/U (1.4) it is difficult to observe the above phenomenon. At the same time, the possible accumulation mode of UF colloidal particles in the process of aggregation is explained, and the curing agent obviously promotes the development of the crystal structure, which may be the reason for the emergence of a large number of spherical particles. XRD results showed that the resin with low F/U has higher crystallinity than the resin with high F/U, indicating that the former shows more crystallization regions, while the latter shows more amorphous structure, and the crystallinity increases with the increase of the curing agent content, but the position of the crystallization peak does not change with the type of curing agent and the amount of curing agent. Observation of the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern obtained by TEM shows that the cured low F/U (1.0) resin has a polycrystalline structure and a body-centered cubic unit cell. FT-IR results showed that the linear segment, branched structure, hydroxymethyl and methylene structure changes in UF affect the formation of crystal structure. This study also shows the possible contribution of hydroxymethylated species to the formation of crystals.
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Gao S, Cheng Z, Zhou X, Liu Y, Chen R, Wang J, Wang C, Chu F, Xu F, Zhang D. Unexpected role of amphiphilic lignosulfonate to improve the storage stability of urea formaldehyde resin and its application as adhesives. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:755-762. [PMID: 32561279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the second-largest natural polymer, the utilization of lignin for practical applications has attracted increasing attention. In this study, lignosulfonate was employed to enhance the storage stability of urea formaldehyde (UF) resins. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy was firstly used to observe the influence of lignosulfonate addition on the colloidal morphology of UF resin. Moreover, adding lignosulfonate at different stages during the UF resins synthesis was also investigated to reveal its effect on storage stability. The potential interaction between lignosulfonate and UF resins was then analyzed via FT-IR, 13C CPMAS NMR, and zeta potential. It has been observed that lignosulfonate could increase the electrostatic repulsion of UF resins to avoid aging. No chemical reaction between UF resins and lignosulfonate was observed. After the elucidation of potential interaction, the effect of lignosulfonate on the curing process, thermal stability and adhesive performance of UF resins was systematically evaluated. Finally, as adhesives to fabricate eucalyptus plywood, the shear strength and formaldehyde release of UF resins with 20% addition of lignosulfonate could reach 0.88 MPa and 0.12 mg/L, respectively. Due to the excellent performance, low cost and wide availability of lignosulfonate, it might be industrially used as a stabilizer in the UF resins production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishuai Gao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China; College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zenghui Cheng
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Riqing Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jifu Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunpeng Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Daihui Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
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Yadav SM, Lubis MAR, Wibowo ES, Park BD. Effects of nanoclay modification with transition metal ion on the performance of urea–formaldehyde resin adhesives. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Luo J, Zhang J, Gao Q, Mao A, Li J. Toughening and Enhancing Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Properties via in situ Polymerization of Dialdehyde Starch and Microphase Separation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071167. [PMID: 31323911 PMCID: PMC6681054 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to employ bio-based dialdehyde starch (DAS), derived from in situ polymerization and the resultant microphase separation structure, to improve the strength of melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resin, as well as enhance the properties that affect its adhesive performance. Thus, we evaluated the effects of DAS on the chemical structure, toughness, curing behavior, thermal stability, and micromorphology of the MUF resin. Furthermore, the wet shear strength and formaldehyde emissions of a manufactured, three-layer plywood were also measured. Results indicate that DAS was chemically introduced into the MUF resin by in situ polymerization between the aldehyde group in the DAS and the amino group and hydroxymethyl group in the resin. Essentially, polymerization caused a DAS soft segment to interpenetrate into the rigid MUF resin cross-linked network, and subsequently form a microphase separation structure. By incorporating 3% DAS into the MUF resin, the elongation at break of impregnated paper increased 48.12%, and the wet shear strength of the plywood increased 23.08%. These improvements were possibly due to one or a combination of the following: (1) DAS polymerization increasing the cross-linking density of the cured system; (2) DAS modification accelerating the curing of the MUF resin; and/or (3) the microphase separation structure, induced by DAS polymerization, improving the cured resin’s strength. All the results in this study suggest that the bio-based derivative from in situ polymerization and microphase separation can effectively toughen and enhance the properties that affect adhesive performance in highly cross-linked thermosetting resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Centre of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Utilization of Giant Salamander in Guizhou Province, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Jieyu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Centre of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Centre of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - An Mao
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Silviculture of the lower Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jianzhang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Centre of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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8
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Yin Q, Zhu Z, Li W, Guo M, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang X. Fabrication and Performance of Composite Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials with Palmitic Acid Ethyl Ester as Core. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E726. [PMID: 30960651 PMCID: PMC6403997 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microencapsulation of phase change materials (PCMs) could prevent the leakage of PCMs during solid⁻liquid phase change process. However, their applications are mainly limited by the compactness and thermal stability of the traditional polyurea shell microcapsules. To increase the thermal compactness and thermal stability of PCM microcapsules, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) was employed to form polymer/SiO₂ composite shells to enhance the mechanical performance of polyurea and polyurethane microcapsule via interfacial polymerization and in situ polymerization. The morphology and chemical components of the microcapsules were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, respectively. The thermal properties of the microcapsules were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravity analysis (TGA). The results showed the smoothness and compactness of both polyurea⁻SiO₂ and polyurethane⁻SiO₂ microcapsules enhanced slightly, when compared with that without TEOS addition. Moreover, the SiO₂ composite shell had good effect on thermal compactness, as the weight loss rate of polyurea⁻SiO₂ microcapsules and polyurethane⁻SiO₂ microcapsules decreased 3.5% and 4.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Zhenguo Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Maolian Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Jianping Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Xingxiang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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Wu B, Ye L, Liu Y, Zhao X. Intercalation structure and toughening mechanism of graphene/urea-formaldehyde nanocomposites prepared viain situpolymerization. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Buyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yalong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Xiaowen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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10
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Nguon O, Lagugné-Labarthet F, Brandys FA, Li J, Gillies ER. Microencapsulation by in situ Polymerization of Amino Resins. POLYM REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2017.1364765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Nguon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- 3M Canada Company, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Jian Li
- 3M Canada Company, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Crystallization behavior of stable urea formaldehyde resin dispersed by polyvinyl alcohol. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-014-0295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Chai Y, Zhao Y, Yan N. Synthesis and Characterization of Biobased Melamine Formaldehyde Resins from Bark Extractives. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie501282x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Chai
- Research
Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China 100091
- Faculty
of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B3
| | - Yong Zhao
- Faculty
of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B3
| | - Ning Yan
- Faculty
of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B3
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13
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Singh AP, Causin V, Nuryawan A, Park BD. Morphological, chemical and crystalline features of urea–formaldehyde resin cured in contact with wood. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Low formaldehyde emission urea-formaldehyde resins modified by 2,4,6-trimethylolphenate and physical properties of its impregnated papers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Hardness evaluation of cured urea–formaldehyde resins with different formaldehyde/urea mole ratios using nanoindentation method. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Poly(amidoamine)s dendrimers of different generations as components of melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) adhesives used for particleboards production: what are the positive implications? JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Crystallinity and domain size of cured urea–formaldehyde resin adhesives with different formaldehyde/urea mole ratios. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Park BD, Jeong HW. Effects of acid hydrolysis on microstructure of cured urea-formaldehyde resins using atomic force microscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Ferra JMM, Mendes AM, Costa MRN, Carvalho LH, Magalhães FD. A study on the colloidal nature of urea-formaldehyde resins and its relation with adhesive performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Celzard A, Pizzi A, Fierro V. Physical gelation of water-borne thermosetting resins by percolation theory—Urea-formaldehyde, melamine-urea-formaldehyde, and melamine-formaldehyde resins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Egger CC, Schädler V, Hirschinger J, Raya J, Bechinger B. 1H-13C CPMAS andT2 Relaxation Solid-State NMR Measurements of Melamine-Based Polycondensed Chemical Gels. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Mansouri HR, Thomas RR, Garnier S, Pizzi A. Fluorinated polyether additives to improve the performance of urea–formaldehyde adhesives for wood panels. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Özçifçi A, örs Y, Uysal B. Determination of some physical and mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber impregnated with boron compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Wieland S, Pizzi A, Grigsby W, Warnes J, Pichelin F. Microcrystallinity and colloidal peculiarities of UF/isocyanate hybrid resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Mansouri HR, Pizzi A. Urea–formaldehyde–propionaldehyde physical gelation resins for improved swelling in water. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Lei H, Pizzi A, Du G, Despres A. Variation of MUF and PMUF resins mass fractions during preparation. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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