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Kim T, Kim S, Lee DG, Lim CS, Seo B. Preparation of a branched amine and physical and thermal studies of epoxy compositions including the amine compound. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taehee Kim
- Center for Chemical Industry Development; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; 45, Jongga-ro, Yugok-dong Jung-gu Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyeon Kim
- Center for Chemical Industry Development; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; 45, Jongga-ro, Yugok-dong Jung-gu Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-gu Lee
- Center for Chemical Industry Development; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; 45, Jongga-ro, Yugok-dong Jung-gu Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Sun Lim
- Center for Chemical Industry Development; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; 45, Jongga-ro, Yugok-dong Jung-gu Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Bongkuk Seo
- Center for Chemical Industry Development; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; 45, Jongga-ro, Yugok-dong Jung-gu Ulsan Republic of Korea
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Molecular Mobility in Hyperbranched Polymers and Their Interaction with an Epoxy Matrix. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9030192. [PMID: 28773319 PMCID: PMC5456660 DOI: 10.3390/ma9030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mobility related to the glass transition and secondary relaxations in a hyperbranched polyethyleneimine, HBPEI, and its relaxation behaviour when incorporated into an epoxy resin matrix are investigated by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Three systems are analysed: HBPEI, epoxy and an epoxy/HBPEI mixture, denoted ELP. The DRS behaviour is monitored in the ELP system in three stages: prior to curing, during curing, and in the fully cured system. In the stage prior to curing, DRS measurements show three dipolar relaxations: γ, β and α, for all systems (HBPEI, epoxy and ELP). The α-relaxation for the ELP system deviates significantly from that for HBPEI, but superposes on that for the epoxy resin. The fully cured thermoset displays both β- and α-relaxations. In DMA measurements, both α- and β-relaxations are observed in all systems and in both the uncured and fully cured systems, similar to the behaviour identified by DRS.
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Shiravand F, Hutchinson JM, Calventus Y, Ferrando F. Comparison of the Nanostructure and Mechanical Performance of Highly Exfoliated Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites Prepared by Three Different Protocols. MATERIALS 2014; 7:4196-4223. [PMID: 28788672 PMCID: PMC5455920 DOI: 10.3390/ma7064196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three different protocols for the preparation of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites based upon a tri-functional epoxy resin, triglycidyl para-amino phenol (TGAP), have been compared in respect of the cure kinetics, the nanostructure and their mechanical properties. The three preparation procedures involve 2 wt% and 5 wt% of organically modified montmorillonite (MMT), and are: isothermal cure at selected temperatures; pre-conditioning of the resin-clay mixture before isothermal cure; incorporation of an initiator of cationic homopolymerisation, a boron tri-fluoride methyl amine complex, BF3·MEA, within the clay galleries. It was found that features of the cure kinetics and of the nanostructure correlate with the measured impact strength of the cured nanocomposites, which increases as the degree of exfoliation of the MMT is improved. The best protocol for toughening the TGAP/MMT nanocomposites is by the incorporation of 1 wt% BF3·MEA into the clay galleries of nanocomposites containing 2 wt% MMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shiravand
- Centre for NanoEngineering, Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeries Industrial i Aeronàutica (ETSEIAT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa 08222, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - John M Hutchinson
- Centre for NanoEngineering, Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeries Industrial i Aeronàutica (ETSEIAT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa 08222, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Calventus
- Centre for NanoEngineering, Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeries Industrial i Aeronàutica (ETSEIAT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa 08222, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Ferrando
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Països Catalans 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
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Cortés P, Fraga I, Calventus Y, Román F, Hutchinson JM, Ferrando F. A New Epoxy-Based Layered Silicate Nanocomposite Using a Hyperbranched Polymer: Study of the Curing Reaction and Nanostructure Development. MATERIALS 2014; 7:1830-1849. [PMID: 28788542 PMCID: PMC5453289 DOI: 10.3390/ma7031830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymer layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites have been prepared with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) epoxy resin as the matrix and organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) as the clay nanofiller. Resin-clay mixtures with different clay contents (zero, two, five and 10 wt%) were cured, both isothermally andnon-isothermally, using a poly(ethyleneimine) hyperbranched polymer (HBP), the cure kinetics being monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The nanostructure of the cured nanocomposites was characterized by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their mechanical properties were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and impact testing. The results are compared with an earlier study of the structure and properties of the same DGEBA-MMT system cured with a polyoxypropylene diamine, Jeffamine. There are very few examples of the use of HBP as a curing agent in epoxy PLS nanocomposites; here, it is found to enhance significantly the degree of exfoliation of these nanocomposites compared with those cured with Jeffamine, with a corresponding enhancement in the impact energy for nanocomposites with the low clay content of 2 wt%. These changes are attributed to the different cure kinetics with the HBP, in which the intra-gallery homopolymerization reaction is accelerated, such that it occurs before the bulk cross-linking reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Cortés
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa 08222, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Iria Fraga
- Escola Universitària Salesiana de Sarrià, Passeig Sant Joan Bosco 74, 08017, Barcelona Spain.
| | - Yolanda Calventus
- Centre for NanoEngineering and Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa 08222, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Frida Román
- Centre for NanoEngineering and Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa 08222, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - John M Hutchinson
- Centre for NanoEngineering and Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa 08222, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Ferrando
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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Hutchinson JM, Shiravand F, Calventus Y, Fernández-Francos X, Ramis X. Highly exfoliated nanostructure in trifunctional epoxy/clay nanocomposites using boron trifluoride as initiator. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Hutchinson
- Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics; Centre for NanoEngineering, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; 08222 Terrassa Barcelona Spain
| | - Fatemeh Shiravand
- Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics; Centre for NanoEngineering, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; 08222 Terrassa Barcelona Spain
| | - Yolanda Calventus
- Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics; Centre for NanoEngineering, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; 08222 Terrassa Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Fernández-Francos
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Thermodynamics Laboratory; ETSEIB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; 08028 Barcelona Spain
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Li W, Hou L, Zhou Q, Yan L, Loo LS. Curing behavior and rheology properties of alkyl-imidazolium-treated rectorite/epoxy nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; NingBo University; NingBo 315211 People's Republic of China
| | - Linxi Hou
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; NingBo University; NingBo 315211 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637459
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering; NingBo University of Technology; NingBo 315016 People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; NingBo University; NingBo 315211 People's Republic of China
| | - Leslie S. Loo
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637459
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Shiravand F, Hutchinson JM, Calventus Y. Influence of the isothermal cure temperature on the nanostructure and thermal properties of an epoxy layered silicate nanocomposite. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shiravand
- Centre for Research in NanoEngineering, and Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics; ETSEIAT; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; 08222 Terrassa Spain
| | - John M. Hutchinson
- Centre for Research in NanoEngineering, and Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics; ETSEIAT; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; 08222 Terrassa Spain
| | - Yolanda Calventus
- Centre for Research in NanoEngineering, and Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics; ETSEIAT; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; 08222 Terrassa Spain
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Non-isothermal curing kinetics of epoxy/mechanochemical devulcanized ground rubber tire (GRT) composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-013-0926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hutchinson JM, Shiravand F, Calventus Y. Intra- and extra-gallery reactions in tri-functional epoxy polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zavaglia R, Guigo N, Sbirrazzuoli N, Mija A, Vincent L. Complex Kinetic Pathway of Furfuryl Alcohol Polymerization Catalyzed by Green Montmorillonite Clays. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:8259-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301439q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Zavaglia
- Fluids and Complex Materials Group,
Laboratory of Condensed
Matter Physics (L.P.M.C − UMR 7336), University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Nathanael Guigo
- Fluids and Complex Materials Group,
Laboratory of Condensed
Matter Physics (L.P.M.C − UMR 7336), University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
- Fluids and Complex Materials Group,
Laboratory of Condensed
Matter Physics (L.P.M.C − UMR 7336), University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Alice Mija
- Fluids and Complex Materials Group,
Laboratory of Condensed
Matter Physics (L.P.M.C − UMR 7336), University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Luc Vincent
- Fluids and Complex Materials Group,
Laboratory of Condensed
Matter Physics (L.P.M.C − UMR 7336), University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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Alzina C, Mija A, Vincent L, Sbirrazzuoli N. Effects of Incorporation of Organically Modified Montmorillonite on the Reaction Mechanism of Epoxy/Amine Cure. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:5786-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3021722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Alzina
- Laboratoire de Physique
de la Matière Condensée, Université de Nice − Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR 7336, Parc
Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Alice Mija
- Laboratoire de Physique
de la Matière Condensée, Université de Nice − Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR 7336, Parc
Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Luc Vincent
- Laboratoire de Physique
de la Matière Condensée, Université de Nice − Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR 7336, Parc
Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
- Laboratoire de Physique
de la Matière Condensée, Université de Nice − Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR 7336, Parc
Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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Chatterjee A, Gillespie JW. Room temperature-curable VARTM epoxy resins: Promising alternative to vinyl ester resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pustkova P, Hutchinson JM, Román F, Montserrat S. Homopolymerization effects in polymer layered silicate nanocomposites based upon epoxy resin: Implications for exfoliation. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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