1
|
Rashwan O, Koroneos Z, Townsend TG, Caputo MP, Bylone RJ, Wodrig B, Cantor K. Extrusion and characterization of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) filaments compounded with chain extender and impact modifiers for material-extrusion additive manufacturing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16041. [PMID: 37749175 PMCID: PMC10519981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous growth of annual production and consumption of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is coined with increasing waste that leaks into the environment, landfills and oceans as microplastics and nano plastics fragments. Upcycling the recycled PET to make a feedstock for the fast-growing material-extrusion additive manufacturing (MEX-AM) technology can contribute to the solution and supports the concept of sustainable materials. In this work, extrudable filaments comprising recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) with low-cost additives, such as pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) as a chain extender, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene terpolymer functionalized with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA), a thermal modifier and toughening agent, ethylene-ethyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (E-EA-GMA), a functional reactive elastomeric impact modifier and ethylene-ethyl-acrylate (EEA), a non-reactive elastomeric impact modifier, have been fabricated using the twin-screw extruder. The optimum extrusion process parameters for producing uniform filaments of different rPET compounded formulations have been identified, this includes the extrusion die temperature of 280 °C and the screw speed of 150 ± 3 rpm. The compounded filaments are then printed into standard ASTM test specimens for thermal characterization and mechanical characterization, including glass transition and melting temperatures, crystallinity and crystallization temperature, tensile strength, tensile modulus, ductility, flexural strength, and Izod impact energy. Furthermore, the melt flow index for the filaments was measured. More significantly, the experimental data showed that compounding rPET with such additives in the reactive twin-screw extrusion process results in uniform filaments that display advantageous thermal and mechanical properties and can be used as a feedstock in the MEX-AM technology. This study suggests that compounding the recycled PET pellets with low-cost additives while extruding them into filaments for MEX-AM offers excellent potential to make high-value-added customized products from a sustainable polymer feedstock, such as prototyping, tooling, testing components or end-use internal components for small machines and cars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Rashwan
- Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, 777 W Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA.
| | - Zachary Koroneos
- Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, 777 W Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA
| | - Trent G Townsend
- Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, 777 W Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA
| | - Matthew P Caputo
- Pennsylvania State University -Shenango, 147 Shenango Avenue, Sharon, PA, 16146, USA
| | - Robert J Bylone
- Recycling Markets Center, Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, 777 W Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA
| | - Brennan Wodrig
- Plastics Innovation and Resource Center, Pennsylvania College of Technology, One College Avenue, Williamsport, PA, 17701, USA
| | - Kirk Cantor
- Plastics Innovation and Resource Center, Pennsylvania College of Technology, One College Avenue, Williamsport, PA, 17701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dolatshah S, Ahmadi S, Ershad Langroodi A, Alavi A. Long‐chain branching of polyethylene terephthalate: Rheological/thermal properties of polyethylene terephthalate/carbon nanotube nanocomposite. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aida Alavi
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jang JY, Sadeghi K, Seo J. Chain-Extending Modification for Value-Added Recycled PET: A Review. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2033765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Jang
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, Korea
| | - Kambiz Sadeghi
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, Korea
| | - Jongchul Seo
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang WT, He GJ, Tang WD, Zou XL, Yin XC. A facile approach to realize simultaneously chain extension and crystallization promotion of poly (ethylene terephthalate). Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
5
|
Dolatshah S, Ahmadi S, Ershad‐Langroudi A, Jashni H. Rheological/thermal properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) modified by chain extenders of pyromellitic dianhydride and pentaerythritol. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hedieh Jashni
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pandey V, Seese M, Maia JM, Schiraldi DA. Thermo‐rheological analysis of various chain extended recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate). POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Pandey
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Michael Seese
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - João M. Maia
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - David A. Schiraldi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng Y, Zhu P, Cheng F, Zhou M, Zhang K, Wang T. Preparation of waterborne elastic polyesters by chain extension with isophorone diisocyanate as a chain extender. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zheng
- Textile InstituteSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Puxin Zhu
- Textile InstituteSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Fei Cheng
- Textile InstituteSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Textile InstituteSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Textile InstituteSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Tianping Wang
- Textile InstituteSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Montava-Jorda S, Lascano D, Quiles-Carrillo L, Montanes N, Boronat T, Martinez-Sanz AV, Ferrandiz-Bou S, Torres-Giner S. Mechanical Recycling of Partially Bio-Based and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Blends by Reactive Extrusion with Poly(styrene- co-glycidyl methacrylate). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010174. [PMID: 31936575 PMCID: PMC7023399 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, partially bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (bio-PET) was melt-mixed at 15-45 wt% with recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) obtained from remnants of the injection blowing process of contaminant-free food-use bottles. The resultant compounded materials were thereafter shaped into pieces by injection molding for characterization. Poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PS-co-GMA) was added at 1-5 parts per hundred resin (phr) of polyester blend during the extrusion process to counteract the ductility and toughness reduction that occurred in the bio-PET pieces after the incorporation of r-PET. This random copolymer effectively acted as a chain extender in the polyester blend, resulting in injection-molded pieces with slightly higher mechanical resistance properties and nearly the same ductility and toughness than those of neat bio-PET. In particular, for the polyester blend containing 45 wt% of r-PET, elongation at break (εb) increased from 10.8% to 378.8% after the addition of 5 phr of PS-co-GMA, while impact strength also improved from 1.84 kJ·m-2 to 2.52 kJ·m-2. The mechanical enhancement attained was related to the formation of branched and larger macromolecules by a mechanism of chain extension based on the reaction of the multiple glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) groups present in PS-co-GMA with the hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH) terminal groups of both bio-PET and r-PET. Furthermore, all the polyester blend pieces showed thermal and dimensional stabilities similar to those of neat bio-PET, remaining stable up to more than 400 °C. Therefore, the use low contents of the tested multi-functional copolymer can successfully restore the properties of bio-based but non-biodegradable polyesters during melt reprocessing with their recycled petrochemical counterparts and an effective mechanical recycling is achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Montava-Jorda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (DIMM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain;
| | - Diego Lascano
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.L.); (L.Q.-C.); (N.M.); (T.B.); (S.F.-B.)
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito 17-01-2759, Ecuador
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.L.); (L.Q.-C.); (N.M.); (T.B.); (S.F.-B.)
| | - Nestor Montanes
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.L.); (L.Q.-C.); (N.M.); (T.B.); (S.F.-B.)
| | - Teodomiro Boronat
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.L.); (L.Q.-C.); (N.M.); (T.B.); (S.F.-B.)
| | - Antonio Vicente Martinez-Sanz
- Institute of Design and Manufacturing (IDF), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain;
| | - Santiago Ferrandiz-Bou
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.L.); (L.Q.-C.); (N.M.); (T.B.); (S.F.-B.)
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-900-022
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Benvenuta‐Tapia JJ, Vivaldo‐Lima E, Guerrero‐Santos R. Effect of copolymers synthesized by nitroxide‐mediated polymerization as chain extenders of postconsumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Benvenuta‐Tapia
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vivaldo‐Lima
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Ramiro Guerrero‐Santos
- Polymer Synthesis DepartmentCentro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), CP 25294, Blvd Enrique Reyna Hermosillo Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Berg D, Schaefer K, Moeller M. Impact of the chain extension of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with 1,3‐phenylene‐bis‐oxazoline and
N
,
N
′‐carbonylbiscaprolactam by reactive extrusion on its properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Berg
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC)RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Karola Schaefer
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC)RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Martin Moeller
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC)RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Molnar B, Ronkay F. Effect of solid-state polycondensation on crystalline structure and mechanical properties of recycled polyethylene-terephthalate. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Benvenuta-Tapia JJ, González-Coronel VJ, Soriano-Moro G, Martínez-De la Luz I, Vivaldo-Lima E. Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by chain extension during reactive extrusion using functionalized block copolymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Benvenuta-Tapia
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
| | | | - Guillermo Soriano-Moro
- Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Puebla 72540 Puebla Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghalia MA, Dahman Y. Investigating the effect of multi-functional chain extenders on PLA/PEG copolymer properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:494-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
14
|
Can S, Karsli NG, Yesil S, Aytac A. Improving the properties of recycled PET/PEN blends by using different chain extenders. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2015-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to improve the mechanical properties of the recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (r-PET/PEN) blends by enhancing the miscibility between PET and PEN with the usage of chain extenders. This idea was novel for the recycled PET-based r-PET/PEN blends, as investigation of the effects of the chain extender usage on the properties of r-PET/PEN blends has not been studied in the literature, according to our knowledge. 1,4-Phenylene-bis-oxazoline (PBO), 1,4-phenylene-di-isocyanate (PDI), and triphenyl phosphite (TPP) were selected as chain extenders. The maximum tensile strength value was observed for the 1.0PDI sample. Moreover, PDI-based blends exhibited better Izod impact strength when compared with all other samples. The miscibility and degree of crystallinity values of all blends were discussed by means of thermal analysis. 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis was carried out to determine transesterification reaction levels. According to 1H-NMR results, the increase in the level of transesterification was around 40% with the usage of PDI. The optimum loading level for selected chain extenders was determined as 1 wt.%, and PDI-based blends exhibited better properties when compared with those of the blends based on PBO and TPP at this loading level.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chain extension of virgin and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate): Effect of processing conditions and reprocessing. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Yan H, Yuan H, Gao F, Zhao L, Liu T. Modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by combination of reactive extrusion and followed solid-state polycondensation for melt foaming. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Han X, Zhao J, Liu S, Yuan Y. Performance improvement of flame-retarded poly(butylene terephthalate)/aluminum diethylphosphinate composites by epoxy-functional polysiloxane. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314559553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An epoxy-functional polysiloxane (EPM) was employed for improving the performance of flame-retarded poly(butylene terephthalate)/aluminum diethylphosphinate (PBT/AlPi) composites. The effect was investigated by UL-94 test, limiting oxygen index, mechanical test, torque rheometer measurement, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and heat distortion temperature. An obvious increase in torque evolution of the PBT/AlPi composite during processing was associated with chain-extending, branching, and cross-linking reaction by the combination of EPM. The addition of 0.6 wt% EPM remarkably enhanced not only the mechanical properties but also the flame retardancy and heat resistance of the PBT/AlPi composite. A high-performance PBT/AlPi composite was developed by virtue of EPM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X. Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - J. Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - S. Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y. Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Khankrua R, Pivsa-Art S, Hiroyuki H, Suttiruengwong S. Effect of chain extenders on thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) at high processing temperatures: Potential application in PLA/Polyamide 6 blend. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Xiao L, Wang H, Qian Q, Jiang X, Liu X, Huang B, Chen Q. Molecular and structural analysis of epoxide-modified recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) from rheological data. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
20
|
Raffa P, Coltelli MB, Savi S, Bianchi S, Castelvetro V. Chain extension and branching of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with di- and multifunctional epoxy or isocyanate additives: An experimental and modelling study. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
21
|
Taylan E, Küsefoğlu SH. Chain extension reactions of unsaturated polyesters with bis(2-oxazoline)s. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
22
|
Taylan E, Küsefoğlu SH. Blocked isocyanates and isocyanated soybean oil as new chain extenders for unsaturated polyesters. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|