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Ruwoldt J, Chinga-Carrasco G, Tanase-Opedal M. Sustainable Materials from Organosolv Fibers and Lignin, Kraft Fibers, and Their Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:377. [PMID: 38337266 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate new materials from organosolv fibers, organosolv lignin, kraft fibers, and their blends. The organosolv fibers showed reprecipitated lignin on the surface, a comparably low fiber length of 0.565 mm on average, and a high fines content of 82.3%. Handsheets were formed and thermopressed at 175 °C and 50 MPa, yielding dense materials (1050-1100 kg/m3) with properties different to that of regular paper products. The thermopressing of organosolv fibers alone produced materials with similar or better tensile strength (σb = 18.6 MPa) and stiffness (E* = 2.8 GPa) to the softwood Kraft reference pulp (σb = 14.8 MPa, E* = 1.8 GPa). The surface morphology was also smoother with fewer cavities. As a result, the thermopressed organosolv fibers exhibited higher hydrophobicity (contact angle > 95°) and had the lowest overall water uptake. Combinations of Kraft fibers with organosolv fibers or organosolv lignin showed reduced wetting and a higher density than the Kraft fibers alone. Furthermore, the addition of organosolv lignin to Kraft fibers greatly improved tensile stiffness and strength (σb = 23.8 MPa, E* = 10.5 GPa), likely due to the lignin acting as a binder to the fiber network. In conclusion, new thermopressed materials were developed and tested, which show promising potential for sustainable fiber materials with improved water resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Ruwoldt
- RISE PFI AS, Høgskoleringen 6B, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Argyropoulos DDS, Crestini C, Dahlstrand C, Furusjö E, Gioia C, Jedvert K, Henriksson G, Hulteberg C, Lawoko M, Pierrou C, Samec JSM, Subbotina E, Wallmo H, Wimby M. Kraft Lignin: A Valuable, Sustainable Resource, Opportunities and Challenges. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300492. [PMID: 37493340 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Kraft lignin, a by-product from the production of pulp, is currently incinerated in the recovery boiler during the chemical recovery cycle, generating valuable bioenergy and recycling inorganic chemicals to the pulping process operation. Removing lignin from the black liquor or its gasification lowers the recovery boiler load enabling increased pulp production. During the past ten years, lignin separation technologies have emerged and the interest of the research community to valorize this underutilized resource has been invigorated. The aim of this Review is to give (1) a dedicated overview of the kraft process with a focus on the lignin, (2) an overview of applications that are being developed, and (3) a techno-economic and life cycle asseeements of value chains from black liquor to different products. Overall, it is anticipated that this effort will inspire further work for developing and using kraft lignin as a commodity raw material for new applications undeniably promoting pivotal global sustainability concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris D S Argyropoulos
- Departments of Chemistry and Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | | | - Erik Furusjö
- Division of Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lindholmspiren 7 A, SE-41756, Göteborg, Sweden
- Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, Universitetsområdet Porsön, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Claudio Gioia
- Department of physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Kerstin Jedvert
- Division of Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lindholmspiren 7 A, SE-41756, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Hulteberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clara Pierrou
- RenFuel Materials AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph S M Samec
- Ren Fuel K2B AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
- RenFuel Materials AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arhenius väg 16 C, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elena Subbotina
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, 370 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Martin Wimby
- Valmet AB, Regnbågsgatan 6, 41755, Göteborg, Sweden
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3
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Borrero-López AM, Wang L, Li H, Lourençon TV, Valencia C, Franco JM, Rojas OJ. Oleogels and reverse emulsions stabilized by acetylated Kraft lignins. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124941. [PMID: 37210063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Acetylated Kraft lignins were evaluated for their ability of structuring vegetable oils into oleogels. Microwave-assisted acetylation was used to adjust lignin's degree of substitution according to reaction temperature (130 to 160 °C), and its effect in improving the viscoelasticity of the oleogels, which was related to the hydroxyl group content. The results were compared with those obtained by Kraft lignins acetylated using conventional methods at room temperature. A higher microwave temperature resulted in gel-like oil dispersions with improved viscoelastic properties, and stronger shear-thinning character, along with enhanced long-term stability. Lignin nanoparticles structured castor oil by enhancing hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups of the oil and the nanoparticles. The oil structuring capacity of the modified lignins enhanced the stability of water-in-oil Pickering emulsions that resulted from low-energy mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Borrero-López
- Pro2TecS - Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Dept. Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Haiming Li
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland; Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Tainise V Lourençon
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Pro2TecS - Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Dept. Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - José M Franco
- Pro2TecS - Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Dept. Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland; Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Zaidi SAS, Kwan CE, Mohan D, Harun S, Luthfi AAI, Sajab MS. Evaluating the Stability of PLA-Lignin Filament Produced by Bench-Top Extruder for Sustainable 3D Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1793. [PMID: 36902909 PMCID: PMC10004467 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As additive manufacturing continues to evolve, there is ongoing discussion about ways to improve the layer-by-layer printing process and increase the mechanical strength of printed objects compared to those produced by traditional techniques such as injection molding. To achieve this, researchers are exploring ways of enhancing the interaction between the matrix and filler by introducing lignin in the 3D printing filament processing. In this work, research has been conducted on using biodegradable fillers of organosolv lignin, as a reinforcement for the filament layers in order to enhance interlayer adhesion by using a bench-top filament extruder. Briefly, it was found that organosolv lignin fillers have the potential to improve the properties of polylactic acid (PLA) filament for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. By incorporating different formulations of lignin with PLA, it was found that using 3 to 5% lignin in the filament leads to an improvement in the Young's modulus and interlayer adhesion in 3D printing. However, an increment of up to 10% also results in a decrease in the composite tensile strength due to the lack of bonding between the lignin and PLA and the limited mixing capability of the small extruder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aisyah Syazwani Zaidi
- Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Cham Eng Kwan
- Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Denesh Mohan
- Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shuhaida Harun
- Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Amru Indera Luthfi
- Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shaiful Sajab
- Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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5
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Singh SS, Zaitoon A, Sharma S, Manickavasagan A, Lim LT. Enhanced hydrophobic paper-sheet derived from Miscanthus × giganteus cellulose fibers coated with esterified lignin and cellulose acetate blend. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1243-1256. [PMID: 36395932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biobased packaging materials derived from carbon-neutral feedstocks are sustainable alternatives to conventional fossil-based polymers. In this study, a method was developed to prepare paper-sheets derived from Miscanthus × giganteus cellulose fibers for potential food contact applications. The papers were hydrophobized with modified lignin from Miscanthus × giganteus biomass and commercial Kraft alkali lignin through hydroxyethylation with ethylene carbonate, followed by esterification with propionic acid. The esterified lignin (10 % w/w) and cellulose acetate (5 % w/w, based on lignin content) were dissolved in acetone and applied as a coating on the miscanthus paper sheets. The esterified lignins were characterized using FTIR, NMR, DSC, TGA, and elemental analyses. The uncoated and coated paper-sheets had contact angle values 52.4° and >130°, respectively, indicating an increased surface hydrophobicity of the coated paper samples. The water vapor transmission rate decreased significantly from 213.7 (uncoated paper-sheet) to 63.3 g/m2.d (coated paper-sheet). The tensile strength of the coated paper (64.6 MPa) was higher than the uncoated counterpart (57.1 MPa). Results from this study suggest that the esterified lignin coated miscanthus paper is a promising hydrophobic food packaging material alternative to conventional fossil-based thermoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amr Zaitoon
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonu Sharma
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Loong-Tak Lim
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Isnard F, Monga Mulunda M, Rubens M, Mariën H, Harumashi T, Wakabayashi K, Vanbroekhoven K, Eevers W, Peeters L, Vendamme R. Stabilization of Hybrid Adhesives and Sealants by Thermodynamic Tuning of Molecularly Optimized Lignin Bio-Additives: Small Changes, Big Effects. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3174-3185. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Isnard
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Sustainable Polymer Technologies (SPOT) Team, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
- Centre Technique Industriel de la Plasturgie et des Composites, 2 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 01100 Bellignat, France
| | - Mikael Monga Mulunda
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Sustainable Polymer Technologies (SPOT) Team, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lubumbashi, 1825 Lubumbashi, D.R. Congo
| | - Maarten Rubens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Sustainable Polymer Technologies (SPOT) Team, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Hanne Mariën
- Kaneka Belgium N.V., Nijverheidsstraat 16, 2260 Westerlo-Oevel, Belgium
| | - Tatsuro Harumashi
- Kaneka Belgium N.V., Nijverheidsstraat 16, 2260 Westerlo-Oevel, Belgium
| | | | - Karolien Vanbroekhoven
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Sustainable Polymer Technologies (SPOT) Team, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Walter Eevers
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Sustainable Polymer Technologies (SPOT) Team, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Peeters
- Kaneka Belgium N.V., Nijverheidsstraat 16, 2260 Westerlo-Oevel, Belgium
| | - Richard Vendamme
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Sustainable Polymer Technologies (SPOT) Team, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Menta VGK, Tahir I, Abutunis A. Effects of Blending Tobacco Lignin with HDPE on Thermal and Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134437. [PMID: 35806561 PMCID: PMC9267181 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of fossil fuels and the detrimental environmental impacts of synthetic plastics have prompted a global interest in bio-based polymers. Lignin is an abundant, unused, and low-value byproduct of pulping and biochemical operations that has the potential to decrease the need for plastics derived from petroleum. Melt blending is one of the easiest strategies for expanding the commercial applications of lignin. Concerns remain, however, regarding the negative effects of lignin on the final composite material’s performance, and the increase in manufacturing costs. This study investigates the effects of blending lignin extracted from tobacco using a novel one-step processing technique on injection molding parameters, and the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). By extruding HDPE pellets and lignin powder, varying blend concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, and 30% wt.) were produced. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy were used to investigate the compatibility of the blend morphology. Results indicated that interfacial interactions were achieved as particles of tobacco lignin were well dispersed and uniformly distributed throughout HDPE. Intermolecular interactions between HDPE and lignin were also discovered through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analyses. The tensile test results showed that increase in lignin content up to 15% wt. had little effect on tensile strength, but at 30% wt., a 19% reduction was observed. With the addition of 5, 10, 15, and 30% wt. of lignin, the tensile modulus increased by 4%, 29%, 25%, and 8%, respectively. TGA results demonstrated that at 15% and 30% wt., tobacco lignin acted as a thermal stabilizer. The processability study revealed that tobacco lignin could be processed easily using injection molding without requiring significant changes to the process parameters. Overall, tobacco lignin showed great promise as a biodegradable HDPE filler.
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Bisneto MPDS, Gouveia JR, Antonino LD, Tavares LB, Ito NM, dos Santos DJ. Effects of Functionalized Kraft Lignin Incorporation on Polypropylene Surface Energy and Practical Adhesion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050999. [PMID: 35267822 PMCID: PMC8912489 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is a multifunctional and widely applied polymer. Nevertheless, its low energy surface and poor adhesion are well-known and might impair some prospective applications. Aiming to overcome these limitations, PP composites can be applied as a tool to enhance PP surface energy and then increase its practical adhesion. In this work, Kraft lignin (KL) was chemically modified and blended with PP. In short, KL was hydroxypropylated and further reacted with acetic anhydride (A-oxi-KL) or maleic anhydride (M-oxi-KL). Lignin modifications were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). PP-composites with different lignin contents, as well as pristine PP, were characterized in terms of their thermal behavior, morphology, surface energy, and practical adhesion by DSC, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurement, and peeling tests, respectively. Lignin incorporation did not affect the PP degree of crystallization. The lignin modifications led to a better compatibility with the PP matrix and surface energies up to 86% higher than neat PP. Increases of up to 66% in the peel strength were verified. Composites with M-oxi-KL showed the best adhesion performance, confirming the lignin functionalization is an efficient approach to improve the practical adhesion of PP films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Patricio da Silva Bisneto
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Graduate Program (PPG-Nano), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre 09210-580, Brazil; (M.P.d.S.B.); (J.R.G.); (L.D.A.); (L.B.T.); (N.M.I.)
| | - Julia Rocha Gouveia
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Graduate Program (PPG-Nano), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre 09210-580, Brazil; (M.P.d.S.B.); (J.R.G.); (L.D.A.); (L.B.T.); (N.M.I.)
| | - Leonardo Dalseno Antonino
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Graduate Program (PPG-Nano), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre 09210-580, Brazil; (M.P.d.S.B.); (J.R.G.); (L.D.A.); (L.B.T.); (N.M.I.)
| | - Lara Basílio Tavares
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Graduate Program (PPG-Nano), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre 09210-580, Brazil; (M.P.d.S.B.); (J.R.G.); (L.D.A.); (L.B.T.); (N.M.I.)
| | - Nathalie Minako Ito
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Graduate Program (PPG-Nano), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre 09210-580, Brazil; (M.P.d.S.B.); (J.R.G.); (L.D.A.); (L.B.T.); (N.M.I.)
| | - Demetrio Jackson dos Santos
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Graduate Program (PPG-Nano), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre 09210-580, Brazil; (M.P.d.S.B.); (J.R.G.); (L.D.A.); (L.B.T.); (N.M.I.)
- Center of Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre 09210-580, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Tahir I, Rapinac J, Abutunis A, Menta VG. Investigating the Effects of Tobacco Lignin on Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040706. [PMID: 35215619 PMCID: PMC8879011 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of eco-friendly materials, such as lignin, for higher value product applications became increasingly important as environmental concerns due to global warming increased. Melt blending is one of the easy ways to increase the usage of lignin in commercial applications. However, the degradation of the final product performance and increase in the production time and costs are of major concern. In the current work, the effects of blending lignin, extracted from tobacco plants, with polypropylene (PP) on the injection molding parameters, physical, thermal and mechanical properties are investigated. Blends of lignin (5, 15 and 30% by wt.) with PP were prepared using a Filabot single screw extruder. Results show that tensile strength decreases by 3.2%, 9.9% and 5.4% at 5 wt. %, 15 wt. %, and 30 wt. % of lignin addition, respectively. The tensile stiffness was almost unaffected by the addition of up to 15% lignin, but a 23% increase was observed at 30 wt. % loading. When compared to lignin processed via expensive processes, such as acetylation, tobacco lignin showed superior performance. The DSC results show unaffected crystallization and melting temperatures but a decrease in enthalpies and percentage of crystallinity. The SEM and optical micrographs of the coupon cross-sections show that the extrusion process has achieved a uniform distribution of lignin particles in the PP. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that tobacco lignin accelerates the onset decomposition temperature but does not influence the decomposition peak temperature. The increase in lignin content did not have a significant influence on the injection molding parameters, implying no additional processing costs for adding lignin to the PP. Overall, the performance of the tobacco lignin is comparable, if not better, than that of processed lignin reported in the literature.
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Sugiarto S, Leow Y, Tan CL, Wang G, Kai D. How far is Lignin from being a biomedical material? Bioact Mater 2022; 8:71-94. [PMID: 34541388 PMCID: PMC8424518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a versatile biomass that possesses many different desirable properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-UV, and good biocompatibility. Natural lignin can be processed through several chemical processes. The processed lignin can be modified into functionalized lignin through chemical modifications to develop and enhance biomaterials. Thus, lignin is one of the prime candidate for various biomaterial applications such as drug and gene delivery, biosensors, bioimaging, 3D printing, tissue engineering, and dietary supplement additive. This review presents the potential of developing and utilizing lignin in the outlook of new and sustainable biomaterials. Thereafter, we also discuss on the challenges and outlook of utilizing lignin as a biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigit Sugiarto
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Yihao Leow
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Chong Li Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Guan Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
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11
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Chen B, Zhang Q, Lu M, Meng H, Qu Z, Xu C, Jiao E. Synthesis of a novel
lignin‐based
epoxy resin curing agent and study of cure kinetics, thermal, and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mangeng Lu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics Guangzhou China
| | - Huifa Meng
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhencai Qu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou China
| | - Chang'an Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CASH GCC (Nanxiong) Research Institute of New Materials Co., Ltd Nanxiong China
| | - Enxiang Jiao
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics Guangzhou China
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12
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Ushimaru K, Morita T, Watanabe R, Fukuoka T. Biobased and mechanically stiff lignosulfonate/cationic-polyelectrolyte/sugar complexes with coexisting ionic and covalent crosslinks. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Esterified Lignin in Various Polymer Blends. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113219. [PMID: 34072077 PMCID: PMC8198513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant polymeric renewable material and thus a promising candidate for incorporation in various commercial thermoplastic polymers. One challenge is to increase the dispersibility of amphiphilic lignin in lipophilic thermoplastic polymers We altered Kraft lignin using widely available and renewable fatty acids, such as oleic acid, yielding more than 8 kg of lignin ester as a light brown powder. SEC showed a molecular weight of 5.8 kDa with a PDI = 3.80, while the Tg of the lignin ester was concluded to 70 °C. Furthermore, the lignin ester was incorporated (20%) into PLA, HDPE, and PP to establish the thermal and mechanical behavior of the blends. DSC and rheological measurements suggest that the lignin ester blends consist of a phase-separated system. The results demonstrate how esterification of lignin allows dispersion in all the evaluated thermoplastic polymers maintaining, to a large extent, the tensile properties of the original material. The impact strength of HDPE and PLA blends show substantial loss upon the addition of the lignin ester. Reconverting the acetic acid side stream into acetic anhydride and reusing the catalyst, the presented methodology can be scaled up to produce a lignin-based substitute to fossil materials.
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14
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Huang J, Liu W, Qiu X, Tu Z, Li J, Lou H. Effects of sacrificial coordination bonds on the mechanical performance of lignin-based thermoplastic elastomer composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1450-1458. [PMID: 33974926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the coordination-based energy sacrificial bonds have been constructed in the interphase between lignin and polyolefin elastomer to prepare high performance lignin-based thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). The strength and toughness of lignin-based TPEs can be adjusted by choosing different nitrogen heterocyclic compounds as reactive assistants and Fe3+ or Zn2+ as metal coordination centers. It was demonstrated that 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole with three nitrogen atoms in the heterocyclic ring and one nitrogen branch chain could form the most efficient coordination bond system and generate the best mechanical performance. The system with ferric iron as coordination center exhibited better enhancement effect than divalent zinc. By adjusting the nitrogen-containing reactive additives or metal salts as coordination centers, the mechanical performance of the lignin-based TPE can be regulated, which provides a method for making green bio-composites with good strength and toughness, and also promotes the high value utilization of lignin in polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Waihuan Xi Road 100, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhikai Tu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jinxing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Hongming Lou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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15
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Liao JJ, Latif NHA, Trache D, Brosse N, Hussin MH. Current advancement on the isolation, characterization and application of lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:985-1024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Study and optimization of parameters affecting the acetylation process of lignin sulfonate biopolymer. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1810-1820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Jardim JM, Hart PW, Lucia L, Jameel H. Insights into the Potential of Hardwood Kraft Lignin to Be a Green Platform Material for Emergence of the Biorefinery. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081795. [PMID: 32796539 PMCID: PMC7464338 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant, renewable, and relatively cheap biobased feedstock that has potential in energy, chemicals, and materials. Kraft lignin, more specifically, has been used for more than 100 years as a self-sustaining energy feedstock for industry after which it has finally reached more widespread commercial appeal. Unfortunately, hardwood kraft lignin (HWKL) has been neglected over these years when compared to softwood kraft lignin (SWKL). Therefore, the present work summarizes and critically reviews the research and development (R&D) dealing specifically with HWKL. It will also cover methods for HWKL extraction from black liquor, as well as its structure, properties, fractionation, and modification. Finally, it will reveal several interesting opportunities for HWKL that include dispersants, adsorbents, antioxidants, aromatic compounds (chemicals), and additives in briquettes, pellets, hydrogels, carbon fibers and polymer blends and composites. HWKL shows great potential for all these applications, however more R&D is needed to make its utilization economically feasible and reach the levels in the commercial lignin market commensurate with SWKL. The motivation for this critical review is to galvanize further studies, especially increased understandings in the field of HWKL, and hence amplify much greater utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M. Jardim
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr. Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (J.M.J.); (L.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Peter W. Hart
- WestRock, 501 South 5th Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucian Lucia
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr. Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (J.M.J.); (L.L.); (H.J.)
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Dr. Campus Box 8204, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials & Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology/Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr. Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (J.M.J.); (L.L.); (H.J.)
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18
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Effect of soft segment molecular weight and NCO:OH ratio on thermomechanical properties of lignin-based thermoplastic polyurethane adhesive. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Sun Y, Liu Z, Fatehi P. Isolation of lignocelluloses from the spent liquor of thermomechanical pulping process with fly ash and cationic polymer. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 235:414-422. [PMID: 30710851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, fly ash (FA) and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) were utilized to treat the spent liquor (SL) of thermomechanical pulping (TMP) process in an effort to remove its lignocelluloses. The incorporation of PDADMAC into the system reduced the dosage of FA required for achieving acceptable lignocellulose removals. The maximum lignocellulose removals of 81%, 78%, 56%, 53% and 97% were achieved for lignin, hemicellulose, COD, BOD, and turbidity via treating SL with 100 g/L of FA at 25 °C for 60 min and subsequently treating with 100 mg/L of PDADMAC at 25 °C for 30 min, respectively. Comparing the two-step processes, FA pretreatment with PDADMAC post treatment was more effective than the two step process of PDADMAC pretreatment and FA post treatment. In this case, the FA pretreatment generated metal-organic complexes, and the addition of PDADMAC facilitated the formation of large flocs that could be separated from the system readily. A one stage process of combined PDADMAC and FA was less effective than the two-stage process of FA and PDADMAC treatments in removing lignocelluloses from SL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulping and Papermaking, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China; Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B5E1, Canada
| | - Zhong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulping and Papermaking, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B5E1, Canada.
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20
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Avelino F, de Oliveira DR, Mazzetto SE, Lomonaco D. Poly(methyl methacrylate) films reinforced with coconut shell lignin fractions to enhance their UV-blocking, antioxidant and thermo-mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:171-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Dias OAT, Sain M, Cesarino I, Leão AL. Development of high bio-content polypropylene composites with different industrial lignins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohini Sain
- Faculty of Forestry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Ivana Cesarino
- College of Agricultural Sciences; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alcides Lopes Leão
- College of Agricultural Sciences; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
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22
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Zhao G, Ni H, Jia L, Ren S, Fang G. Quantitative Analysis of Relationship between Hansen Solubility Parameters and Properties of Alkali Lignin/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Blends. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9722-9728. [PMID: 31459101 PMCID: PMC6645273 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blends of alkali lignin and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin are physically mixed and injected into the injection molding system. Although the components of the blend are bound together by intermolecular forces, noticeable phase separation still occurs. In the present study, inverse gas chromatography technology was used to characterize the Hansen solubility parameters of alkali lignin/ABS blends. The relationship between the Hansen solubility parameters and thermodynamic properties was then determined. Hansen solubility parameters, at room temperature, of alkali lignin/ABS blends containing 0, 10, 20, and 30 wt % alkali lignin were 17.40, 19.20, 18.98, and 17.37 (J/cm3)0.5, respectively. Hansen solubility parameters of the blends were shown, both experimentally and theoretically, to be related to their mechanical and thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology Ministry
of Education and College of Science, Northeast Forestry
University, 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Haiyue Ni
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology Ministry
of Education and College of Science, Northeast Forestry
University, 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Lina Jia
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology Ministry
of Education and College of Science, Northeast Forestry
University, 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Shixue Ren
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology Ministry
of Education and College of Science, Northeast Forestry
University, 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Guizhen Fang
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology Ministry
of Education and College of Science, Northeast Forestry
University, 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, 150040 Harbin, China
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