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Romeiro A, Teixeira C, Costa H, Coelho JFJ, Serra AC. Recycling Polyethylene/Polyamide Multilayer Films with Poly(isoprene- g-Maleic Anhydride) Compatibilizer. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1079. [PMID: 38674998 PMCID: PMC11053548 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers generally form incompatible mixtures that make the process of recycling difficult, especially the mechanical recycling of mixed plastic waste. One of the most commonly used films in the packaging industry is multilayer films, mainly composed of polyethylene (PE) and polyamide (PA). Recycling these materials with such different molecular structures requires the use of compatibilizers to minimize phase separation and obtain more useful recycled materials. In this work, commercial polyisoprene-graft-maleic anhydride (PI-g-MA) was tested as a compatibilizer for a blend of PE and PA derived from the mechanical recycling of PE/PA multilayer films. Different amounts of PI-g-MA were tested, and the films made with 1.5% PI-g-MA showed the best results in terms of mechanical properties and dart impact. The films were also characterized thermally via thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and morphologically using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Other parameters, such as tearing and perforation, were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Romeiro
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes, ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Silvio Lima- Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.); (J.F.J.C.)
| | - Cidália Teixeira
- Componit, lda, Estrada Nacional 3 km 28.6, Vila Chã de Ourique, 2071-621 Santarém, Portugal;
| | - Henrique Costa
- Inventive Matl, Casal dos Eucaliptos, Casais Lagartos, 2070-389 Pontével, Portugal;
| | - Jorge F. J. Coelho
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes, ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Silvio Lima- Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.); (J.F.J.C.)
| | - Arménio C. Serra
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes, ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Silvio Lima- Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.); (J.F.J.C.)
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Zheng L, Wang M, Li Y, Xiong Y, Wu C. Recycling and Degradation of Polyamides. Molecules 2024; 29:1742. [PMID: 38675560 PMCID: PMC11052090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the five major engineering plastics, polyamide brings many benefits to humans in the fields of transportation, clothing, entertainment, health, and more. However, as the production of polyamide increases year by year, the pollution problems it causes are becoming increasingly severe. This article reviews the current recycling and treatment processes of polyamide, such as chemical, mechanical, and energy recovery, and degradation methods such as thermal oxidation, photooxidation, enzyme degradation, etc. Starting from the synthesis mechanism of polyamide, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment methods of polyamide to obtain more environmentally friendly and economical treatment schemes. Finding enzymes that can degrade high-molecular-weight polyamides, exploring the recovery of polyamides under mild conditions, synthesizing environmentally degradable polyamides through copolymerization or molecular design, and finally preparing degradable bio-based polyamides may be the destination of polyamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Mengjin Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yaoqin Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Xiong
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Chonggang Wu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
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Cappello M, Strangis G, Cinelli P, Camodeca C, Filippi S, Polacco G, Seggiani M. From Waste Vegetable Oil to a Green Compatibilizer for HDPE/PA6 Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4178. [PMID: 37896422 PMCID: PMC10611262 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When properly compatibilized, the blending of polyethylene (PE) and polyamide (PA) leads to materials that combine low prices, suitable processability, impact resistance, and attractive mechanical properties. Moreover, the possibility of using these polymers without prior separation may be a suitable opportunity for their recycling. In this work, the use of an epoxidized waste vegetable oil (EWVO) was investigated as a green compatibilizer precursor (CP) for the reactive blending of a high-density PE (HDPE) with a polyamide-6 (PA6). EWVO was synthesized from waste vegetable cooking oil (WVO) using ion-exchange resin (Amberlite) as a heterogeneous catalyst. HDPE/PA6 blends were produced with different weight ratios (25/75, 75/25, 85/15) and amounts of EWVO (1, 2, 5 phr). Samples with WVO or a commercial fossil-based CP were also prepared for comparison. All the blends were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheology, and mechanical tests. In the case of HDPE/PA6 75/25 and 85/15 blends, the addition of EWVO at 2 phr showed a satisfactory compatibilizing effect, thus yielding a material with improved mechanical properties with respect to the blend without compatibilizer. On the contrary, the HDPE/PA6 25/75 ratio yielded a material with a high degree of crosslinking that could not be further processed or characterized. In conclusion, the results showed that EWVO had a suitable compatibilizing effect in HDPE/PA6 blends with high HDPE content, while it resulted in unsuitable for blends with high content of PA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cappello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Giovanna Strangis
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Caterina Camodeca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Sara Filippi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Giovanni Polacco
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Maurizia Seggiani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
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Pfaendner R. Restabilization – 30 years of research for quality improvement of recycled plastics review. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bauer AS, Tacker M, Uysal-Unalan I, Cruz RMS, Varzakas T, Krauter V. Recyclability and Redesign Challenges in Multilayer Flexible Food Packaging-A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112702. [PMID: 34828983 PMCID: PMC8624454 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilayer flexible food packaging is under pressure to redesign for recyclability. Most multilayer films are not sorted and recycled with the currently available infrastructure, which is based on mechanical recycling in most countries. Up to now, multilayer flexible food packaging was highly customizable. Diverse polymers and non-polymeric layers allowed a long product shelf-life and an optimized material efficiency. The need for more recyclable solutions asks for a reduction in the choice of material. Prospectively, there is a strong tendency that multilayer flexible barrier packaging should be based on polyolefins and a few recyclable barrier layers, such as aluminium oxide (AlOx) and silicon oxide (SiOx). The use of ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) and metallization could be more restricted in the future, as popular Design for Recycling Guidelines have recently reduced the maximum tolerable content of barrier materials in polyolefin packaging. The substitution of non-recyclable flexible barrier packaging is challenging because only a limited number of barriers are available. In the worst case, the restriction on material choice could result in a higher environmental burden through a shortened food shelf-life and increased packaging weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Sophia Bauer
- Packaging and Resource Management, Department Applied Life Sciences, FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2/2/3, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (A.-S.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Manfred Tacker
- Packaging and Resource Management, Department Applied Life Sciences, FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2/2/3, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (A.-S.B.); (M.T.)
- Circular Analytics TK GmbH, Otto-Bauer-Gasse 3/13, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilke Uysal-Unalan
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
- CiFOOD—Center for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rui M. S. Cruz
- Department of Food Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Campus da Penha, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Theo Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Victoria Krauter
- Packaging and Resource Management, Department Applied Life Sciences, FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2/2/3, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (A.-S.B.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-606-68-77-3592
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Liu R, Xia W, Otitoju TA, Wu W, Wang S, Li S, Zhang A, Chen X, Tang T, Liu J. Effect of oleic acid on improving flame retardancy of brucite in low‐density polyethylene composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Investigation Nonmetallic Mineral Industry Association of Liaoning Province Shenyang China
| | - Tunmise Ayode Otitoju
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Sanxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Ailing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Xuecheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science Changchun China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science Changchun China
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Jönkkäri I, Poliakova V, Mylläri V, Anderson R, Andersson M, Vuorinen J. Compounding and characterization of recycled multilayer plastic films. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilari Jönkkäri
- Laboratory of Material ScienceTampere University of Technology Tampere Finland
| | - Valeria Poliakova
- Department of Energy and Materials TechnologyArcada University of Applied Sciences Helsinki Finland
| | - Ville Mylläri
- Laboratory of Material ScienceTampere University of Technology Tampere Finland
| | | | - Mirja Andersson
- Department of Energy and Materials TechnologyArcada University of Applied Sciences Helsinki Finland
| | - Jyrki Vuorinen
- Laboratory of Material ScienceTampere University of Technology Tampere Finland
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Chen Q, Wang Z, Zhang S, Cao Y, Chen J. Structure Evolution and Deformation Behavior of Polyethylene Film during Biaxial Stretching. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:655-666. [PMID: 31956815 PMCID: PMC6964308 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The structure evolution and deformation behavior of tenter-frame biaxially oriented polyethylene (TF-BOPE) films were investigated in this study. For sequential biaxial stretching, the original spherulites were broken into small pieces, and the fibrillar structure simultaneously formed during the machine direction (MD) stretching. Subsequently, the single fibrils were pulled away, and some fine fibrils developed via partial melting-recrystallization or lamellar rearrangement during the transverse direction (TD) stretching, which leads to the formation of the vein structure and nanosized fiber-like network. For simultaneous biaxial stretching, the fractured lamellae and the newly formed crystals were evenly distributed in the MD-TD plane like an isotropous fibrillar network. Moreover, compared with the unstretched sample, both films could achieve up to about 2 times the tensile modulus and 4.5 times the tensile strength and also exhibited the superior optical property.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jinyao Chen
- E-mail: . Fax: +86-28-8540-6333.
Tel.: +86-28-8540-6333
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