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Klintworth R, Morgans GL, Scalzullo SM, de Koning CB, van Otterlo WAL, Michael JP. Silica gel and microwave-promoted synthesis of dihydropyrrolizines and tetrahydroindolizines from enaminones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2543-2552. [PMID: 34760023 PMCID: PMC8551872 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)enaminones, prepared by the Eschenmoser sulfide contraction between N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)pyrrolidine-2-thione and various bromomethyl aryl and heteroaryl ketones, underwent cyclization in the presence of silica gel to give ethyl 6-(hetero)aryl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-5-carboxylates within minutes upon microwave heating in xylene at 150 °C. Instead of functioning as a nucleophile, the enaminone acted as an electrophile at its carbonyl group during the cyclization. Yields of the bicyclic products were generally above 75%. The analogous microwave-assisted reaction to produce ethyl 2-aryl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizine-3-carboxylates from (E)-ethyl 2-[2-(2-oxo-2-arylethylidene)piperidin-1-yl]acetates failed in nonpolar solvents, but occurred in ethanol at lower temperature and microwave power, although requiring much longer time. A possible mechanism for the cyclization is presented, and further functionalization of the newly created pyrrole ring in the dihydropyrrolizine core is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Klintworth
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Garreth L Morgans
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stefania M Scalzullo
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Charles B de Koning
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Willem A L van Otterlo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Joseph P Michael
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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2
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Structural, Hirshfeld, spectroscopic, quantum chemical and molecular docking studies on 6b′, 7′, 8′, 9′-Tetrahydro-2H,6′H-spiro[acenaphthylene-1,11′-chromeno [3,4-a]pyrrolizine]-2,6′(6a′H,11a′H)-dione. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Madrigal DA, Escalante CH, Gutiérrez-Rebolledo GA, Cristobal-Luna JM, Gómez-García O, Hernández-Benitez RI, Esquivel-Campos AL, Pérez-Gutiérrez S, Chamorro-Cevallos GA, Delgado F, Tamariz J. Synthesis and highly potent anti-inflammatory activity of licofelone- and ketorolac-based 1-arylpyrrolizin-3-ones. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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4
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Safer anti-inflammatory therapy through dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors: A structure-based approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 121:356-381. [PMID: 29883727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators of the arachidonic acid cascade from cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways are primarily responsible for many diseases in human beings. Chronic inflammation is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of cancer, arthritis, autoimmune, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (tNSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenase pathway non-selectively and produce gastric mucosal damage due to COX-1 inhibition and allergic reactions and bronchospasm resulting from increased leukotriene levels. 'Coxibs' which are selective COX-2 inhibitors cause adverse cardiovascular events. Inhibition of any of these biosynthetic pathways could switch the metabolism to the other, which can lead to fatal side effects. Hence, there is undoubtedly an urgent need for new anti-inflammatory agents having dual mechanism that prevent release of both prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Though several molecules have been synthesized with this objective, their unfavourable toxicity profile prevented them from being used in clinics. Here, this integrative review attempts to identify the promising pharmacophore that serves as dual inhibitors of COX-2/5-LOX enzymes with improved safety profile. A better acquaintance of structural features that balance safety and efficacy of dual inhibitors would be a different approach to the process of understanding and interpreting the designing of novel anti-inflammatory agents.
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Pereira-Leite C, Nunes C, Jamal SK, Cuccovia IM, Reis S. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy: A Journey Toward Safety. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:802-859. [PMID: 28005273 DOI: 10.1002/med.21424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against inflammation, pain, and fever has been supporting their worldwide use in the treatment of painful conditions and chronic inflammatory diseases until today. However, the long-term therapy with NSAIDs was soon associated with high incidences of adverse events in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the search for novel drugs with improved safety has begun with COX-2 selective inhibitors (coxibs) being straightaway developed and commercialized. Nevertheless, the excitement has fast turned to disappointment when diverse coxibs were withdrawn from the market due to cardiovascular toxicity. Such events have once again triggered the emergence of different strategies to overcome NSAIDs toxicity. Here, an integrative review is provided to address the breakthroughs of two main approaches: (i) the association of NSAIDs with protective mediators and (ii) the design of novel compounds to target downstream and/or multiple enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade. To date, just one phosphatidylcholine-associated NSAID has already been approved for commercialization. Nevertheless, the preclinical and clinical data obtained so far indicate that both strategies may improve the safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Pereira-Leite
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah K Jamal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Iolanda M Cuccovia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Salette Reis
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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6
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Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Pyrrolizine Derivatives as COX Inhibitors with Anti-Inflammatory/Analgesic Activities and Low Ulcerogenic Liability. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21020201. [PMID: 26867188 PMCID: PMC6273963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory and pain relief medications. However, their use is associated with many drawbacks, including mainly serious gastric and renal complications. In an attempt to circumvent these risks, a set of N-(4-bromophenyl)-7-cyano-6-substituted-H-pyrrolizine-5-carboxamide derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as dual COX/5-LOX inhibitors. The structural elucidation, in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model and hot plate assay, were performed, respectively. From the results obtained, it was found that the newly synthesized pyrrolizines exhibited IC50 values in the range of 2.45–5.69 µM and 0.85–3.44 µM for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Interestingly, compounds 12, 13, 16 and 17 showed higher anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities compared to ibuprofen. Among these derivatives, compounds 16 and 19 displayed better safety profile than ibuprofen in acute ulcerogenicity and histopathological studies. Furthermore, the docking studies revealed that compound 17 fits nicely into COX-1 and COX-2 binding sites with the highest binding affinity, while compound 16 exerted the highest binding affinity for 5-LOX. In light of these findings, these novel pyrrolizine-5-carboxamide derivatives represent a promising scaffold for further development into potential dual COX/5-LOX inhibitors with safer gastric profile.
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7
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Gouda AM, Abdelazeem AH. An integrated overview on pyrrolizines as potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:257-92. [PMID: 26994693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the existence of huge number of NSAIDs, the quest for safer drugs is still in the focus of several drug discovery programs. Pyrrolizine heterocyclic system is among the privileged scaffolds utilized in this regard. At least one of these pyrrolizines, ketorolac, has reached the market. The current review represents a collective effort to highlight the reported pyrrolizines with anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential and categorize them into eight different classes. Furthermore, the various synthetic approaches, structure-activity relationship as well as metabolic pathways have been discussed. Taken together, this review sets a base for researchers to design and synthesize novel pyrrolizine-based libraries for further development into safer and efficient anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Gouda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed H Abdelazeem
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Kurt BZ, Gazioglu I, Basile L, Sonmez F, Ginex T, Kucukislamoglu M, Guccione S. Potential of aryl–urea–benzofuranylthiazoles hybrids as multitasking agents in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:80-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Aksakal F, Shvets N, Dimoglo A. The study of dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors by using electronic-topological approach based on data on the ligand–receptor interactions. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 60:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Xin Y, Xie M, Zou LJ, Nie K, Wang YL. Synthesis and Anticoccidial Activity of 3-(2-(Benzofuran)-2-yl)-2-Oxoethylquinazolinone Derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.3184/174751912x13281900274006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop novel and effective anticoccidial compounds, a series of 3-(2-(benzofuran)-2-yl)-2-oxoethylquinazolinone derivatives were designed, synthesised and evaluated as potential anticoccidial drugs. The structures of these compounds were characterised by 1H NMR, IR, HRMS spectra and elemental analysis. These compounds were tested for anticoccidial activities against Eimeria tenella according to the anticoccidial index method. 6-Chloro-3-(2-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl) quinazolin-4-(3H)-one exhibited significant anticoccidial activities in the chicken's diet with a dose of 18 mg kg−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xin
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
- Pharmaecutical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P. R. China
| | - Min Xie
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Li-Juan Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqi 6400715, P. R. China
| | - Kui Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqi 6400715, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Liang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
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Liu W, Zhou J, Liu Y, Liu H, Bensdorf K, Guo C, Gust R. Licofelone-nitric oxide donors as anticancer agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:487-93. [PMID: 21681808 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Five licofelone ([2,2-dimethyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizin-5-yl]acetic acid) nitric oxide donor conjugates were developed by a parallel synthesis approach. The biological screening revealed that compounds with a propyl (6b), butyl (6c), or octyl (6d) chain between licofelone and the nitric oxide donor exhibited high antiproliferative potency at MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer as well as at HT-29 colon cancer cells. Moreover, 6b-d possessed at least 2-fold higher cytotoxicity at MDA-MB-231 cells than the parent compound licofelone although they showed less inhibitory activity at COX-1 and COX-2. A correlation between COX inhibition and growth inhibitory properties is not visible. However, the high levels of nitric oxide production of the compounds may result in their high cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wukun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P.R. China
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12
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Liu W, Zhou J, Bensdorf K, Zhang H, Liu H, Wang Y, Qian H, Zhang Y, Wellner A, Rubner G, Huang W, Guo C, Gust R. Investigations on cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory potency of licofelone derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:907-13. [PMID: 21295381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of C5-substituted licofelone ([2,2-dimethyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizin-5-yl]acetic acid) derivatives were developed by a parallel synthesis approach and investigated for cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells as well as for anti-inflammatory potency in vitro and in vivo. Dependent on the C5-substituent, the compounds showed high selectivity for MCF-7 cells. Especially 2-oxoethyl benzoate derivatives were inactive at the MDA-MB-231 cell line and as active as 5-FU at MCF-7 cells. C5-acetyl (8a), -2-oxoethyl formiate (8e), -2-oxoethyl acetate (8f) and -2-oxoethyl propionate (8g) derivatives showed growth inhibition at both cell lines, comparable with cisplatin. Modifications significantly reduced the inhibitory potency at COX-1 and COX-2 in vitro and in the xylene-induced ear swelling assay in mice. Only compound 8a was equipotent to licofelone, ibuprofen and celecoxibe in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wukun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjia Xiang 24, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
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Selvanayagam S, Sridhar B, Ravikumar K, Kathiravan S, Raghunathan R. Methyl 4-phenyl-1,2,3,3a,4,4a,5,12c-octa-hydronaphtho[1',2':3,2]furo[5,4-b]pyrrolizine-4a-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o1345. [PMID: 21579434 PMCID: PMC2979659 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810017307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C26H25NO3, both pyrrolidine rings adopt envelope conformations, whereas the dihydropyran ring adopts a half-chair conformation. The phenyl ring is oriented at an angle of 27.9 (1)° with respect to the naphthalene ring system. An intramolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak intermolecular C—H⋯π interactions.
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Günther M, Laufer S, Schmidt PC. High anti-inflammatory activity of harpagoside-enriched extracts obtained from solvent-modified super- and subcritical carbon dioxide extractions of the roots of Harpagophytum procumbens. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2006; 17:1-7. [PMID: 16454469 DOI: 10.1002/pca.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-modified carbon dioxide extractions of the roots of Harpagophytum procumbens have been investigated with respect to extraction efficiency and content of harpagoside, and compared with a conventional extract. The effects of pressure, temperature, type and concentration of the modifier have been examined. Two extraction steps were necessary in order to achievehigh anti-inflammatory harpagoside-enriched extracts. The first extraction step was carried out in the supercritical state using carbon dioxide modified with n-propanol to remove undesired lipophilic substances. The main extraction was performed either in the supercritical or in the subcritical state with carbon dioxide modified with ethanol. The supercritical fluid extraction resulted in extracts containing up to 30% harpagoside. The subcritical extracts showed a harpagoside content of ca. 20%, but the extraction yield was nearly three times greater compared with supercritical conditions. The total harpagoside recovery resulting from the sum of the extract and the crude drug residue was greater than 99% in all experiments. The conventional extract and two carbon dioxide extracts were tested for in-vitro inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase-2 biosynthesis. Both carbon dioxide extracts showed total inhibition on 5-lipoxygenase biosynthesis at a concentration of 51.8 mg/L. In contrast, the conventional extract failed to show any inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Günther
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Optically active 1-(benzofuran-2-yl)ethanols and ethane-1,2-diols by enantiotopic selective bioreductions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(03)00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Hervet M, Galtier C, Enguehard CÉ, Gueiffier A, Debouzy JC. Reactivity of 2-substituted imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines: Preparation of 3-nitro, nitroso and chloro derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570390419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Paizs C, Toşa M, Majdik C, Bódai V, Novák L, Irimie FD, Poppe L. Chemo-enzymatic preparation of hydroxymethyl ketones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b206851f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abadi AH, Laufer S, Lehmann J. Synthesis and cyclooxygenase inhibitory properties of novel (+) 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)propanoic acid (naproxene) derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2001; 334:104-6. [PMID: 11315336 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4184(200103)334:3<104::aid-ardp104>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Halomethylation of naproxene (1) occurs regioselectively in position 5 and subsequently--in situ or on treatment with silver nitrate--leads to naproxene-"dimers" with two naproxene units, 5,5'-connected through a ethenylene (3) and a methylene (4) bridge, respectively. Two of the new naproxene derivatives were screened for their cyclooxygenase inhibitory properties relative to naproxene. Both 5-chloromethyl naproxene (2) and 2-(5-((carboxyethyl)-2-methyloxynaphthyl)-6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)propanoic acid (4) were inactive in the concentration range of 0.1-10 mumole against both COX-1 and COX-2, indicating that bulky substituents in position 5 in naproxene are unfavourable for both COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Abadi
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid by the action of cyclooxygenase and subsequent downstream synthetases. Two closely related forms of the cyclooxygenase have been identified which are now known as COX-1 and COX-2. Both isoenzymes transform arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, but differ in their distribution and their physiological roles. Meanwhile, the responsible genes and their regulation have been clarified. COX-1, the pre-dominantly constitutive form of the enzyme, is expressed throughout the body and performs a number of homeostatic functions such as maintaining normal gastric mucosa and influencing renal blood flow and platelet aggregation. In contrast, the inducible form is expressed in response to inflammatory and other physiological stimuli and growth factors, and is involved in the production of the prostaglandins that mediate pain and support the inflammatory process. All the classic NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 at standard anti-inflammatory doses. The beneficial anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects are based on the inhibition of COX-2, but the gastrointestinal toxicity and the mild bleeding diathesis are a result of the concurrent inhibition of COX-1. Agents that inhibit COX-2 while sparing COX-1 represent a new attractive therapeutic development and could represent a major advance in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Apart from its involvement in inflammatory processes, COX-2 seems to play a role in angiogenesis, colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease, based on the fact that it is expressed during these diseases. The benefits of specific and selective COX-2 inhibitors are currently under discussion and offer a new perspective for a further use of COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dannhardt
- Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Pharmacy, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099, Mainz, Germany.
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20
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Dannhardt G, Kiefer W, Krämer G, Maehrlein S, Nowe U, Fiebich B. The pyrrole moiety as a template for COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2000; 35:499-510. [PMID: 10889329 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(00)00150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aroyl- and thiophene-substituted pyrrole derivatives have been synthesized as a new class of COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors. The inhibition of COX-1 was evaluated in a biological system using bovine PMNLs as the enzyme source, whereas LPS-stimulated human monocytes served as the enzyme source for inducible COX-2. The determination of the concentration of arachidonic acid metabolites was performed by HPLC for COX-1 and RIA for COX-2. Variation of the substitution pattern led to a series of active compounds which showed inhibition for COX-1 and COX-2. Structural requirements for the development of COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dannhardt
- Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Pharmacy, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099, Mainz, Germany.
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21
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Cossy J, Belotti D. Synthetic studies towards ML-3000 a concise synthesis of this non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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