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Newly Synthesized Melphalan Analogs Induce DNA Damage and Mitotic Catastrophe in Hematological Malignant Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214258. [PMID: 36430734 PMCID: PMC9693175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloablative therapy with highdoses of the cytostatic drug melphalan (MEL) in preparation for hematopoietic cell transplantation is the standard of care for multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Melphalan is a bifunctional alkylating agent that covalently binds to nucleophilic sites in the DNA and effective in the treatment, but unfortunately has limited therapeutic benefit. Therefore, new approaches are urgently needed for patients who are resistant to existing standard treatment with MEL. Regulating the pharmacological activity of drug molecules by modifying their structure is one method for improving their effectiveness. The purpose of this work was to analyze the physicochemical and biological properties of newly synthesized melphalan derivatives (EE-MEL, EM-MEL, EM-MOR-MEL, EM-I-MEL, EM-T-MEL) obtained through the esterification of the carboxyl group and the replacement of the the amino group with an amidine group. Compounds were selected based on our previous studies for their improved anticancer properties in comparison with the original drug. For this, we first evaluated the physicochemical properties using the circular dichroism technique, then analyzed the zeta potential and the hydrodynamic diameters of the particles. Then, the in vitro biological properties of the analogs were tested on multiple myeloma (RPMI8226), acute monocytic leukemia (THP1), and promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cells as model systems for hematological malignant cells. DNA damage was assessed by immunostaining γH2AX, cell cycle distribution changes by propidium iodide (PI) staining, and cell death by the activation of caspase 2. We proved that the newly synthesized derivatives, in particular EM-MOR-MEL and EM-T-MEL, affected the B-DNA conformation, thus increasing the DNA damage. As a result of the DNA changes, the cell cycle was arrested in the S and G2/M phases. The cell death occurred by activating a mitotic catastrophe. Our investigations suggest that the analogs EM-MOR-MEL and EM-T-MEL have better anti-cancer activity in multiple myeloma cells than the currently used melphalan.
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Poczta A, Krzeczyński P, Tobiasz J, Rogalska A, Gajek A, Marczak A. Synthesis and In Vitro Activity of Novel Melphalan Analogs in Hematological Malignancy Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031760. [PMID: 35163680 PMCID: PMC8836188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the continuous developments in pharmacology and the high therapeutic effect of new treatment options for patients with hematological malignancies, these diseases remain a major health issue. Our study aimed to synthesize, analyze in silico, and determine the biological properties of new melphalan derivatives. We obtained three methyl esters of melphalan having in their structures amidine moieties substituted with thiomorpholine (EM-T-MEL), indoline (EM-I-MEL), or 4-(4-morpholinyl) piperidine (EM-MORPIP-MEL). These have not yet been described in the literature. The in vitro anticancer properties of the analogs were determined against THP1, HL60, and RPMI8226 cells. Melphalan derivatives were evaluated for cytotoxicity (resazurin viability assay), genotoxicity (alkaline comet assay), and their ability to induce apoptosis (Hoechst33342/propidium iodide double staining method; phosphatidylserine translocation; and caspase 3/7, 8, and 9 activity measurements). Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were examined using the specific fluorescence probe JC-1 (5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazol carbocyanine). The EM-T-MEL derivative had the highest biological activity, showing higher cytotoxic and genotoxic properties than the parent drug. Moreover, it showed a high ability to induce apoptosis in the tested cancer cells. This compound also had a beneficial effect in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In conclusion, we verified and confirmed the hypothesis that chemical modifications of the melphalan structure improved its anticancer properties. The conducted study allowed the selection of the compound with the highest biological activity and provided a basis for chemical structure-biological activity analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastazja Poczta
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.R.); (A.G.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Piotr Krzeczyński
- Department of Pharmacy, Cosmetic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Team of Chemistry, Łukasiewicz Research Network—Industrial Chemistry Institute, 8 Rydygiera Street, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Joanna Tobiasz
- Department of Pharmacy, Cosmetic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Team of Chemistry, Łukasiewicz Research Network—Industrial Chemistry Institute, 8 Rydygiera Street, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Aneta Rogalska
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.R.); (A.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Arkadiusz Gajek
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.R.); (A.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Marczak
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.R.); (A.G.); (A.M.)
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Ester K, Hranjec M, Piantanida I, Ćaleta I, Jarak I, Pavelić K, Kralj M, Karminski-Zamola G. Novel Derivatives of Pyridylbenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamides and Benzo[b]thieno[2,3-c]naphthyridin-2-ones: Minor Structural Variations Provoke Major Differences of Antitumor Action Mechanisms. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2482-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801573v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Ester
- Division of Molecular Medicine, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, P.O. Box 180, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, P.O. Box 177, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, and Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Hranjec
- Division of Molecular Medicine, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, P.O. Box 180, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, P.O. Box 177, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, and Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Piantanida
- Division of Molecular Medicine, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, P.O. Box 180, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, P.O. Box 177, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, and Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Ćaleta
- Division of Molecular Medicine, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, P.O. Box 180, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, P.O. Box 177, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, and Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Division of Molecular Medicine, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, P.O. Box 180, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, P.O. Box 177, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, and Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Pavelić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, P.O. Box 180, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, P.O. Box 177, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, and Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, P.O. Box 180, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, P.O. Box 177, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, and Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Grace Karminski-Zamola
- Division of Molecular Medicine, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, P.O. Box 180, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, P.O. Box 177, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, and Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
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Hranjec M, Piantanida I, Kralj M, Suman L, Pavelić K, Karminski-Zamola G. Novel amidino-substituted thienyl- and furylvinylbenzimidazole: derivatives and their photochemical conversion into corresponding diazacyclopenta[c]fluorenes. synthesis, interactions with DNA and RNA, and antitumor evaluation. 4. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4899-910. [PMID: 18652444 DOI: 10.1021/jm8000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of novel nonfused amidino-substituted thienyl- and furylvinylbenzimidazole: derivatives and their photochemical cyclization into corresponding diazacyclopenta[ c]fluorenes is described. All studied compounds showed prominent growth inhibitory effect. The fused compounds showed stronger activity than nonfused ones, whereby imidazolyl-substituted compound 11 proved to be the most active one. Besides, it induced strong G2/M arrest of the cell cycle followed by drastic apoptosis, which is in accordance with the DNA intercalative binding mode determined by the spectroscopic studies. Nonfused derivatives induced strong S phase arrest of the cell cycle followed by apoptosis that together with DNA minor groove binding mode pointed to topoisomerase I inhibition. In addition, all nonfused compounds revealed pronounced selectivity toward tumor cells in comparison with nontumor cells. On the basis of the presented results, both nonfused and fused thiophene-containing imidazolyl derivatives should be considered as promising lead compounds for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Hranjec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, P.O. Box 177, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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