Dihydropyrimidinones as potent anticancer agents: Insight into the structure-activity relationship

Unveiling the potential anticancer activity of new dihydropyrimidines through dual inhibition of EGFR and TrkA: Design, synthesis, and in silico study

A series of designed scaffold of dihydropyrimidine was synthesized as dual tyrosine kinase targets inhibitors using a multicomponent Biginelli reaction which provided a high atom economy in a single pot reaction. Several 1,4-DHPM hybrids were obtained via alkylation with different chloroacetylamine derivatives. All the synthesized derivatives were screened for their antiproliferative efficacy towards various cancer cell lines (HCT-116, PC-3, and MCF-7) and normal cell line WI-38 using MTT assay. The results indicated that compounds 8h and 8i have the most significant inhibitory effect on all evaluated cancer cell lines, displaying IC50 of 3.94-15.78 µM. Also, they demonstrated favorable selectivity towards normal cell lines. Moreover, the most active hybrids 8h and 8i were evaluated for their EGFR and TrkA inhibitory activity. The findings indicated that compound 8h had superior inhibitory activity compared to compound 8i on the targeted kinases, effectively stopping the G1 phase of the MCF-7 cell cycle and encouraging apoptosis. Additionally, the molecular docking studies declared that the most active compounds exhibited a notable binding interaction with the binding site of the target proteins. Furthermore, their physicochemical properties, ADMET profiles, and bioavailability radar plots were predicted and analyzed.

Precision in stereochemistry: the integral role of catalytic asymmetric Biginelli reaction in crafting enantiomerically pure dihydropyrimidinones

One well-known multicomponent reaction that is helpful in the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs), important molecules in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, is the Biginelli reaction. Because of their wide range of biological activities, DHPMs are regarded as essential chemicals. A great deal of research has been done in the last few decades to find ways to produce enantiomerically pure DHPMs because of their notable and focused target-oriented biological activities. In this reaction, numerous structural variants and catalysts have been employed in a range of solvents to yield an enormous number of Biginelli-type compounds. In the present review, the available catalysts in the literature including ionic liquids, Lewis acids, and organocatalysts for the Biginelli reaction and synthesis of a large number of asymmetric compounds since 2003 are summarized.

DNA interaction of selected tetrahydropyrimidine and its effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo: Part II

Tetrahydropyrimidine (compound A = methyl 4-[4'-(heptyloxy)-3'-methoxyphenyl]-1,6-dimethyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate) was chosen for in vivo studies after exhibiting noteworthy in vitro activity against the K562 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, with IC50 values of 9.20 ± 0.14 µM and 12.76 ± 1.93 µM, respectively. According to experimental (fluorescence titration, viscosity, and differential scanning calorimetry) results, A interacts with DNA via the minor groove. In vivo, acute oral toxicity studies in Wistar albino rats proved no noticeable symptoms of either toxicity or death during the follow-up period. Genotoxic and antigenotoxic studies at three different concentrations of A (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of body weight) in Wistar albino rats showed that the dose of 5 mg/kg body weight did not cause DNA damage and had a remarkable DNA protective activity against CCl4-induced DNA damage, with a percentage reduction of 78.7%. It is also important to note that, under the investigated concentrations of A, liver damage is not observed. Considering all experimental outcomes realized under various in vivo investigations (acute oral toxicity, genotoxicity, antigenotoxicity, and biochemical tests), compound A could be a promising candidate for further clinical testing.

Diverse Methods with Stereoselective Induction in the Asymmetric Biginelli Reaction

The relevance of the asymmetric Biginelli reaction (ABR) has been increased in this century, due to the pharmacological application of its products. This review focuses predominantly on articles published in the period from 2015 to 2024 on asymmetric synthetic advances in the formation of dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs), dihydropyrimidinethiones (DHPMTs), and related compounds. The relevant bibliography on general processes in the Biginelli reaction and some methods of separation of isomers have also been referenced.

Ultrahigh-Performance Fiber-Supported Iron-Based Ionic Liquid for Synthesizing 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones in a Cleaner Manner

Herein, a fiber-supported iron-based ionic liquid as a type of fibrous catalyst has been developed for the synthesis of bioactive 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones (DHPMs) via three-component Biginelli reactions in a cleaner manner. The described fibrous catalyst was obtained from the commercially available polyetheretherketone (PEEK) fiber by postfunctionalization processes and was characterized and analyzed in detail by means of diversified technologies. Furthermore, the fiber-supported iron-based ionic liquids could mediate the classical three-component Biginelli reactions to proceed smoothly to gain a variety of substituted DHPMs with yields of up to 99%. The superior catalytic activities of the fibrous catalyst were ascribed to the quasi-homogeneous medium by ionic liquids generated in the surface layer of the PEEK fiber, which could afford an appropriate reaction zone and could further be available for the aggregation of substrates to facilitate the three-component reaction. Notably, the fibrous catalyst is available for recycling over 10 runs just by a pair of tweezers, and the operational procedure was capable of enlarging the catalytic system to the gram-scale without any performance degradation, which provided a cleaner manner to take advantage of the iron-based catalyst in organic synthesis with potential industrialization prospects.