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Agarwal SC. The bioethics of skeletal anatomy collections from India. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1692. [PMID: 38402200 PMCID: PMC10894195 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina C Agarwal
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
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2
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Turchenski DG, Franco AJ, Turchenski RG, Werner LC, Weber SH, Gumiel YB, Michelotto PV. Exploring alternatives for securing anatomical structures in capturing digital images: A comparative analysis. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e12975. [PMID: 37724620 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Teaching veterinary anatomy using digital platforms requires improved image quality, which may influence the fixation process. This study aimed to compare four embalming solutions for high-colour-quality images of different tissues compared to the original image. Four equine left pelvic limbs were cut into metameres and divided equally for application of 10% formaldehyde, 96% glycerine, 33% hypersaturated NaCl solution and modified Larssen solution, respectively, which was maintained for 3 days. After drying for 3 days at room temperature, photographs were obtained at time 0 (T0), without any fixation process (original colour); time 1 (T1), immediately after removal from the solutions; and every 24 h for 3 days (T2-T4). The image colour quality was investigated by digitally evaluating the cortical bone, tendon and bone marrow using histograms and CIEDE2000 as well as by 10 specialists in an online survey. CIEDE2000 and histograms revealed that all fixation solutions changed the original tissue colour at all the time points (p < 0.0001). According to the specialists, the 33% saline solution produced the best results compared to the original one. The modified Larssen solution demonstrated better results for the tendon, marrow and cortical bone at T3 (p = 0.0015). Considering the colour of digital images, the modified Larssen solution provided the best results; however, the visual evaluation by the specialists revealed the 33% saline solution as the best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G Turchenski
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Acir J Franco
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Laís C Werner
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Saulo H Weber
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yohan B Gumiel
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pedro V Michelotto
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Asad MR, Asghar A, Tadvi N, Ahmed MM, Nazeer M, Amir KM, Nasir N, Shaik RA, Patra A. Medical Faculty Perspectives Toward Cadaveric Dissection as a Learning Tool for Anatomy Education: A Survey Study in India. Cureus 2023; 15:e37713. [PMID: 37206509 PMCID: PMC10191457 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadaveric dissection, as a learning tool, has been a part of Indian medical education. Worldwide, with reforms in medical education and the introduction of new learning modalities, cadaveric dissection has been complemented with other modalities such as living anatomy and virtual anatomy. This study aims to collect the feedback of faculty members regarding the role of dissection in the present context of medical education. The method of the study involved a 32-item questionnaire to collect responses; they were collected using the 5-point Likert scale along with two open-ended questions. In general, the closed questions covered these sections: learning styles, interpersonal skills, teaching and learning, dissection, and other learning modes. The principal component analysis was used to explore the multivariate relationships among the items' perceptions. The multivariate regression analysis was conducted between the construct and the latent variable to develop the structural equation model. Four themes, PC1 (learning ability with structural orientation), PC2 (interpersonal skill), PC3 (multimedia-virtual tool), and PC5 (associated factors) had positive relation and were treated as a latent variable motivation for dissection, and theme 4 (PC4, safety) had a negative correlation and was treated as a latent variable repulsion for dissection. It was found that the dissection room is an important place for learning clinical and personal skills, along with empathy, in anatomy education. Safety issues and implementation of stress-coping activities during the induction phase are required. There is also a need to use mixed-method approaches that integrate technology-enhanced learning such as virtual anatomy, living anatomy, and radiological anatomy with cadaveric dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Asad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, SAU
| | - Adil Asghar
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Nasir Tadvi
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Telengna, IND
| | - Mohammad M Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, SAU
| | - Mohammed Nazeer
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, SAU
| | - Khwaja M Amir
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, SAU
| | - Nazim Nasir
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, SAU
| | - Riyaz A Shaik
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, SAU
| | - Apurba Patra
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, IND
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Schenarts PJ, Panwar A, Mukkai Krishnamurty D, Nandipati K. A Primer on General Surgery Applicants Who Have Graduated From Indian Medical Schools. Am Surg 2023:31348221148360. [PMID: 36609170 DOI: 10.1177/00031348221148360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Graduates of Indian medical schools account for the greatest proportion of non-US born international medical graduates applying to general surgery residency programs.Purpose: Provide information to facilitate fair and holistic review of applicants from Indian medical schools.Research Design: Comprehensive review of the Indian medical education system, including history, regulatory agencies, medical school admission, curriculum, cultural differences, immigration issues, and outcomes after residency.Results: The Indian medical education system is one of the world's oldest. The number of medical schools and graduates continues to increase. Medical school admission criteria are variable. Recent regulatory changes have improved the quality of applicants entering the US. Emphasis on academic performance over volunteerism as well as communication styles differ from US graduates. The success of graduates during and after residency is well documented.Conclusions: Understanding the differences in the US and Indian medical education systems will provide a basis for the fair evaluation of applicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Schenarts
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, 12282Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aru Panwar
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, 12282Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Kalyana Nandipati
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, 12282Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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Yohannan DG, Oommen AM, Umesan KG, Raveendran VL, Sreedhar LSL, Anish TSN, Hortsch M, Krishnapillai R. Overcoming Barriers in a Traditional Medical Education System by the Stepwise, Evidence-Based Introduction of a Modern Learning Technology. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2019; 29:803-817. [PMID: 34457545 PMCID: PMC8368117 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-019-00759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Histology teaching in India and in other developing countries has not changed much over the past decades and has not joined the global movement of using virtual microscopy (VM). Many factors may have contributed to this academic inertia-including curricular requirements for traditional microscopy (TM) skills, assessments that are heavily based on TM, and unfamiliarity with modern technology among faculty, as well as infrastructural shortcomings. This study is aimed at overcoming these roadblocks by using a blended approach combining VM with TM in a tradition-centered curricular setting. METHODS For validation of this approach, the authors conducted a non-randomized controlled trial with a crossover design on first year medical students at the Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India. Examination scores and responses of a student group taught with VM as an adjunct to TM were compared with a student group taught with TM only. RESULTS The test group had significantly better results when compared to the control group for knowledge-based tests (p = 0.012; analysis of co-variance) and for an unannounced visual-based test conducted 1 month later (p = 0.001; Mann-Whitney U test). Feedback collected from students showed highly favorable responses to the use of VM for teaching histology. CONCLUSION This study should encourage Indian medical colleges and schools in other developing countries to start using VM as a supplementary approach for their histology education programs. Furthermore, as the Medical Council of India recommends the introduction of new competency-based integrated curriculum in India starting in 2019, the use of VM may facilitate more effective learning in the new scenario. TRIAL REGISTRATION CTRI/2018/04/012928.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aswathy Maria Oommen
- Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Hortsch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Renuka Krishnapillai
- Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India
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Karunakaran I, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P, Nalinakumari SD. A preliminary survey of professionalism teaching practices in anatomy education among Indian Medical Colleges. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2017; 10:433-443. [PMID: 28165673 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Professionalism and ethics have gained widespread recognition as competencies to be fulfilled, taught, and assessed within medical education. The role of the anatomy course in developed nations has evolved over time and now encompasses multiple domains, including knowledge, skills, and the inculcation of professionalism and ethics. The Medical Council of India recently recommended the integration of professionalism teaching in undergraduate medical curricula. The authors investigated whether the initial orientation lectures and instructions given by faculty at the outset of undergraduate medical anatomy courses throughout India served a "hidden curriculum" regarding professionalism practices, and whether these orientation messages could serve as an early exposure to medical professionalism and ethics for medical students. An online survey was carried out among 102 anatomy faculty members across India requesting details about specific professionalism protocols and instructions regarding behavior in the dissection hall that are routinely given to preclinical students, as well as the importance that they placed on professional behavior. It was found that most faculty members regularly instruct students regarding expected behavior during the anatomy course, including dissection practices. These instructions stress attributes of professionalism like humanism, accountability, and honesty. However, there needs to be a more concentrated effort by educators to prohibit such unprofessional practices like dissection hall photography, and better information is required regarding biomedical waste disposal. Despite the absence of clear guidelines for professionalism teaching in medical education in India, the existing framework of anatomy education provides an opportunity to introduce the concept of professionalism to the first-year medical student. This opportunity may provide an early foundation for designing a professionalism-integrated curriculum. Anat Sci Educ 10: 433-443. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilavenil Karunakaran
- Department of Anatomy, Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Irungalur, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sheela Das Nalinakumari
- Department of Anatomy, Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Irungalur, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Moxham BJ, Pais D. A critique of utilitarian and instrumentalist concepts for the teaching of gross anatomy to medical and dental students: Provoking debate. Clin Anat 2017; 30:912-921. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J. Moxham
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff; CF10 3AX Wales United Kingdom
- Anatomical Sciences, St George's University; Grenada West Indies
| | - Diogo Pais
- NOVA Medical School NOVA University of Lisbon; 1169-056 Lisboa Portugal
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Pais D, Casal D, Mascarenhas-Lemos L, Barata P, Moxham BJ, Goyri-O'Neill J. Outcomes and satisfaction of two optional cadaveric dissection courses: A 3-year prospective study. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2017; 10:127-136. [PMID: 27483443 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Teaching time dedicated to anatomy education has been reduced at many medical schools around the world, including Nova Medical School in Lisbon, Portugal. In order to minimize the effects of this reduction, the authors introduced two optional, semester-long cadaveric dissection courses for the first two years of the medical school curriculum. These courses were named Regional Anatomy I (RAI) and Regional Anatomy II (RAII). In RAI, students focus on dissecting the thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and perineum. In RAII, the focus shifts to the head, neck, back, and upper and lower limbs. This study prospectively analyzes students' academic achievement and perceptions within the context of these two, newly-introduced, cadaveric dissection courses. Students' satisfaction was assessed anonymously through a questionnaire that included items regarding students' perception of the usefulness of the courses for undergraduate teaching, as well as with regards to future professional activity. For each of the three academic years studied, the final score (1 to 20) in General Anatomy (GA), RAI, and RAII was on average 14.26 ± 1.89; 16.94 ± 1.02; 17.49 ± 1.01, respectively. The mean results were lower in GA than RAI or RAII (P < 0.001). Furthermore, students who undertook these courses ranked them highly with regards to consolidating their knowledge of anatomy, preparing for other undergraduate courses, and training for future clinical practice. These survey data, combined with data on participating students' academic achievement, lend strong support to the adoption of similar courses as complementary and compulsory disciplines in a modern medical curriculum. Anat Sci Educ 10: 127-136. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Pais
- Department of Anatomy, Nova Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Nova De Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Casal
- Department of Anatomy, Nova Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Nova De Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar De Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Mascarenhas-Lemos
- Department of Anatomy, Nova Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Nova De Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar De Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barata
- Department of Anatomy, Nova Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Nova De Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Oncology, Centro Hospitalar De Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bernard J Moxham
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada, West Indies
| | - João Goyri-O'Neill
- Department of Anatomy, Nova Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Nova De Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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Jacob TG. Fast-track medical course and its implications. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2014; 7:329. [PMID: 24403208 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony George Jacob
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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10
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Akkin SM, Dinc G. A Glimpse into the process of gaining permission for the educational dissection of human cadavers in the Ottoman empire. Clin Anat 2014; 27:964-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salih Murat Akkin
- Department of Anatomy; SANKO Medical School; 27090 Gaziantep; Turkey
- Department of Anatomy; Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; 34098 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Gulten Dinc
- Department of History of Medicine and Ethics; Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; 34098 Istanbul Turkey
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