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Discrimination of ablation, shielding, and interface layer effects on the steady-state formation of persistent bubbles under liquid flow conditions during laser synthesis of colloids. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOver the past decade, laser ablation in liquids (LAL) was established as an innovative nanoparticle synthesis method obeying the principles of green chemistry. While one of the main advantages of this method is the absence of stabilizers leading to nanoparticles with “clean” ligand-free surfaces, its main disadvantage is the comparably low nanoparticle production efficiency dampening the sustainability of the method and preventing the use of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in applications that require high amounts of material. In this study, the effects of productivity-dampening entities that become particularly relevant for LAL with high repetition rate lasers, i.e., persistent bubbles or colloidal nanoparticles (NPs), on the synthesis of colloidal gold nanoparticles in different solvents are studied. Especially under batch ablation conditions in highly viscous liquids with prolonged ablation times both shielding entities are closely interconnected and need to be disentangled. By performing liquid flow-assisted nanosecond laser ablation of gold in liquids with different viscosity and nanoparticle or bubble diffusivity, it is shown that a steady-state is reached after a few seconds with fixed individual contributions of bubble- and colloid-induced shielding effects. By analyzing dimensionless numbers (i.e., Axial Peclet, Reynolds, and Schmidt) it is demonstrated how these shielding effects strongly depend on the liquid’s transport properties and the flow-induced formation of an interface layer along the target surface. In highly viscous liquids, the transport of NPs and persistent bubbles within this interface layer is strongly diffusion-controlled. This diffusion-limitation not only affects the agglomeration of the NPs but also leads to high local densities of NPs and bubbles near the target surface, shielding up to 80% of the laser power. Hence, the ablation rate does not only depend on the total amount of shielding matter in the flow channel, but also on the location of the persistent bubbles and NPs. By comparing LAL in different liquids, it is demonstrated that 30 times more gas is produced per ablated amount of substance in acetone and ethylene glycol compared to ablation in water. This finding confirms that chemical effects contribute to the liquid’s decomposition and the ablation yield as well. Furthermore, it is shown that the highest ablation efficiencies and monodisperse qualities are achieved in liquids with the lowest viscosities and gas formation rates at the highest volumetric flow rates.
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Saheb V, Zokaie M. Multichannel Gas-Phase Unimolecular Decomposition of Acetone: Theoretical Kinetic Studies. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5895-5904. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Saheb
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran
| | - Meymanat Zokaie
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran
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Hartwig J, Mittal G, Kumar K, Sung CJ. System Validation Experiments for Obtaining Tracer Laser-Induced Fluorescence Data at Elevated Pressure and Temperature. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:618-626. [PMID: 29164904 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817746409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a set of system validation experiments that can be used to qualify either static or flow experimental systems for gathering tracer photophysical data or conducting laser diagnostics at high pressure and temperature in order to establish design and operation limits and reduce uncertainty in data interpretation. Tests demonstrated here quantify the effect of tracer absorption at the test cell walls, stratification, photolysis, pyrolysis, adequacy of mixing and seeding, and reabsorption of laser light using acetone as the tracer and 282 nm excitation. Results show that acetone exhibits a 10% decrease in fluorescence signal over 36 000 shots at 127.4 mJ/cm2, and photolysis is negligible below 1000 shots collected. Meanwhile, appropriately chosen gas residence times can mitigate risks due to pyrolysis and inadequate mixing and seeding; for the current work 100 ms residence time ensured <0.5% alteration of tracer number density due to thermal destruction. Experimental results here are compared to theoretical values from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hartwig
- 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gaurav Mittal
- 2 189455 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era University , Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kamal Kumar
- 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Chih-Jen Sung
- 4 242752 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT, USA
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Couch DE, Buckingham GT, Baraban JH, Porterfield JP, Wooldridge LA, Ellison GB, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Peters WK. Tabletop Femtosecond VUV Photoionization and PEPICO Detection of Microreactor Pyrolysis Products. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5280-5289. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Couch
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Grant T. Buckingham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joshua H. Baraban
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Laura A. Wooldridge
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - G. Barney Ellison
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C. Kapteyn
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M. Murnane
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William K. Peters
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Sivaramakrishnan R, Michael JV, Harding LB, Klippenstein SJ. Resolving Some Paradoxes in the Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of Acetaldehyde. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:7724-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Sivaramakrishnan
- Chemical Sciences & Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joe V. Michael
- Chemical Sciences & Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Lawrence B. Harding
- Chemical Sciences & Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Stephen J. Klippenstein
- Chemical Sciences & Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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Wang S, Sun K, Davidson DF, Jeffries JB, Hanson RK. Shock-Tube Measurement of Acetone Dissociation Using Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy of CO. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:7257-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp511642a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengkai Wang
- High Temperature Gasdynamics
Lab, Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Bldg. 520, Duena Street, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kai Sun
- High Temperature Gasdynamics
Lab, Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Bldg. 520, Duena Street, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David F. Davidson
- High Temperature Gasdynamics
Lab, Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Bldg. 520, Duena Street, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jay B. Jeffries
- High Temperature Gasdynamics
Lab, Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Bldg. 520, Duena Street, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ronald K. Hanson
- High Temperature Gasdynamics
Lab, Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Bldg. 520, Duena Street, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Trost J, Zigan L, Eichmann SC, Seeger T, Leipertz A. Investigation of the chemical stability of the laser-induced fluorescence tracers acetone, diethylketone, and toluene under IC engine conditions using Raman spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:6300-6308. [PMID: 24085091 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.006300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on an investigation of the chemical stability of the common laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) tracers acetone, diethylketone, and toluene. Stability is analyzed using linear Raman spectroscopy inside a heated pressure cell with optical access, which is used for the LIF calibration of these tracers. The measurements examine the influence of temperature, pressure, and residence time on tracer oxidation, which occurs without a rise in temperature or pressure inside the cell, highlighting the need for optical detection. A comparison between the three different tracers shows large differences, with diethylketone having the lowest and toluene by far the highest stability. An analysis of the sensitivity of the measurement shows that the detection limit of the oxidized tracer is well below 3% molar fraction, which is typical for LIF applications in combustion devices such as internal combustion (IC) engines. Furthermore, the effect on the LIF signal intensity is examined in an isothermal turbulent mixing study.
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Vasiliou AK, Piech KM, Reed B, Zhang X, Nimlos MR, Ahmed M, Golan A, Kostko O, Osborn DL, David DE, Urness KN, Daily JW, Stanton JF, Ellison GB. Thermal decomposition of CH3CHO studied by matrix infrared spectroscopy and photoionization mass spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:164308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4759050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Vasiliou A, Piech KM, Zhang X, Nimlos MR, Ahmed M, Golan A, Kostko O, Osborn DL, Daily JW, Stanton JF, Barney Ellison G. The products of the thermal decomposition of CH3CHO. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:014306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3604005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Eichmann SC, Trost J, Seeger T, Zigan L, Leipertz A. Application of linear Raman spectroscopy for the determination of acetone decomposition. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:11052-8. [PMID: 21716333 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.011052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Acetone (CH3)2CO is a common tracer for laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to investigate mixture formation processes and temperature fields in combustion applications. Since the fluorescence signal is a function of temperature and pressure, calibration measurements in high pressure and high temperature cells are necessary. However, there is a lack of reliable data of tracer stability at these harsh conditions for technical application. A new method based on the effect of spontaneous Raman scattering is proposed to analyze the thermal stability of the tracer directly in the LIF calibration cell. This is done by analyzing the gas composition regarding educts and products of the reaction. First measurements at IC engine relevant conditions up to 750 K and 30 bar are presented.
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Zhou CW, Li ZR, Liu CX, Li XY. An ab initio/Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus prediction of rate constant and product branching ratios for unimolecular decomposition of propen-2-ol and related H + CH2COHCH2 reaction. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:234301. [PMID: 19102526 DOI: 10.1063/1.3033939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enols have been found to be important intermediates in the combustion flames of hydrocarbon [C. A. Taatjes et al., Science 308, 1887 (2005)]. The removal mechanism of enols in combustion flame has not been established yet. In this work, the potential energy surface for the unimolecular decomposition of syn-propen-2-ol and H + CH(2)COHCH(2) recombination reactions have been first investigated by CCSD(T) method. The barrier heights, reaction energies, and geometrical parameters of the reactants, products, intermediates, and transition states have been investigated theoretically. The results show that the formation of CH(3)CO + CH(3) via the CH(3)COCH(3) intermediate is dominant for the unimolecular decomposition of syn-propen-2-ol and its branching ratio is over 99% in the whole temperature range from 700 to 3000 K, and its rate constant can be expressed as an analytical form in the range of T=700-3000 K at atmospheric pressure. This can be attributed to the lower energy barrier of this channel compared to the other channels. The association reaction of H with CH(2)COHCH(2) is shown to be a little more complicated than the unimolecular decomposition of syn-propen-2-ol. The channel leading to CH(3)CO + CH(3) takes a key role in the whole temperature range at atmospheric pressure. However at the higher pressure of 100 atm, the recombination by direct formation of syn-propen-2-ol through H addition is important at T<1000 K. In the range of T>1400 K, the recombination channel leading to CH(3)CO + CH(3) turns out to be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Wen Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
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Bentz T, Striebel F, Olzmann M. Shock-tube study of the thermal decomposition of CH3CHO and CH3CHO + H reaction. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6120-4. [PMID: 18547039 DOI: 10.1021/jp802030z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The thermal decomposition of acetaldehyde, CH3CHO + M --> CH3 + HCO + M (eq 1), and the reaction CH3CHO + H --> products (eq 6) have been studied behind reflected shock waves with argon as the bath gas and using H-atom resonance absorption spectrometry as the detection technique. To suppress consecutive bimolecular reactions, the initial concentrations were kept low (approximately 10(13) cm(-3)). Reaction was investigated at temperatures ranging from 1250 to 1650 K at pressures between 1 and 5 bar. The rate coefficients were determined from the initial slope of the hydrogen profile via k1 = [CH3CHO]0(-1) x d[H]/dt, and the temperature dependences observed can be expressed by the following Arrhenius equations: k1(T, 1.4 bar) = 2.9 x 10(14) exp(-38 120 K/T) s(-1), k1(T, 2.9 bar) = 2.8 x 10(14) exp(-37 170 K/T) s(-1), and k1(T, 4.5 bar) = 1.1 x 10(14) exp(-35 150 K/T) s(-1). Reaction was studied with C2H5I as the H-atom precursor under pseudo-first-order conditions with respect to CH3CHO in the temperature range 1040-1240 K at a pressure of 1.4 bar. For the temperature dependence of the rate coefficient the following Arrhenius equation was obtained: k6(T) = 2.6 x 10(-10) exp(-3470 K/T) cm(3) s(-1). Combining our results with low-temperature data published by other authors, we recommend the following expression for the temperature range 300-2000 K: k6(T) = 6.6 x 10(-18) (T/K) (2.15) exp(-800 K/T) cm(3) s(-1). The uncertainties of the rate coefficients k1 and k6 were estimated to be +/-30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bentz
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Yasunaga K, Kubo S, Hoshikawa H, Kamesawa T, Hidaka Y. Shock-tube and modeling study of acetaldehyde pyrolysis and oxidation. INT J CHEM KINET 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Lee J, Bozzelli JW. Thermochemical and Kinetic Analysis of the Formyl Methyl Radical + O2 Reaction System. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030001o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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Lee J, Chen CJ, Bozzelli JW. Thermochemical and Kinetic Analysis of the Acetyl Radical (CH3C•O) + O2 Reaction System. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014443g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Chiung-Ju Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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Chen CJ, Bozzelli JW. Thermochemical Property, Pathway and Kinetic Analysis on the Reactions of Allylic Isobutenyl Radical with O2: an Elementary Reaction Mechanism for Isobutene Oxidation. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001060u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Ju Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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Chen CJ, Bozzelli JW. Analysis of Tertiary Butyl Radical + O2, Isobutene + HO2, Isobutene + OH, and Isobutene−OH Adducts + O2: A Detailed Tertiary Butyl Oxidation Mechanism. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991227n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Ju Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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Hranisavljevic J, Michael JV. Rate Constants for CF3 + H2 → CF3H + H and CF3H + H → CF3 + H2 Reactions in the Temperature Range 1100−1600 K. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982432q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Hranisavljevic
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - J. V. Michael
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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Thurber MC, Grisch F, Kirby BJ, Votsmeier M, Hanson RK. Measurements and modeling of acetone laser-induced fluorescence with implications for temperature-imaging diagnostics. APPLIED OPTICS 1998; 37:4963-4978. [PMID: 18285966 DOI: 10.1364/ao.37.004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent determinations of the temperature dependence of acetone fluorescence have permitted the application of acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging, which was already popular for mapping concentration, to the measurement of temperature. With a view toward developing temperature-imaging diagnostics, we present atmospheric-pressure fluorescence and absorption results acquired with excitation at eight wavelengths across the absorption feature of acetone and at temperatures from 300 to 1000 K. Modeling of the fluorescence yield of acetone is shown to be useful in explaining both these results and the variation of acetone fluorescence with pressure and composition that was observed in several studies. The model results in conjunction with the photophysics data provide guidance for the application of temperature diagnostics over a range of conditions while also suggesting useful multiparameter imaging approaches.
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Bartels M, Edelbüttel-Einhaus J, Hoyermann K. The detection of CH3CO, C2H5, and CH3CHO by rempi/mass spectrometry and the application to the study of the reactions H+CH3CO and O+CH3CO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Dagaut P, Boettner JC, Cathonnet M. Ethylene pyrolysis and oxidation: A kinetic modeling study. INT J CHEM KINET 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550220608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zabel F, Benson SW, Golden DM. The heat of formation of the acetonyl radical VLPP studies of acetonyl bromide, isopropenylmethylether, and hexanedione-2,5 in a search for acetonyl stabilization energy. INT J CHEM KINET 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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