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Koepf M, Lee SH, Brennan BJ, Méndez-Hernández DD, Batista VS, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. Preparation of Halogenated Fluorescent Diaminophenazine Building Blocks. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9881-8. [PMID: 26390117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A short, convenient, and scalable protocol for the one-pot synthesis of a series of fluorescent 7,8-dihalo-2,3-diaminophenazines is introduced. The synthetic route is based on the oxidative condensation of 4,5-dihalo-1,2-diaminobenzenes in aqueous conditions. The resulting diaminophenazines could be attractive intermediates for the preparation of polyfunctional phenazines and extended polyheteroacenes. We find that the undesired hydroxylation byproducts, typically obtained in aqueous conditions, are completely suppressed by addition of a stoichiometric amount of acetone during the oxidation step allowing for selective formation of 7,8-dihalo-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]phenazine derivatives with good to excellent yields. Under reductive conditions, the imidazolidine ring can be hydrolyzed into the desired 7,8-dihalo-2,3-diaminophenazines. Furthermore, we report a selective route under highly reducing conditions to monohydrodeaminate the 2,3-di(methylamino) phenazine derivatives, which allows for further structural variations of these phenazine building blocks. All of these derivatives are luminescent, with measured fluorescence quantum-yields of up to 80% in ethanol for the more rigid structures, highlighting the potential of such materials to provide new fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Koepf
- Energy Sciences Institute, and Department of Chemistry, Yale University , P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Shin Hee Lee
- Energy Sciences Institute, and Department of Chemistry, Yale University , P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Bradley J Brennan
- Energy Sciences Institute, and Department of Chemistry, Yale University , P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Dalvin D Méndez-Hernández
- Energy Sciences Institute, and Department of Chemistry, Yale University , P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Victor S Batista
- Energy Sciences Institute, and Department of Chemistry, Yale University , P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Energy Sciences Institute, and Department of Chemistry, Yale University , P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Robert H Crabtree
- Energy Sciences Institute, and Department of Chemistry, Yale University , P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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Ruprecht J, Baumgärtel H. The Influence of the Electronic Structure on the Dimerization of Phenthiazonium Cations in Aqueous Solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19840880213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Butsch K, Gust R, Klein A, Ott I, Romanski M. Tuning the electronic properties of dppz-ligands and their palladium(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:4331-40. [DOI: 10.1039/b926233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Synthesis, spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of a series of transition metal complexes with amino- or bis(bromomethyl)-substituted dppz-ligands: Building blocks for fullerene-based donor–bridge–acceptor dyads. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Grossjean MF, Tavan P. Wavelength regulation in bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin: A Pariser–Parr–Pople multireference double excitation configuration interaction study of retinal dyes. J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.454701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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