Micelle-enhanced spectrofluorimetric method for determination of lacidipine in tablet form; application to content uniformity testing

Novel ecofriendly spectrophotometric methods for the determination of six dihydropyridines calcium channel blockers through derivatization with sulfophtalein dye: application to tablet analysis

Novel, «green» and simple visible spectrophotometric procedures for the determination of six dihydropyridines CCBs (amlodipine besylate (AML), lacidipine (LAC), levamlodipine besylate (LAML), nifedipine (NIF), nimodipine (NIM) and nitrendipine (NIT)) through derivatization with the sulfophthalein dye bromophenol blue (BPB) have been developed. The optimal parameters for CCBs spectrophotometric analysis via complex formation using BPB were as follows: detection wavelength-596 nm, reaction time-5 min, ratio of reacting components-1:1, operating temperature-25 ± 2 °C. The concentration was linearly proportional to absorbance values in the range of 3.40-17.00 μg/mL (AML), 1.14-9.11 μg/mL (LAC), 1.14-9.08 μg/mL (LAML), 4.16-12.40 μg/mL (NIF), 0.84-5.86 μg/mL (NIM), 6.52-19.60 μg/mL (NIT). The developed methods are colorimetric and therefore does not require a UV instrument to quantify these drugs. The proposed approach was more efficient in terms of time reliability, sensitivity and «greenness» than other recorded spectrophotometric methods and can be easily implemented for routine pharmaceutical analysis.

Sensitivity improvement for spectrofluorimetric determination of commonly used antifungal drug 'nystatin': application for oral suspension

In this paper, two simple, rapid and highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric methods were developed and validated for nystatin determination in its pure form and pharmaceutical dosage form (oral suspension). The first method was based on measuring the nystatin native fluorescence after dilution with isopropyl alcohol at 407 nm (excitation 303 nm). The fluoresence intensity was linearly dependant on the nystatin concentration within the specified range 50-500 ng ml^-1 . The second was based on micellar enhancement of nystatin fluorescence using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). In the presence of 2% w/v SDS, an ~1.9-fold enhancement could be achieved in the relative fluorescence intensity of nystatin. The linear range for the second method was 20-100 ng ml^-1 . The limits of quantification and detection were found to be 43.23 ng ml^-1 and 14.27 ng ml^-1 (Method I), 6.08 ng ml^-1 and 2.0 ng ml^-1 (Method II). According to percentage recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) obtained, the proposed methods were precise (RSDs were less than 2%), reproducible, and accurate and could be successfully applied for quantitative estimation of nystatin in its dosage form. The statistical results of this method were compared with that of the reported method and showed excellent agreement with respect to accuracy and precision.

Lacidipine: review of analytical methods developed for pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids

Lacidipine (LAC) is a calcium antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension. It is a lipophilic drug containing dihydropyridine ring that is responsible for the activity. This review article gives an overview of various analytical techniques proposed for the determination of LAC in pharmaceutical dosage forms, in pure form, in biological fluids and to determine characteristics of LAC in modified release dosage forms. Ultra violet/visible spectrophotometric, spectroflourimetric, high performance liquid chromatography, high performance thin layer chromatography, electro-analytical, bioanalytical and miscellaneous methods such as microbiological assay, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, were discussed. Various parameters such as system suitability, selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness have been discussed for the employed methods.

Simple spectrofluorimetric methods for determination of veterinary antibiotic drug (apramycin sulfate) in pharmaceutical preparations and milk samples

This work describes the development of highly sensitive as well as simple two spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of apramycin sulfate. The first method depends on measuring the inherent native fluorescence of the aqueous neutral solution of the drug at 388 nm (λ_ex 335 nm). While the second method mainly based on enhancing the native fluorescence intensity of the drug using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar media by about 4 fold enhancement. The fluorescence intensity - concentration relationship for the two methods was found rectilinear over the concentration range 1.0-100.0 and 0.1-20.0 μg/mL for the first and second method respectively. The limit of detection for method I and II were 0.05 and 0.02 μg/mL respectively. The proposed methods can be effectively connected for the assurance of the medication without impedances from common normal excipients. Furthermore, the two methods were high sensitive enough for the assurance of the drug in spiked milk samples with high percentage recoveries.

Factorial design optimization of micelle enhanced synchronous spectrofluorimetric assay of Omarigliptin: Applied to content uniformity testing and in vitro drug release

A micelle enhanced spectrofluorimetric method was developed for determination of Omarigliptin (OMG) based on its native fluorescence behavior. The interaction of OMG with surfactants and macromolecules was studied. In aqueous solution, the relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) of OMG was enhanced by 24% in the presence of Tween 80 at pH 3.5. The optimal conditions for the micelle enhanced fluorescence were attained by Minitab® program using Plackett-Burman factorial design. Pareto chart, contour plots and surface plots were used to exclude the insignificant variables and optimize the significant factors. The spectrofluorimeter was operated under synchronous mode using ∆λ = 30 nm and recording the RFI of the intense narrow band at 267 nm for OMG in 0.5% w/v Tween 80 + 0.2 M acetate buffer (pH 3.5) system using water as diluent. Using synchronous scan mode offered many advantages including considerable reduction of spectral overlap and enhanced linearity of the calibrators. Validation parameters were satisfied over the concentration range 0.1-2 μg/ml. The developed method was the first analytical procedure for OMG assay in Marizev® tablets. Moreover, content uniformity testing and in vitro drug release of tablets were performed.

Micelle-enhanced direct spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of linifanib: Application to stability studies

A new simple stability-indicating spectrofluorimetric method has been developed and validated for the determination of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, linifanib (LNF). The proposed method makes use of the native fluorescence characteristics of LNF in a micellar system. Compared with aqueous solutions, the fluorescence intensity of LNF was greatly enhanced upon the addition of Tween-80. The relative fluorescence intensity of LNF was measured in a diluting solvent composed of 2% Tween-80: phosphate buffer pH 8.0 (20: 80, v/v) using excitation and emission wavelengths of 290 and 450 nm, respectively. The proposed method was fully validated as per the ICH guidelines. The recorded fluorescence intensity of LNF was rectilinear over a concentration range of 0.3-2 μg/ml with a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.9990) and low limits of detection (0.091 μg/ml) and quantitation (0.275 μg/ml). The applicability of the method was extended to study the inherent stability of LNF under different stress degradation conditions including, alkaline, acidic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal degradation. Moreover, the method was utilized to study the kinetics of the alkaline and oxidative degradation of LNF. The pseudo-first order rate constants and half-lives were calculated.

Spectrofluorimetric determination of certain adrenergic agonist drugs in their pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations: Content uniformity test application

A new, simple, sensitive and rapid spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for determination of certain adrenergic agonists such as isoxsuprine hydrochloride, ritodrine hydrochloride and etilefrine hydrochloride in their pure forms and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method depends on micellar enhancement of the native fluorescence of investigated drugs by using 2% w/v sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an anionic surfactant. The enhanced fluorescence intensity of investigated drugs was measured at 305 nm after excitation at 278 nm. The interaction of studied drugs with SDS was studied, and the enhanced fluorescence intensity was exploited to develop an assay method for the determination of investigated drugs. The relative fluorescence intensity-concentration plots were rectilinear over the range 0.15-3.00 μg ml^-1 , with low quantification limits of 0.132, 0.123 and 0.118 μg mL^-1 for isoxsuprine, ritodrine and etilefrine, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for determination of studied drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations. Moreover, the high sensitivity of the proposed method allows performing the content uniformity testing of the studied drugs in their tablets by using the official United States Pharmacopeia (USP) guidelines. Statistical comparisons of the results with those of the reported methods revealed excellent agreement and indicated no significant difference in accuracy and precision.