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Li S, Zhang Y, Xu W, Lv Z, Xu L, Zhao Z, Zhu D, Song Y. C Allele of the PPARδ+294T>C Polymorphism Confers a Higher Risk of Hypercholesterolemia, but not Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Horm Metab Res 2023; 55:355-366. [PMID: 37011890 DOI: 10.1055/a-2043-7707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationships of the PPARα Leu162Val and PPARδ+294 T>C polymorphisms with metabolic indexes have been reported to be inconsistent and even contradictory. The meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the relationships between the two variants and the indexes of obesity, insulin resistance, and blood lipids. PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for eligible studies. Standardized mean difference with 95% confidence interval was calculated to estimate the differences in the metabolic indexes between the genotypes of the Leu162Val and+294 T>C polymorphisms. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed by Cochran's x2-based Q-statistic test. Publication bias was identified by using Begg's test. Forty-one studies (44 585 subjects) and 33 studies (23 018 subjects) were identified in the analyses for the Leu162Val and+294 T>C polymorphisms, respectively. C allele carriers of the+294 T>C polymorphism had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than TT homozygotes in the whole population. Notably, C allele carriers of the+294 T>C polymorphism had significantly higher levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol in East Asians, but lower levels of triglycerides in West Asians than TT homozygotes. Regarding the Leu162Val polymorphism, it was found that Val allele carriers had significantly higher levels of blood glucose than Leu/Leu homozygotes only in European Caucasians. The meta-analysis demonstrates that C allele of the+294 T>C polymorphism in PPARδ gene confers a higher risk of hypercholesterolemia, which may partly explain the relationship between this variant and coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Li
- Central Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youjin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhimin Lv
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luying Xu
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zixuan Zhao
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongyan Song
- Central Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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Kuang X, Li K, Shi Y, Shao X, Li H, Li D. Gene-diet interaction in response to defatted flaxseed flour supplementation on obesity-related traits in Chinese overweight and obese adults: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2023; 105:111870. [PMID: 36368262 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Effects of dietary fiber on obesity-related traits in previous studies were inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to explore whether variants in genes related to satiety and appetite can modulate the effect of dietary fiber on obesity-related traits. Fifty-one overweight or obese adults were randomly allocated to two groups to consume control biscuits (n = 24) or biscuits containing defatted flaxseed flour (n = 27) at breakfast for 8 wk. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to satiety and appetite were genotyped: rs11076023 on the FTO gene, rs16147 on the NPY gene, rs155971 on the PCSK1 gene, and rs6265 on the BDNF gene. A linear regression model was used to evaluate the gene-diet interaction between obesity-related traits. Compared with control biscuits, defatted flaxseed-flour biscuits significantly reduced body weight (P = 0.001) and body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.001) in A-allele carriers (AA + AT) of rs11076023 on the FTO gene but not in non-carriers (TT) (P for the interaction = 0.005 and 0.006) and decreased fasting serum glucose in participants with CC genotype (P = 0.019) but had less effect in T-allele carriers (TT + TC) (P = 0.021) of rs16147 on the NPY gene (P for the interaction = 0.002). Compared with the control biscuits, defatted flaxseed flour significantly reduced body weight (P < 0.001) in T-allele carriers (TT + TC) of rs155971 on the PCSK1 gene but not in non-carriers (CC) (P for the interaction = 0.041) and reduced body weight (P = 0.001) and BMI (P < 0.001) in A-allele carriers (AA + AG) of rs6265 on the BDNF gene but not non-carriers (GG) (P for the interaction = 0.017 and 0.018). Variants of genes related to satiety and appetite could modulate the effect of defatted flaxseed flour on obesity-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Kuang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kelei Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianfeng Shao
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Zago VHS, Scherrer DZ, Parra ES, Vieira IC, Marson FAL, de Faria EC. Effects of SNVs in ABCA1, ABCG1, ABCG5, ABCG8, and SCARB1 Genes on Plasma Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Adiposity Markers in a Brazilian Population. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:822-841. [PMID: 34505223 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several proteins are involved in cholesterol homeostasis, as scavenger receptor class B type I and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters including ABCA1, ABCG1, ABCG5, and ABCG8. This study aimed to determine the effects of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) rs2275543 (ABCA1), rs1893590 (ABCG1), rs6720173 (ABCG5), rs6544718 (ABCG8), and rs5888 (SCARB1) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and adiposity markers in an asymptomatic population and its sex-specific effects. Volunteers (n = 590) were selected and plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and adiposity markers (waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratios, lipid accumulation product and body adiposity index) were measured. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells according to the method adapted from Gross-Bellard. SNVs were detected in the TaqMan® OpenArray® Real-Time polymerase chain reaction platform and data analyses were performed using the TaqMan® Genotyper Software. The rs2275543*C point to an increase of high-density lipoprotein size in females while in males very-low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triglycerides were statistically lower (P value < 0.05). The rs1893590*C was statistically associated with lower apolipoprotein A-I levels and higher activities of paraoxonase-1 and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (P value < 0.05). The rs6720173 was statistically associated with an increase in cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in males; moreover, rs6544718*T reduced adiposity markers in females (P value < 0.05). Regarding the rs5888, a decreased adiposity marker in the total population and in females occurred (P value < 0.05). Multivariate analysis of variance showed that SNVs could influence components of high-density lipoprotein metabolism, mainly through ABCG1 (P value < 0.05). The ABCA1 and ABCG5 variants showed sex-specific effects on lipids and lipoproteins, while SCARB1 and ABCG8 variants might influence adiposity markers in females. Our data indicate a possible role of ABCG1 on HDL metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Helena Souza Zago
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Daniel Zanetti Scherrer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Eliane Soler Parra
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Isabela Calanca Vieira
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Lima Marson
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-971, Brazil. .,Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-971, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics and Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil.
| | - Eliana Cotta de Faria
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-971, Brazil.
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Luo Z, Lu Z, Muhammad I, Chen Y, Chen Q, Zhang J, Song Y. Associations of the MTHFR rs1801133 polymorphism with coronary artery disease and lipid levels: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:191. [PMID: 30115070 PMCID: PMC6097444 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) rs1801133 polymorphism with coronary artery disease (CAD) and plasma lipid levels have been widely investigated, but the results were inconsistent and inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify the relationships of the rs1801133 polymorphism with CAD and plasma lipid levels. METHODS By searching in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, VIP and CNKI databases, 123 studies (87,020 subjects) and 65 studies (85,554 subjects) were identified for the CAD association analysis and the lipid association analysis, respectively. Odds ratio (OR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) were used to determine the effects of the rs1801133 polymorphism on CAD risk and lipid levels, respectively. RESULTS The variant T allele of the rs1801133 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of CAD under allelic model [OR = 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-1.17, P < 0.01], additive model (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.14-1.37, P < 0.01), dominant model (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.04-1.17, P < 0.01), and recessive model (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.12-1.32, P < 0.01). The T carriers had higher levels of total cholesterol (TC) (SMD = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.01-0.07, P = 0.02) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (SMD = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.01-0.12, P = 0.01) than the non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis suggested that the T allele of the rs1801133 polymorphism is a risk factor for CAD, which is possibly and partly mediated by abnormal lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Irfan Muhammad
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyan Song
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China.
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Wang X, He J, Guo H, Mu L, Hu Y, Ma J, Yan Y, Ma R, Li S, Ding Y, Zhang M, Niu Q, Liu J, Zhang J, Guo S. Interactions of six SNPs in APOA1 gene and types of obesity on low HDL-C disease in Xinjiang pastoral area of China. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:187. [PMID: 28969676 PMCID: PMC5625605 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate association between six single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in APOA1 gene and types of obesity with the risk of low level HDL-C in the pastoral area of northwest China. METHODS A total of 1267 individuals including 424 patients with low HDL-C disease and 843 health subjects were analyzed based on matched for age, sex. SNPShot technique was used to detect the genotypes of rs670, rs5069, rs5072, rs7116797, rs2070665 and rs1799837 in APOA1 gene. The relationship between above six SNPs and types of obesity with low HDL-C disease was analyzed by binary logistic regression. RESULTS Carriers with rs670 G allele were more likely to get low HDL-C disease (OR = 1.46, OR95%CI: 1.118-1.915; P = 0.005); The genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs5069, rs5072, rs7116797, rs2070665, rs1799837 revealed no significant differences between cases and controls (P < 0.05); with reference to normal weight, Waist circumference (WC), Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) individuals, respectively, general obesity measured by BMI had 2.686 times (OR95%CI: 1.695-4.256; P < 0.01), abdominal obesity measured by WC had 1.925 times (OR95%CI: 1.273-2.910; P = 0.002) and abdominal obesity measured by WHR had 1.640 times (OR95%CI: 1.114-2.416; P = 0.012) risk to get low HDL-C disease; APOA1 rs670 interacted with obesity (no matter general obesity or abdominal obesity) on low HDL-C disease. CONCLUSIONS APOA1 gene may be associated with low HDL-C disease in the pastoral area of northwest China; obesity was the risk factor for low HDL-C disease; the low HDL-C disease is influenced by APOA1, obesity, and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Wang
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Heng Guo
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Lati Mu
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Yunhua Hu
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Jiaolong Ma
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Yizhong Yan
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Rulin Ma
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Shugang Li
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Yusong Ding
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Qiang Niu
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Shuxia Guo
- Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000 China
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An C, Zhang K, Su X. SLC12A3 variants modulate LDL cholesterol levels in the Mongolian population. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:29. [PMID: 28166833 PMCID: PMC5294767 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormalities in lipid metabolism are crucial factors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Variants of many genes have been verified to confer risk for lipid metabolism abnormalities. However, the relationship between genetic variants of the NCC-encoding SLC12A3 gene and lipid metabolism in the Mongolian population remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the effects of SLC12A3 variants on Mongolian lipid metabolism, including total cholesterol (TCHO), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). Methods A randomly selected population of Mongolians (n = 331) from China underwent clinical testing. An ANOVA test, Kruskal-Wallis H test (K-W test) and haplotype analysis were used to evaluate the association between the levels of lipids (TCHO, TG, LDL-c, and HDL-c) and polymorphisms in SLC12A3 loci. Results We identified three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs5803, rs2010501 and rs711746 in the SLC12A3 gene that were significantly associated with an individual’s serum LDL-c level. Haplotypes combining these SNPs also showed the same trend (all p values < 0.01). Furthermore, the influence of SLC12A3 genetic polymorphisms on differences in individual serum LDL-c levels remained significant, even after we controlled gender, and demographic and other non-genetic factors. Conclusion These results suggest that variants of the SLC12A3 gene confer susceptibility to the abnormal serum LDL-c level in the Mongolian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyan An
- Clinical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Kejin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiulan Su
- Clinical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Aung LHH, Yin RX, Wu DF, Wang W, Wu JZ, Liu CW. Sex-specific association of the zinc finger protein 259 rs2075290 polymorphism and serum lipid levels. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:471-8. [PMID: 24688311 PMCID: PMC3970100 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the association of ZNF259 rs2075290 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and serum lipid levels in the Chinese population. This study aimed to detect the association of ZNF259 rs2075290 SNP and environmental factors with serum lipid levels between males and females in the Mulao and Han populations. METHODS AND RESULTS Genotyping of ZNF259 rs2075290 SNP was performed in 788 of Mulao and 778 of Han participants using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The genotype frequencies were significantly different between Mulao and Han populations (AA, 50.1% Vs 58.9%; AG, 42.3% Vs 35.7%; GG, 7.6% Vs 5.4%, P = 0.002) and between Han males and females (AA, 64.5% Vs 55.2%; AG, 28.3% Vs 40.6%; GG, 7.2% Vs 4.2%, P = 0.001). Serum levels of triglyceride (TG) in Mulao males, and total cholesterol (TC), TG and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in Mulao females were different between the AA and AG/GG genotypes (P < 0.05-0.001). Serum TC, LDL-C and apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 levels in Han males, and TG and ApoB levels and ApoA1/ApoB ratio in Han females were different between the AA and AG/GG genotypes (P < 0.05-0.001). An interaction between ZNF259 rs2075290 polymorphism and male gender on serum TC, LDL-C, and ApoA1 levels was noted in Han population (P < 0.05-0.01) but not in Mulao's. CONCLUSIONS The subjects with AG/GG genotype in Mulao males and females and Han females have less favorable lipid profiles than those with AA genotype. In contrast, the subjects with AG/GG genotype in Han males have more favorable lipid profiles than those with AA genotype. These findings suggest that the association between ZNF259 rs2075290 SNP and serum lipid levels might have ethnic- and/or sex-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Htet Htet Aung
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xing Yin
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Feng Wu
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Zhen Wu
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wu Liu
- 2. Department of Pathophysiology, School of Premedical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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