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Farid MM, Ibrahim FM, Ragheb AY, Mohammed RS, Hegazi NM, Shabrawy MOEL, Kawashty SA, Marzouk MM. Comprehensive Phytochemical Characterization of Raphanus raphanistrum L.: In Vitro Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Evaluation. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Lee JG, Lim S, Kim J, Lee EJ. The mechanism of deterioration of the glucosinolate-myrosynase system in radish roots during cold storage after harvest. Food Chem 2017; 233:60-68. [PMID: 28530612 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of glucosinolates (GSLs) by myrosinase yields varieties of degradation products including isothiocyanates (ITCs). This process is controlled by the glucosinolate-myrosinase (G-M) system. The major ITCs in radish roots are raphasatin and sulforaphene (SFE), and the levels of these compounds decrease during storage after harvest. We investigated the G-M system to understand the mechanism behind the decrease in the ITCs in radish roots. Six varieties of radish roots were stored for 8weeks at 0-1.5°C. The concentrations of GSLs (glucoraphasatin and glucoraphenin) were maintained at harvest levels without significant changes during the storage period. However, SFE concentration and myrosinase activity remarkably decreased for 8weeks. Pearson correlation analysis between ITCs, GSLs, and myrosinase activity showed that a decrease of SFE during storage had a positive correlation with a decrease in myrosinase activity, which resulted from a decrease of ascorbic acid but also a decrease of myrosinase activity-related gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Gu Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeon Lim
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkee Kim
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.
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Park CH, Baskar TB, Park SY, Kim SJ, Valan Arasu M, Al-Dhabi NA, Kim JK, Park SU. Metabolic Profiling and Antioxidant Assay of Metabolites from Three Radish Cultivars (Raphanus sativus). Molecules 2016; 21:157. [PMID: 26828471 PMCID: PMC6273575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 13 anthocyanins and 33 metabolites; including organic acids, phenolic acids, amino acids, organic compounds, sugar acids, sugar alcohols, and sugars, were profiled in three radish cultivars by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS)-based metabolite profiling. Total phenolics and flavonoids and their in vitro antioxidant activities were assessed. Pelargonidins were found to be the major anthocyanin in the cultivars studied. The cultivar Man Tang Hong showed the highest level of anthocyanins (1.89 ± 0.07 mg/g), phenolics (0.0664 ± 0.0033 mg/g) and flavonoids (0.0096 ± 0.0004 mg/g). Here; the variation of secondary metabolites in the radishes is described, as well as their association with primary metabolites. The low-molecular-weight hydrophilic metabolite profiles were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), Pearson’s correlation analysis. PCA fully distinguished the three radish cultivars tested. The polar metabolites were strongly correlated between metabolites that participate in the TCA cycle. The chemometrics results revealed that TCA cycle intermediates and free phenolic acids as well as anthocyanins were higher in the cultivar Man Tang Hong than in the others. Furthermore; superoxide radical scavenging activities and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging were investigated to elucidate the antioxidant activity of secondary metabolites in the cultivars. Man Tang Hong showed the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity (68.87%) at 1000 μg/mL, and DPPH activity (20.78%), followed by Seo Ho and then Hong Feng No. 1. The results demonstrate that GC-TOFMS-based metabolite profiling, integrated with chemometrics, is an applicable method for distinguishing phenotypic variation and determining biochemical reactions connecting primary and secondary metabolism. Therefore; this study might provide information on the relationship between primary and secondary metabolites and a synergistic antioxidant ability derived from the secondary metabolites in the radish cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ha Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Thanislas Bastin Baskar
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Soo-Yun Park
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 565-851, Korea.
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Korea.
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
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Li J, Xie B, Yan S, Li H, Wang Q. Extraction and determination of 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate in Chinese radish (Raphanus sativus L.) roots. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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ben Salah-Abbès J, Abbès S, Zohra H, Oueslati R. Tunisian radish (Raphanus sativus) extract prevents cadmium-induced immunotoxic and biochemical alterations in rats. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:40-7. [PMID: 24524755 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.880534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a known carcinogen and potent immunotoxicant in humans and animals, is dispersed throughout the environment as a result of pollution from a variety of sources. Tunisian radish (Raphanus sativus) extract (TRE) is a known anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger that has been shown to help alleviate immune system disorders, including some induced by environmental toxicants. The present study was undertaken to investigate potential protective effects of TRE against Cd-induced immunotoxicities (and general toxicities) in situ. Cadmium chloride (at 2.5 mg CdCl2/kg BW) and TRE (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg BW) were given (alone or in combination [actually, in sequence of Cd and then TRE]) to rats daily by oral gavage for 2 weeks. Results indicated that treatment with CdCl2 alone resulted in significant decreases in plasma levels of total protein, triglycerides, creatine kinase, creatinine, IgG and IgA, T-lymphocyte sub-types (CD4(+), CD3(+), CD56(+), and CD8(+)), and in thymic and hepatic indices (relative weights). In contrast, CdCl2 treatment caused significant increases in serum LDH, AST, and ALT, in the formation/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and TNFα), and in the relative weights of host spleen and kidneys. Rats treated with TRE alone had no discernable changes compared to the controls with regard to all test parameters. Combined treatment of CdCl2 and TRE-at any dose-resulted in a significant improvement of all test parameters compared to those seen with Cd alone. These results illustrated (and provided further support for a continuing belief in) the beneficial effects of TRE in reducing the harmful outcomes of commonly encountered toxicants (like Cd) on the immune system and on overall host health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalila ben Salah-Abbès
- Unit of Immunology, Environmental Microbiology and Cancerology, University of Carthage , Tunis , Tunisia
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Lee SW, Yang KM, Kim JK, Nam BH, Lee CM, Jeong MH, Seo SY, Kim GY, Jo WS. Effects of White Radish (Raphanus sativus) Enzyme Extract on Hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Res 2012; 28:165-72. [PMID: 24278606 PMCID: PMC3834419 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2012.28.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Raphanus sativus (Cruciferaceae), commonly known as radish is widely available throughout the world. From antiquity it has been used in folk medicine as a natural drug against many toxicants. The present study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of radish (Raphanus sativus) enzyme extract (REE) in vitro and in vivo test. The IC50 values of REE in human liver derived HepG2 cells was over 5,000 μg/ml in tested maximum concentration. The effect of REE to protect tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. REE showed their hepatoprotective activities on tacrineinduced cytotoxicity and the EC50 value was 1,250 μg/ml. Silymarin, an antihepatotoxic agent used as a positive control exhibited 59.7% hepatoprotective activitiy at 100 μg/ml. Moreover, we tested the effect of REE on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in rats. REE at dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg and silymarin at dose of 50 mg/kg were orally administered to CCl4-treated rats. The results showed that REE and silymarin significantly reduced the elevated levels of serum enzyme markers induced by CCl4. The biochemical data were supported by evaluation with liver histopathology. These findings suggest that REE, can significantly diminish hepatic damage by toxic agent such as tacrine or CCl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wha Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Korea
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Salah-Abbès JB, Abbès S, Houas Z, Abdel-Wahhab MA, Oueslati R. Zearalenone induces immunotoxicity in mice: possible protective effects of radish extract (Raphanus sativus). J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:761-70. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.6.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus) has been extensively studied for its preventive effects against different degenerative diseases. Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp and is frequently implicated in immunological disorders and occasionally in hyperoestrogenic syndromes contributing to the increased risk of cancer and other diseases. The aims of this study were, firstly, to quantitatively evaluate the Tunisian radish extract (TRE) for its total flavonoids, isothiocyanates and antioxidant activity and, secondly, to investigate the protective role of TRE against immune system disorders in Balb/c mice treated with ZEN for two weeks. The results indicated that mice treated with ZEN (40 mg kg−1) alone showed a significant decrease in lymphocytes of the total white blood cells, immunoglobulin profile (IgG and IgM), B cells, T-cell sub-types (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+) and natural killer and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mice treated with TRE (5, 10 or 15 mg kg−1) for 7 days before, during or after ZEN treatment, however, showed a significant improvement in lymphocyte, immunoglobulin profile, T-cell sub-types, B cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, treatment with the highest dose of TRE (15 mgkg−1) enhanced the release of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β but the other parameters were comparable with those of the control. It could be concluded that TRE was effective in protecting against ZEN-induced immunological disorders. These results supported our hypothesis that TRE contains several compounds that are able to prevent or inhibit ZEN toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Environmental Immunology, Microbiology and Cancerology, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Environmental Immunology, Microbiology and Cancerology, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Zohra Houas
- Laboratory of Histology, Cytology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Ridha Oueslati
- Laboratory of Environmental Immunology, Microbiology and Cancerology, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
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Salah-Abbès JB, Abbès S, Ouanes Z, Houas Z, Abdel-Wahhab MA, Bacha H, Oueslati R. Tunisian radish extract (Raphanus sativus) enhances the antioxidant status and protects against oxidative stress induced by zearalenone in Balb/c mice. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 28:6-14. [PMID: 17385802 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a food plant known worldwide. From antiquity it has been used in folk medicine as a natural drug against many toxicants. Zearalenone (zen) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin present in corn and food mixture for farm animals and it is hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic and genotoxic. The objectives of the present study were to assess the biological activity of radish extract and to evaluate the protective role of radish extract against the toxicity of zen in female Balb/c mice. Animals were divided into seven groups and treated orally for 10 days as follows: a control, an olive oil group, groups treated with radish extract alone (5, 10 and 15 mg kg(-1) b.w.), a group treated with zen (40 mg kg(-1) b.w.) and a group treated with zen plus the lowest dose of radish extract. The results indicate that radish extract improved the antioxidant status and had no significant effects on hematological and biochemical parameters tested or histology of the liver and kidney. Treatment with zen results in a significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP, BILT, BILD, CRE accompanied with significant changes in most of hematological parameters and the antioxidant enzyme activities, co-treatment of zen and the radish extract results in a significant reestablishment of hematological, serum biochemical parameters, and the histology of the liver and kidney. These findings suggest that radish extract is safe and can be overcome or, at least, significantly diminish zen effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Environmental Immunology, Microbiology and Cancerology, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte-7021-Zarzouna, Tunisia.
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Suh SJ, Moon SK, Kim CH. Raphanus sativus and its isothiocyanates inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and induce G1 cell cycle arrest. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:854-61. [PMID: 16546717 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mu (Raphanus sativus, Korean White Radish) crude extract (Mu-CE) has been studied for its anti-proliferative activity on mouse aortic smooth muscle cells. The abnormal growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is a prominent feature of vascular disease, including atherosclerosis, restenosis after angioplasty. We examined the mechanisms of the action of Mu-CE on VSMC proliferation. The viability of VSMC decreased to 35% at 24 h of treatment with Mu-CE. Treatment of Mu-CE showed potent inhibitory effects on the DNA synthesis of cultured VSMC. In addition, Mu-CE induced apoptosis using cell death ELISA assay. These inhibitory effects were associated with G1 cell cycle arrest. Treatment of Mu-CE, which induced a cell-cycle arrest in G1-phase, induced down-regulation of cyclins and CDKs and up-regulation of the CDK inhibitor p21 expression, whereas up-regulation of p27 by Mu-CE was not observed. Then, total isothiocyanates (ITC) including four different 4-(Methylthio)-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (MTBITC), allyl isothiocayanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) was isolated from n-hexane extracts of Mu. When the VSMC were treated with ITC, the cell viability was significantly decreased. These findings indicate the efficacy of Mu-CE in inhibiting cell proliferation, G1- to S-phase cell-cycle progress on VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jong Suh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dongguk University College of Oriental Medicine and National Research Laboratory for Glycobiology, Sukjang-Dong 707, Kyungju, Kyungbuk 780-714, South Korea
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