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Yang Q, Lin W, Xu J, Guo N, Zhao J, Wang G, Wang Y, Chu J, Wang G. Changes in Oxygen Availability during Glucose-Limited Chemostat Cultivations of Penicillium chrysogenum Lead to Rapid Metabolite, Flux and Productivity Responses. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010045. [PMID: 35050169 PMCID: PMC8780904 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioreactor scale-up from the laboratory scale to the industrial scale has always been a pivotal step in bioprocess development. However, the transition of a bioeconomy from innovation to commercialization is often hampered by performance loss in titer, rate and yield. These are often ascribed to temporal variations of substrate and dissolved oxygen (for instance) in the environment, experienced by microorganisms at the industrial scale. Oscillations in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration are not uncommon. Furthermore, these fluctuations can be exacerbated with poor mixing and mass transfer limitations, especially in fermentations with filamentous fungus as the microbial cell factory. In this work, the response of glucose-limited chemostat cultures of an industrial Penicillium chrysogenum strain to different dissolved oxygen levels was assessed under both DO shift-down (60% → 20%, 10% and 5%) and DO ramp-down (60% → 0% in 24 h) conditions. Collectively, the results revealed that the penicillin productivity decreased as the DO level dropped down below 20%, while the byproducts, e.g., 6-oxopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid (OPC) and 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6APA), accumulated. Following DO ramp-down, penicillin productivity under DO shift-up experiments returned to its maximum value in 60 h when the DO was reset to 60%. The result showed that a higher cytosolic redox status, indicated by NADH/NAD+, was observed in the presence of insufficient oxygen supply. Consistent with this, flux balance analysis indicated that the flux through the glyoxylate shunt was increased by a factor of 50 at a DO value of 5% compared to the reference control, favoring the maintenance of redox status. Interestingly, it was observed that, in comparison with the reference control, the penicillin productivity was reduced by 25% at a DO value of 5% under steady state conditions. Only a 14% reduction in penicillin productivity was observed as the DO level was ramped down to 0. Furthermore, intracellular levels of amino acids were less sensitive to DO levels at DO shift-down relative to DO ramp-down conditions; this difference could be caused by different timescales between turnover rates of amino acid pools (tens of seconds to minutes) and DO switches (hours to days at steady state and minutes to hours at ramp-down). In summary, this study showed that changes in oxygen availability can lead to rapid metabolite, flux and productivity responses, and dynamic DO perturbations could provide insight into understanding of metabolic responses in large-scale bioreactors.
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Jin G, Zhu Y, Rinzema A, Wijffels RH, Ge X, Xu Y. Water dynamics during solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus oryzae YH6. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 277:68-76. [PMID: 30658338 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water is crucial for microbial growth, heat transfer and substrate hydrolysis, and dynamically changes with time in solid-state fermentation. However, water dynamics in the solid substrate is difficult to define and measure. Here, nuclear magnetic resonance was used to monitor water dynamics during the pure culture of Aspergillus oryzae YH6 on wheat in a model system to mimic solid starter (Qu or Koji) preparation. During fermentation, overall water content gradually decreased from 0.84 to 0.36 g/g, and water activity decreased from 0.99 to 0.93. Water content in different state (bound, immobilized and free) changed differently and all moved to more "bound" direction. The internal water distribution over the substrate matrix also showed a faster reduction inward both in the radical and axial direction. Our findings provide the prerequisites for optimal processes where water dynamics in solid-state fermentation can be monitored and controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Zhu
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Rinzema
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Nord University, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, N-8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - Xiangyang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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He Q, Chen HZ. Comparative study on occurrence characteristics of matrix water in static and gas double-dynamic solid-state fermentations using low-field NMR and MRI. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:9115-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Solid state fermentation of waste bread pieces by Aspergillus awamori: Analysing the effects of airflow rate on enzyme production in packed bed bioreactors. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Osmolovskiy AA, Baranova NA, Kreier VG, Kurakov AV, Egorov NS. Solid-state and membrane-surface liquid cultures of micromycetes: Specific features of their development and enzyme production (a Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683814030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chen HZ, Zhao ZM, Li HQ. The effect of gas double-dynamic on mass distribution in solid-state fermentation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 58-59:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lee CC, Wintermark M, Xu Z, Yen CP, Schlesinger D, Sheehan JP. Application of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to predict the intracranial metastatic tumor response to gamma knife radiosurgery. J Neurooncol 2014; 118:351-361. [PMID: 24760414 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) on intracranial metastases with diffusion-weighted imaging/apparent diffusion coefficient maps. A total of 107 patients with 144 metastases larger than 1 cm in diameter were retrospectively reviewed. We calculated the DWI(Tumor/white matter) ratios (DWI(T/WM) ratio) between the metastases and the normal, contralateral frontal white matter at each time point. We also recorded the ADC values for metastases (ADCT values). The DWI(T/WM) ratio and ADCT values were assessed for correlation with the patients' tumor response, brain edema, and survival. A decrease in DWI(T/WM) ratios was seen in the controlled metastases, and an increase in the DWI(T/WM) ratio were seen in the metastases with poor tumor control. On the other hand, an increase in ADCT values was seen in the controlled metastases, and a decrease in ADCT values was seen in the metastases with poor control. The differences were significant (p value: 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). Sensitivity of a decrease in the DWI(T/WM) ratio to make an early prediction of tumor control was 83.9%, and specificity was 88.5%. When using the initial ADCT values of metastases to predict tumor response, sensitivity and specificity were 85.5 and 72.7%, respectively. DWI/ADC is a practical method for studying the efficacy of SRS and predicting early metastases response progression. A decrease signal on DWI and increased ADC values are indicators of good tumor control, and reflect the beneficial effect of SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Max Wintermark
- Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Chun-Po Yen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David Schlesinger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Departments of Radiation Oncology, Neurological Surgery, and Neuroscience, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800212, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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Meeuwse P, Klok AJ, Haemers S, Tramper J, Rinzema A. Growth and lipid production of Umbelopsis isabellina on a solid substrate—Mechanistic modeling and validation. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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van den Doel LR, Mohoric A, Vergeldt FJ, van Duynhoven J, Blonk H, van Dalen G, van As H, van Vliet LJ. Mathematical modeling of water uptake through diffusion in 3D inhomogeneous swelling substrates. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Potential of biofilm-based biofuel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83:1-18. [PMID: 19300995 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm technology has been extensively applied to wastewater treatment, but its potential application in biofuel production has not been explored. Current technologies of converting lignocellulose materials to biofuel are hampered by costly processing steps in pretreatment, saccharification, and product recovery. Biofilms may have a potential to improve efficiency of these processes. Advantages of biofilms include concentration of cell-associated hydrolytic enzymes at the biofilm-substrate interface to increase reaction rates, a layered microbial structure in which multiple species may sequentially convert complex substrates and coferment hexose and pentose as hydrolysates diffuse outward, and the possibility of fungal-bacterial symbioses that allow simultaneous delignification and saccharification. More importantly, the confined microenvironment within a biofilm selectively rewards cells with better phenotypes conferred from intercellular gene or signal exchange, a process which is absent in suspended cultures. The immobilized property of biofilm, especially when affixed to a membrane, simplifies the separation of biofuel from its producer and promotes retention of biomass for continued reaction in the fermenter. Highly consolidated bioprocessing, including delignification, saccharification, fermentation, and separation in a single reactor, may be possible through the application of biofilm technology. To date, solid-state fermentation is the only biofuel process to which the advantages of biofilms have been applied, even though it has received limited attention and improvements. The transfer of biofilm technology from environmental engineering has the potential to spur great innovations in the optimization of biofuel production.
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Filamentous fungi for production of food additives and processing aids. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008. [PMID: 18253709 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are metabolically versatile organisms with a very wide distribution in nature. They exist in association with other species, e.g. as lichens or mycorrhiza, as pathogens of animals and plants or as free-living species. Many are regarded as nature's primary degraders because they secrete a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes that degrade waste organic materials. Many species produce secondary metabolites such as polyketides or peptides and an increasing range of fungal species is exploited commercially as sources of enzymes and metabolites for food or pharmaceutical applications. The recent availability of fungal genome sequences has provided a major opportunity to explore and further exploit fungi as sources of enzymes and metabolites. In this review chapter we focus on the use of fungi in the production of food additives but take a largely pre-genomic, albeit a mainly molecular, view of the topic.
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Treviňo L, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Rodríguez-Herrera R, Aguilar CN. Effects of polyurethane matrices on fungal tannase and gallic acid production under solid state culture. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2007; 8:771-6. [PMID: 17910122 PMCID: PMC1997233 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2007.b0771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the physical structure of polyurethane matrix as a support in a solid state culture in tannase production and gallic acid accumulation by Aspergillus niger Aa-20 was evaluated. Three different polyurethane matrices were used as the support: continuous, semi-discontinuous and discontinuous. The highest tannase production at 2479.59 U/L during the first 12 h of culture was obtained using the discontinuous matrix. The gallic acid was accumulated at 7.64 g/L at the discontinuous matrix. The results show that the discontinuous matrix of polyurethane is better for tannase production and gallic acid accumulation in a solid state culture bioprocess than the continuous and semi-discontinuous matrices.
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Rahardjo YSP, Tramper J, Rinzema A. Modeling conversion and transport phenomena in solid-state fermentation: A review and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2006; 24:161-79. [PMID: 16263234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is accompanied inevitably by development of concentration and temperature gradients within the substrate particles and microbial biofilms. These gradients are needed for driving the transport of substrates and products. In addition, concentration gradients have been suggested to be crucial for obtaining the characteristics that define the products of SSF; nevertheless, gradients are also known to result in reduced productivity and unwanted side reactions. Solid-state fermentations are generally batch processes and this further complicates their understanding as conditions change with time. Mathematical models are therefore needed for improving the understanding of SSF processes and allowing their manipulation to achieve the desired outcomes. Existing models of SSF processes describe coupled substrate conversion and diffusion and the consequent microbial growth. Existing models disregard many of the significant phenomena that are known to influence SSF. As a result, available models cannot explain the generation of the numerous products that form during any SSF process and the outcome of the process in terms of the characteristics of the final product. This review critically evaluates the proposed models and their experimental validation. In addition, important issues that need to be resolved for improved modeling of SSF are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovita S P Rahardjo
- Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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A review of recent developments in modeling of microbial growth kinetics and intraparticle phenomena in solid-state fermentation. Biochem Eng J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1369-703x(03)00120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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