1
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Zeng Z, Jang J, Shurson G, Thakral S, Urriola P. Ammonia fiber expansion increases in vitro digestibility and fermentability of corn distillers dried grains with solubles with or without carbohydrases. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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2
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Nagle NJ, Donohoe BS, Wolfrum EJ, Kuhn EM, Haas TJ, Ray AE, Wendt LM, Delwiche ME, Weiss ND, Radtke C. Chemical and Structural Changes in Corn Stover After Ensiling: Influence on Bioconversion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:739. [PMID: 32923429 PMCID: PMC7457055 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of biofuels, bioproducts, and bioenergy requires a well-characterized, stable, and reasonably uniform biomass supply and well-established supply chains for shipping biomass from farm fields to biorefineries, while achieving year-round production targets. Preserving and stabilizing biomass feedstock during storage is a necessity for cost-effective and sustainable biofuel production. Ensiling is a common storage method used to preserve and even improve forage quality; however, the impact of ensiling on biomass physical and chemical properties that influence bioconversion processes has been variable. Our objective in this work was to determine the effects of ensiling on lignocellulosic feedstock physicochemical properties and how that influences bioconversion requirements. We observed statistically significant decreases (p < 0.05) in the content of two major structural carbohydrates (glucan and xylan) of 5 and 8%, respectively, between the ensiled and non-ensiled materials. We were unable to detect differences in sugar yields from structural carbohydrates after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of the ensiled materials compared to non-ensiled controls. Based on this work, we conclude that ensiling the corn stover did not change the bioconversion requirements compared to the control samples and incurred losses of structural carbohydrates. At the light microscopy level, ensiled corn stover exhibited little structural change or relocation of cell wall components as detected by immunocytochemistry. However, more subtle structural changes were revealed by electron microscopy, as ensiled cell walls exhibit ultrastructural characteristics such as wall delimitation intermediate between non-ensiled and dilute-acid-pretreated cell walls. These findings suggest that alternative methods of conversion, such as deacetylation and mechanical refining, could take advantage of lamellar defects and may be more effective than dilute acid or hot water pretreatment for biomass conversion of ensiled materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Nagle
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Bryon S Donohoe
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | | | - Erik M Kuhn
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Thomas J Haas
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Allison E Ray
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, United States
| | - Lynn M Wendt
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, United States
| | | | - Noah D Weiss
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Jakes JE, Zelinka SL, Hunt CG, Ciesielski P, Frihart CR, Yelle D, Passarini L, Gleber SC, Vine D, Vogt S. Measurement of moisture-dependent ion diffusion constants in wood cell wall layers using time-lapse micro X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9919. [PMID: 32555373 PMCID: PMC7303177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our future bioeconomy depends on increased utilization of renewable lignocellulosic biomass. Controlling the diffusion of chemicals, such as inorganic ions, within secondary plant cell walls is central to many biomass applications. However, insufficient understanding of intra-cell-wall diffusion within secondary plant cell walls is hindering the advancement of many lignocellulosic biomass applications. In this work, X-ray fluorescence microscopy was used to measure diffusion constants of K+, Cu2+, and Cl− diffusing through loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) cell wall layers under 70%, 75%, or 80% relative humidity (RH). Results revealed that diffusion constants increased with RH, the larger Cu2+ diffused more slowly than the K+, and the Cl− diffusion constant was the same as that for the counter cation, indicating cations and anions diffused together to maintain charge neutrality. Comparison with electrical conductivity measurements showed that conductivity is being controlled by ion mobility over these RH. The results further support that intra-cell-wall diffusion of inorganic ions is a Fickian diffusion process occurring through rubbery amorphous polysaccharides, which contradicts previous assertions that intra-cell-wall diffusion is an aqueous process occurring through water pathways. Researchers can now utilize polymer science approaches to engineer the molecular architecture of lignocellulosic biomass to optimize properties for specific end uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Jakes
- Forest Biopolymers Science and Engineering, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
| | - Samuel L Zelinka
- Building and Fire Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Christopher G Hunt
- Forest Biopolymers Science and Engineering, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Peter Ciesielski
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Pkwy, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Charles R Frihart
- Forest Biopolymers Science and Engineering, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Daniel Yelle
- Forest Biopolymers Science and Engineering, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Leandro Passarini
- Building and Fire Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Sophie-Charlotte Gleber
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - David Vine
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
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Li P, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Zhang X, Pan X, Xu F. Subcellular dissolution of xylan and lignin for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of microwave assisted deep eutectic solvent pretreated Pinus bungeana Zucc. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121475. [PMID: 31132596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis during microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent (Mw-DES) pretreatment in deconstruction of plant cell wall was proposed by combining wet chemical analysis and microscopic measurements. Mw-DES pretreatment achieved significantly higher enzymatic conversion of 81.90% with lower lignin and comparable xylan removal (42.81% and 74.73%, respectively). While DES pretreated sample with higher lignin and xylan removal (66.59% and 74.93%, respectively) obtained limited sugar yield (45.67%). There were no significant differences with respect to chemical structures of lignin fraction between DES and Mw-DES pretreatment but primary discrepancies of topochemical and morphological changes were observed. Non- or low-substituted xylan was directly removed from secondary walls (SW) exposed more cellulose for enzyme attacking after Mw-DES pretreatment. Meanwhile, high-substituted xylan and lignin were synergistically dissolved from cell corner middle lamella (CCML). These topochemical changes of components resulted in cracked and porous cell wall structure, thus facilitating the accessibility of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qilin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueming Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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5
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Action of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase on plant tissue is governed by cellular type. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17792. [PMID: 29259205 PMCID: PMC5736606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass bioconversion is hampered by the structural and chemical complexity of the network created by cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Biological conversion of lignocellulose involves synergistic action of a large array of enzymes including the recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) that perform oxidative cleavage of cellulose. Using in situ imaging by synchrotron UV fluorescence, we have shown that the addition of AA9 LPMO (from Podospora anserina) to cellulases cocktail improves the progression of enzymes in delignified Miscanthus x giganteus as observed at tissular levels. In situ chemical monitoring of cell wall modifications performed by synchrotron infrared spectroscopy during enzymatic hydrolysis demonstrated that the boosting effect of the AA9 LPMO was dependent on the cellular type indicating contrasted recalcitrance levels in plant tissues. Our study provides a useful strategy for investigating enzyme dynamics and activity in plant cell wall to improve enzymatic cocktails aimed at expanding lignocelluloses biorefinery.
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6
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The Multi Domain Caldicellulosiruptor bescii CelA Cellulase Excels at the Hydrolysis of Crystalline Cellulose. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9622. [PMID: 28851921 PMCID: PMC5575103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystalline nature of cellulose microfibrils is one of the key factors influencing biomass recalcitrance which is a key technical and economic barrier to overcome to make cellulosic biofuels a commercial reality. To date, all known fungal enzymes tested have great difficulty degrading highly crystalline cellulosic substrates. We have demonstrated that the CelA cellulase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii degrades highly crystalline cellulose as well as low crystallinity substrates making it the only known cellulase to function well on highly crystalline cellulose. Unlike the secretomes of cellulolytic fungi, which typically comprise multiple, single catalytic domain enzymes for biomass degradation, some bacterial systems employ an alternative strategy that utilizes multi-catalytic domain cellulases. Additionally, CelA is extremely thermostable and highly active at elevated temperatures, unlike commercial fungal cellulases. Furthermore we have determined that the factors negatively affecting digestion of lignocellulosic materials by C. bescii enzyme cocktails containing CelA appear to be significantly different from the performance barriers affecting fungal cellulases. Here, we explore the activity and degradation mechanism of CelA on a variety of pretreated substrates to better understand how the different bulk components of biomass, such as xylan and lignin, impact its performance.
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7
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Paës G, Habrant A, Ossemond J, Chabbert B. Exploring accessibility of pretreated poplar cell walls by measuring dynamics of fluorescent probes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:15. [PMID: 28101142 PMCID: PMC5237506 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lignocellulosic cell wall network is resistant to enzymatic degradation due to the complex chemical and structural features. Pretreatments are thus commonly used to overcome natural recalcitrance of lignocellulose. Characterization of their impact on architecture requires combinatory approaches. However, the accessibility of the lignocellulosic cell walls still needs further insights to provide relevant information. RESULTS Poplar specimens were pretreated using different conditions. Chemical, spectral, microscopic and immunolabeling analysis revealed that poplar cell walls were more altered by sodium chlorite-acetic acid and hydrothermal pretreatments but weakly modified by soaking in aqueous ammonium. In order to evaluate the accessibility of the pretreated poplar samples, two fluorescent probes (rhodamine B-isothiocyanate-dextrans of 20 and 70 kDa) were selected, and their mobility was measured by using the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique in a full factorial experiment. The mobility of the probes was dependent on the pretreatment type, the cell wall localization (secondary cell wall and cell corner middle lamella) and the probe size. Overall, combinatory analysis of pretreated poplar samples showed that even the partial removal of hemicellulose contributed to facilitate the accessibility to the fluorescent probes. On the contrary, nearly complete removal of lignin was detrimental to accessibility due to the possible cellulose-hemicellulose collapse. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of plant cell wall accessibility through FRAP measurement brings further insights into the impact of physicochemical pretreatments on lignocellulosic samples in combination with chemical and histochemical analysis. This technique thus represents a relevant approach to better understand the effect of pretreatments on lignocellulose architecture, while considering different limitations as non-specific interactions and enzyme efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Paës
- FARE laboratory, INRA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Anouck Habrant
- FARE laboratory, INRA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Jordane Ossemond
- FARE laboratory, INRA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- FARE laboratory, INRA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
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8
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Zhu H, Luo W, Ciesielski PN, Fang Z, Zhu JY, Henriksson G, Himmel ME, Hu L. Wood-Derived Materials for Green Electronics, Biological Devices, and Energy Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9305-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Zhu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wei Luo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peter N. Ciesielski
- Biosciences
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Fang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - J. Y. Zhu
- Forest
Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Division
of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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9
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Mathew AK, Parameshwaran B, Sukumaran RK, Pandey A. An evaluation of dilute acid and ammonia fiber explosion pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 199:13-20. [PMID: 26358144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The challenge associated with cellulosic ethanol production is maximizing sugar yield at low cost. Current research is being focused to develop a pretreatment method to overcome biomass recalcitrance in an efficient way. This review is focused on two major pretreatments: dilute acid (DA) and ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) pretreatment of corn stover and how these pretreatment cause morphological and chemical changes to corn stover in order to overcome the biomass recalcitrance. This review highlights the key differences of these two pretreatments based on compositional analysis, cellulose and its crystallinity, morphological changes, structural changes to lignin, enzymatic reactivity and enzyme adsorption onto pretreated solids and finally cellulosic ethanol production from the hydrolysate of DA and AFEX treated corn stover. Each stage of the process, AFEX pretreated corn stover was superior to DA treated corn stover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kuruvilla Mathew
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, India
| | - Binod Parameshwaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Sukumaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, India
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10
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Karimi K, Taherzadeh MJ. A critical review of analytical methods in pretreatment of lignocelluloses: Composition, imaging, and crystallinity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:1008-18. [PMID: 26614225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignocelluloses are widely investigated as renewable substrates to produce biofuels, e.g., ethanol, methane, hydrogen, and butanol, as well as chemicals such as citric acid, lactic acid, and xanthan gum. However, lignocelluloses have a recalcitrance structure to resist microbial and enzymatic attacks; therefore, many physical, thermal, chemical, and biological pretreatment methods have been developed to open up their structure. The efficiency of these pretreatments was studied using a variety of analytical methods that address their image, composition, crystallinity, degree of polymerization, enzyme adsorption/desorption, and accessibility. This paper presents a critical review of the first three categories of these methods as well as their constraints in various applications. The advantages, drawbacks, approaches, practical details, and some points that should be considered in the experimental methods to reach reliable and promising conclusions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keikhosro Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; Industrial Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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11
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Payne CM, Knott BC, Mayes HB, Hansson H, Himmel ME, Sandgren M, Ståhlberg J, Beckham GT. Fungal Cellulases. Chem Rev 2015; 115:1308-448. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Payne
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Center for Computational
Sciences, University of Kentucky, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Brandon C. Knott
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Heather B. Mayes
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Henrik Hansson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Almas allé 5, SE-75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Almas allé 5, SE-75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Almas allé 5, SE-75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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12
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Qin L, Li WC, Zhu JQ, Liang JN, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Ethylenediamine pretreatment changes cellulose allomorph and lignin structure of lignocellulose at ambient pressure. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:174. [PMID: 26516347 PMCID: PMC4625619 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is essential to increase the cellulase accessibility for bioconversion of lignocelluloses by breaking down the biomass recalcitrance. In this work, a novel pretreatment method using ethylenediamine (EDA) was presented as a simple process to achieve high enzymatic digestibility of corn stover (CS) by heating the biomass-EDA mixture with high solid-to-liquid ratio at ambient pressure. The effect of EDA pretreatment on lignocellulose was further studied. RESULTS High enzymatic digestibility of CS was achieved at broad pretreatment temperature range (40-180 °C) during EDA pretreatment. Herein, X-ray diffractogram analysis indicated that cellulose I changed to cellulose III and amorphous cellulose after EDA pretreatment, and cellulose III content increased along with the decrease of drying temperature and the increase of EDA loading. Lignin degradation was also affected by drying temperature and EDA loading. Images from scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope indicated that lignin coalesced and deposited on the biomass surface during EDA pretreatment, which led to the delamination of cell wall. HSQC NMR analysis showed that ester bonds of p-coumarate and ferulate units in lignin were partially ammonolyzed and ether bonds linking the phenolic monomers were broken during pretreatment. In addition, EDA-pretreated CS exhibited good fermentability for simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation process. CONCLUSIONS EDA pretreatment improves the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass significantly, and the improvement was caused by the transformation of cellulose allomorph, lignin degradation and relocalization in EDA pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- />SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chao Li
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- />SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qing Zhu
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- />SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Nan Liang
- />Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- />SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- />SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072 People’s Republic of China
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13
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Hoover AN, Tumuluru JS, Teymouri F, Moore J, Gresham G. Effect of pelleting process variables on physical properties and sugar yields of ammonia fiber expansion pretreated corn stover. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 164:128-135. [PMID: 24844167 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pelletization process variables, including grind size (4, 6mm), die speed (40, 50, 60 Hz), and preheating (none, 70°C), were evaluated to understand their effect on pellet quality attributes and sugar yields of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreated biomass. The bulk density of the pelletized AFEX corn stover was three to six times greater compared to untreated and AFEX-treated corn stover. Also, the durability of the pelletized AFEX corn stover was>97.5% for all pelletization conditions studied except for preheated pellets. Die speed had no effect on enzymatic hydrolysis sugar yields of pellets. Pellets produced with preheating or a larger grind size (6mm) had similar or lower sugar yields. Pellets generated with 4mm AFEX-treated corn stover, a 60Hz die speed, and no preheating resulted in pellets with similar or greater density, durability, and sugar yields compared to other pelletization conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N Hoover
- Idaho National Laboratory, Biofuels and Renewable Energy Technologies, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA.
| | - Jaya Shankar Tumuluru
- Idaho National Laboratory, Biofuels and Renewable Energy Technologies, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA.
| | - Farzaneh Teymouri
- MBI International, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | - Janette Moore
- MBI International, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | - Garold Gresham
- Idaho National Laboratory, Biofuels and Renewable Energy Technologies, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA.
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14
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Bubner P, Plank H, Nidetzky B. Visualizing cellulase activity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1529-49. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Ding SY, Liu YS, Zeng Y, Himmel ME, Baker JO, Bayer EA. How Does Plant Cell Wall Nanoscale Architecture Correlate with Enzymatic Digestibility? Science 2012. [PMID: 23180856 DOI: 10.1126/science.1227491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-You Ding
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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Corrales RCNR, Mendes FMT, Perrone CC, Sant’Anna C, de Souza W, Abud Y, Bon EPDS, Ferreira-Leitão V. Structural evaluation of sugar cane bagasse steam pretreated in the presence of CO2 and SO2. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2012; 5:36. [PMID: 22616648 PMCID: PMC3431990 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on the use of SO2 and CO2 as impregnating agent for sugar cane bagasse steam treatment showed comparative and promising results concerning the cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis and the low formation of the inhibitors furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural for the use of CO2 at 205°C/15 min or SO2 at 190°C/5 min. In the present study sugar cane bagasse materials pretreated as aforementioned were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Infrared (FTIR spectroscopy) aiming a better understanding of the structural and chemical changes undergone by the pretreated materials. RESULTS SEM and TEM data showed that the structural modifications undergone by the pretreatment with CO2 were less pronounced in comparison to that using SO2, which can be directly related to the combined severity of each pretreatment. According to XRD data, untreated bagasse showed, as expected, a lower crystallinity index (CI = 48.0%) when compared to pretreated samples with SO2 (CI = 65.5%) or CO2 (CI = 56.4%), due to the hemicellulose removal of 68.3% and 40.5%, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy supported SEM, TEM and XRD results, revealing a more extensive action of SO2. CONCLUSIONS The SEM, TEM, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy techniques used in this work contributed to structural and chemical analysis of the untreated and pretreated bagasse. The images from SEM and TEM can be related to the severity of SO2 pretreatment, which is almost twice higher. The crystallinity index values obtained from XRD showed that pretreated materials have higher values when compared with untreated material, due to the partial removal of hemicellulose after pretreatment. FTIR spectroscopy supported SEM, TEM and XRD results. CO2 can actually be used as impregnating agent for steam pretreatment, although the present study confirmed a more extensive action of SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana Magalhães Teixeira Mendes
- National Institute of Techonology, Ministry of Science and Techonology, Av. Venezuela, 82, sala 302, CEP 20081-312, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Cruz Perrone
- National Institute of Techonology, Ministry of Science and Techonology, Av. Venezuela, 82, sala 302, CEP 20081-312, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
| | - Celso Sant’Anna
- National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50 – Xerém, CEP 25250-020, Duque de Caxias - RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimagens, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pedro Calmon, 550, Prédio da Reitoria - sala 801, Ilha do Fundão - CEP 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro – RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50 – Xerém, CEP 25250-020, Duque de Caxias - RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimagens, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pedro Calmon, 550, Prédio da Reitoria - sala 801, Ilha do Fundão - CEP 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro – RJ, Brazil
| | - Yuri Abud
- National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50 – Xerém, CEP 25250-020, Duque de Caxias - RJ, Brazil
| | - Elba Pinto da Silva Bon
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, bloco A, Ilha do Fundão, CEP: 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
| | - Viridiana Ferreira-Leitão
- National Institute of Techonology, Ministry of Science and Techonology, Av. Venezuela, 82, sala 302, CEP 20081-312, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, bloco A, Ilha do Fundão, CEP: 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
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Donohoe BS, Ciesielski PN, Vinzant TB. Preservation and preparation of lignocellulosic biomass samples for multi-scale microscopy analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 908:31-47. [PMID: 22843387 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-956-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomass exhibits structural and chemical complexity over multiple size scales, presenting many challenges to the effective characterization of these materials. The macroscopic nature of plants requires that some form of size reduction, such as dissection and microtomy, be performed to prepare samples and reveal features of interest for any microscopic and nanoscopic analyses. These size reduction techniques, particularly sectioning and microtomy, are complicated by the inherent porosity of plant tissue that often necessitates fixation and embedding in a supporting matrix to preserve structural integrity. The chemical structure of plant cell walls is vastly different from that of the membrane bound organelles and protein macromolecular complexes within the cytosol, which are the focus of many traditional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations in structural biology; thus, staining procedures developed for the latter are not optimized for biomass. While the moisture content of biomass is dramatically reduced compared to the living plant tissue, the residual water is still problematic for microscopic techniques conducted under vacuum such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This requires that samples must be carefully dehydrated or that the instrument must be operated in an environmental mode to accommodate the presence of water. In this chapter we highlight tools and techniques that have been successfully used to address these challenges and present procedural details regarding the preparation of biomass samples that enable effective and accurate multi-scale microscopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon S Donohoe
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biosciences Center, Golden, CO, USA.
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18
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Barakat A, Monlau F, Steyer JP, Carrere H. Effect of lignin-derived and furan compounds found in lignocellulosic hydrolysates on biomethane production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 104:90-9. [PMID: 22100239 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolysates resulting from the lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment in bioethanol production may be used to produce biogas. Such hydrolysates are rich in xylose but also contain lignin polymers or oligomers as well as phenolic and furan compounds, such as syringaldehyde, vanillin, HMF, furfural. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of these byproducts on biomethane production from xylose. The anaerobic digestion of the byproducts alone was also investigated. No inhibition of the anaerobic digestion of xylose was observed and methane was obtained from furans: 430 mL CH(4)/g of furfural and 450 mL CH(4)/g of HMF; from phenolic compounds: 453 mL CH(4)/g of syringaldehyde and 105 mL CH(4)/g of vanillin; and, to a lesser extent, from lignin polymers: from 14 to 46 mL CH(4)/g MV. The use of different natural polymers (lignosulfonates, organosolv and kraft lignins) and synthetic dehydrogenative polymers showed that higher S/G ratios and lower molecular weights in lignin polymers led to greater methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Barakat
- INRA, UR050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, Narbonne F-11100, France.
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Zeng M, Ximenes E, Ladisch MR, Mosier NS, Vermerris W, Huang CP, Sherman DM. Tissue-specific biomass recalcitrance in corn stover pretreated with liquid hot-water: SEM imaging (part 2). Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:398-404. [PMID: 21928340 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the first part of our work, we combined compositional analysis, pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis for fractionated pith, rind, and leaf tissues from a hybrid stay-green corn, in order to identify the role of structural characteristics on enzyme hydrolysis of cell walls. Hydrolysis experiments coupled with chemical analysis of the different fractions of corn stover showed significant differences in cell wall structure before and after liquid hot water pretreatment. The extent of enzyme hydrolysis followed the sequence rind < leaves < pith with 90% conversion of cellulose to glucose in 24 h in the best cases. Since similar lignin contents remained after liquid hot water pretreatment of leaves, rind, and pith, our results indicated that the amount of lignin alone is not sufficient to explain the different enzymatic hydrolysis characteristics of the fractions. While the role of structural characteristics on enzyme hydrolysis of cell walls is measured as described in part I, the SEM images presented in this part II of our work show that sugar yields from enzymatic hydrolysis of corn fractions correlate with changes in plant cell wall structure both before and after liquid hot water pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zeng
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Potter Engineering Center, Purdue University, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2022, USA
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Chundawat SP, Beckham GT, Himmel ME, Dale BE. Deconstruction of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2011; 2:121-45. [PMID: 22432613 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shishir P.S. Chundawat
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
- National Advanced Biofuels Consortium, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401;
- Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Bruce E. Dale
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Mendes FM, Siqueira G, Carvalho W, Ferraz A, Milagres AMF. Enzymatic hydrolysis of chemithermomechanically pretreated sugarcane bagasse and samples with reduced initial lignin content. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:395-401. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Brunecky R, Selig MJ, Vinzant TB, Himmel ME, Lee D, Blaylock MJ, Decker SR. In planta expression of A. cellulolyticus Cel5A endocellulase reduces cell wall recalcitrance in tobacco and maize. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2011; 4:1. [PMID: 22185437 PMCID: PMC3037329 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase family 5 endocellulase, E1 (Cel5A), from Acidothermus cellulolyticus was transformed into both Nicotiana tabacum and Zea mays with expression targeted to the cell wall under a constitutive promoter. Here we explore the possibility that in planta expression of endocellulases will allow these enzymes to access their substrates during cell wall construction, rendering cellulose more amenable to pretreatment and enzyme digestion. Tobacco and maize plants were healthy and developed normally compared with the wild type (WT). After thermochemical pretreatment and enzyme digestion, transformed plants were clearly more digestible than WT, requiring lower pretreatment severity to achieve comparable conversion levels. Furthermore, the decreased recalcitrance was not due to post-pretreatment residual E1 activity and could not be reproduced by the addition of exogenous E1 to the biomass prior to pretreatment, indicating that the expression of E1 during cell wall construction altered the inherent recalcitrance of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Brunecky
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, MS 3323, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Michael J Selig
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, MS 3323, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Todd B Vinzant
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, MS 3323, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, MS 3323, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - David Lee
- Edenspace Systems Corporation, 3810 Concorde Parkway, Suite 100, Chantilly, VA 20151-1131, USA
| | - Michael J Blaylock
- Edenspace Systems Corporation, 3810 Concorde Parkway, Suite 100, Chantilly, VA 20151-1131, USA
| | - Stephen R Decker
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, MS 3323, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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Thygesen LG, Hidayat BJ, Johansen KS, Felby C. Role of supramolecular cellulose structures in enzymatic hydrolysis of plant cell walls. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:975-83. [PMID: 20852928 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of biomass deconstruction by enzymatic hydrolysis has hitherto not focussed on the importance of supramolecular structures of cellulose. In lignocellulose fibres, regions with a different organisation of the microfibrils are present. These regions are called dislocations or slip planes and they are known to be more susceptible to various forms of degradation such as acid hydrolysis. Traditionally the cellulose within these regions has been assumed to be amorphous, but in this study it is shown by use of polarized light microscopy that dislocations are birefringent. This indicates that they have a crystalline organisation. Dislocations may be entry points for endoglucanases. Using a fluorescent labelled endoglucanase combined with confocal fluorescence microscopy, it is shown that the enzyme selectively binds to dislocations during the initial phase of the hydrolysis. Using a commercial cellulase mixture on hydrothermally treated wheat straw, it was found that the fibres were cut into segments corresponding to the sections between the dislocations initially present, as has previously been observed for acid hydrolysis of softwood pulps. The results indicate that dislocations are important during the initial part of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The implications of this phenomenon have not yet been recognized or explored within cellulosic biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Garbrecht Thygesen
- Forest and Landscape, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Santa-Maria M, Jeoh T. Molecular-Scale Investigations of Cellulose Microstructure during Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2000-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100366h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Santa-Maria
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Tina Jeoh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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