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Mirfeizi L, Stratton JA, Kumar R, Shah P, Agabalyan N, Stykel MG, Midha R, Biernaskie J, Kallos MS. Serum-free bioprocessing of adult human and rodent skin-derived Schwann cells: implications for cell therapy in nervous system injury. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 11:3385-3397. [PMID: 28176458 DOI: 10.1002/term.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury affects 2.8% of trauma patients with severe cases often resulting in long-lived permanent disability, despite nerve repair surgery. Autologous Schwann cell (SC) therapy currently provides an exciting avenue for improved outcomes for these patients, particularly with the possibility to derive SCs from easily-accessible adult skin. However, due to current challenges regarding the efficient expansion of these cells, further optimization is required before they can be seriously considered for clinical application. Here, a microcarrier-based bioreactor system is proposed as a means to scale-up large numbers of adult skin-derived SCs for transplantation into the injured nerve. Bioprocessing parameters that allow for the expansion of adult rodent SCs have been identified, whilst maintaining similar rates of proliferation (as compared to static-grown SCs), expression of SC markers, and, importantly, their capacity to myelinate axons following transplant into the injured sciatic nerve. The same bioprocessing parameters can be applied to SCs derived from adult human skin, and like rodent cells, they sustain their proliferative potential and expression of SC markers. Taken together, this dataset demonstrates the basis for a scalable bioprocess for the production of SCs, an important step towards clinical use of these cells as an adjunct therapy for nerve repair. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mirfeizi
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ranjan Kumar
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prajay Shah
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Natacha Agabalyan
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morgan G Stykel
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Surrao DC, Boon K, Borys B, Sinha S, Kumar R, Biernaskie J, Kallos MS. Large-scale expansion of human skin-derived precursor cells (hSKPs) in stirred suspension bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2725-2738. [PMID: 27345530 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human skin-derived precursor cells (hSKPs) are multipotent adult stem cells found in the dermis of human skin. Incorporation of hSKPs into split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs), the current gold standard to treat severe burns or tissue resections, has been proposed as a treatment option to enhance skin wound healing and tissue function. For this approach to be clinically viable substantial quantities of hSKPs are required, which is the rate-limiting step, as only a few thousand hSKPs can be isolated from an autologous skin biopsy without causing donor site morbidity. In order to produce sufficient quantities of clinically viable cells, we have developed a bioprocess capable of expanding hSKPs as aggregates in stirred suspension bioreactors (SSBs). In this study, we found hSKPs from adult donors to expand significantly more (P < 0.05) at 60 rpm in SSBs than in static cultures. Furthermore, the utility of the SSBs, at 60 rpm is demonstrated by serial passaging of hSKPs from a small starting population, which can be isolated from an autologous skin biopsy without causing donor site morbidity. At 60 rpm, aggregates were markedly smaller and did not experience oxygen diffusional limitations, as seen in hSKPs cultured at 40 rpm. While hSKPs also grew at 80 rpm (0.74 Pa) and 100 rpm (1 Pa), they produced smaller aggregates due to high shear stress. The pH of the media in all the SSBs was closer to biological conditions and significantly different (P < 0.05) from static cultures, which recorded acidic pH conditions. The nutrient concentrations of the media in all the SSBs and static cultures did not drop below acceptable limits. Furthermore, there was no significant build-up of waste products to limit hSKP expansion in the SSBs. In addition, hSKP markers were maintained in the 60 rpm SSB as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry. This method of growing hSKPs in a batch culture at 60 rpm in a SSB represents an important first step in developing an automated bioprocess to produce substantial numbers of clinically viable hSKPs aimed at regenerating the dermis to improve healing of severe skin wounds. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2725-2738. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver C Surrao
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kathryn Boon
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Breanna Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ranjan Kumar
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada. .,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Knöspel F, Freyer N, Stecklum M, Gerlach JC, Zeilinger K. Periodic harvesting of embryonic stem cells from a hollow-fiber membrane based four-compartment bioreactor. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:141-51. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Nora Freyer
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Maria Stecklum
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH; Berlin Germany
| | - Jörg C. Gerlach
- McGowan Inst. for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Experimental Characterisation of Fluid Mechanics in a Spinner Flask Bioreactor. Processes (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/pr2040753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Liu N, Li Y, Yang ST. Expansion of embryonic stem cells in suspension and fibrous bed bioreactors. J Biotechnol 2014; 178:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sart S, Agathos SN, Li Y. Process engineering of stem cell metabolism for large scale expansion and differentiation in bioreactors. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sart S, Schneider YJ, Li Y, Agathos SN. Stem cell bioprocess engineering towards cGMP production and clinical applications. Cytotechnology 2014; 66:709-22. [PMID: 24500393 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells and pluripotent stem cells, are becoming an indispensable tool for various biomedical applications including drug discovery, disease modeling, and tissue engineering. Bioprocess engineering, targeting large scale production, provides a platform to generate a controlled microenvironment that could potentially recreate the stem cell niche to promote stem cell proliferation or lineage-specific differentiation. This survey aims at defining the characteristics of stem cell populations currently in use and the present-day limits in their applications for therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, a bioprocess engineering strategy based on bioreactors and 3-D cultures is discussed in order to achieve the improved stem cell yield, function, and safety required for production under current good manufacturing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sart
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer St, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
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Kaiser S, Jossen V, Schirmaier C, Eibl D, Brill S, van den Bos C, Eibl R. Fluid Flow and Cell Proliferation of Mesenchymal Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Small-Scale, Stirred, Single-Use Bioreactors. CHEM-ING-TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201200180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Gareau T, Lara GG, Shepherd RD, Krawetz R, Rancourt DE, Rinker KD, Kallos MS. Shear stress influences the pluripotency of murine embryonic stem cells in stirred suspension bioreactors. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:268-78. [PMID: 22653738 DOI: 10.1002/term.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been used increasingly in research as primary material for various tissue-engineering applications. Pluripotency, or the ability to give rise to all cells of the body, is an important characteristic of ESCs. Traditional methods use leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to maintain murine embryonic stem cell (mESC) pluripotency in static and bioreactor cultures. When LIF is removed from mESCs in static cultures, pluripotency genes are downregulated and the cultures will spontaneously differentiate. Recently we have shown the maintenance of pluripotency gene expression of mESCs in stirred suspension bioreactors during differentiation experiments in the absence of LIF. This is undesired in a differentiation experiment, where the goal is downregulation of pluripotency gene expression and upregulation of gene expression characteristic to the differentiation. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine how effectively different levels of shear stress [100 rpm (6 dyne/cm(2) ), 60 rpm (3 dyne/cm(2) )] maintained and influenced pluripotency in suspension bioreactors. The pluripotency markers Oct-4, Nanog, Sox-2 and Rex-1 were assessed using gene expression profiles and flow-cytometry analysis and showed that shear stress does maintain and influence the gene expression of certain pluripotency markers. Some significant differences between the two levels of shear stress were seen and the combination of shear stress and LIF was observed to synergistically increase the expression of certain pluripotency markers. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the environmental conditions within suspension bioreactors and how these conditions affect the pluripotency of mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia Gareau
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Rodrigues CAV, Fernandes TG, Diogo MM, da Silva CL, Cabral JMS. Stem cell cultivation in bioreactors. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:815-29. [PMID: 21726624 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies have generated great interest in the scientific and medical communities, and stem cells in particular are very appealing for regenerative medicine, drug screening and other biomedical applications. These unspecialized cells have unlimited self-renewal capacity and the remarkable ability to produce mature cells with specialized functions, such as blood cells, nerve cells or cardiac muscle. However, the actual number of cells that can be obtained from available donors is very low. One possible solution for the generation of relevant numbers of cells for several applications is to scale-up the culture of these cells in vitro. This review describes recent developments in the cultivation of stem cells in bioreactors, particularly considerations regarding critical culture parameters, possible bioreactor configurations, and integration of novel technologies in the bioprocess development stage. We expect that this review will provide updated and detailed information focusing on the systematic production of stem cell products in compliance with regulatory guidelines, while using robust and cost-effective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A V Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Alfred R, Taiani JT, Krawetz RJ, Yamashita A, Rancourt DE, Kallos MS. Large-scale production of murine embryonic stem cell-derived osteoblasts and chondrocytes on microcarriers in serum-free media. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6006-16. [PMID: 21620471 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The generation of tissue-engineered constructs from stem cells for the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases may have immense impact in regenerative medicine, but there are difficulties associated with stem cell culture and differentiation, including the use of serum. Here we present serum-free protocols for the successful production of murine embryonic stem cell (mESC) derived osteoblasts and chondrocytes on CultiSpher S macroporous microcarriers in stirred suspension bioreactors. Various inoculum forms and agitation rates were investigated. Produced osteogenic cells were implanted ectopically into SCID mice and orthotopically into a murine burr-hole fracture model. Osterix, osteocalcin and collagen type I were upregulated in osteogenic cultures, while aggrecan and collagen type II were upregulated in chondrogenic cultures. Histological analysis using alizarin red S, von Kossa and alcian blue staining confirmed the presence of osteoblasts and chondrocytes, respectively in cultured microcarriers and excised tissue. Finally, implantation of derived cells into a mouse fracture model revealed cellular integration without any tumor formation. Overall, microcarriers may provide a supportive scaffold for ESC expansion and differentiation in a serum-free bioprocess for in vivo implantation. These findings lay the groundwork for the development of clinical therapies for musculoskeletal injuries and diseases using hESCs and iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roz Alfred
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada
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Alfred R, Radford J, Fan J, Boon K, Krawetz R, Rancourt D, Kallos MS. Efficient suspension bioreactor expansion of murine embryonic stem cells on microcarriers in serum-free medium. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:811-23. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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