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Omari RY. Shattering the surgical glass ceiling: women surgeons in the Middle East. Br J Surg 2024; 111:znad396. [PMID: 37988583 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znad396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rand Y Omari
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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2
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Dossa F, Baxter NN. The place of women in gastrointestinal medicine and surgery: the need for progress. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 8:965-966. [PMID: 37837971 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(23)00232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Dossa
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy N Baxter
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia.
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3
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Didier AJ, Creeden JF, Pannell SM, Sutton JM. Trends in Racial and Gender Diversity Among Complex General Surgical Oncology Fellowship Trainees. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:6824-6834. [PMID: 37351734 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-13743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines trends in racial and gender diversity of trainees within Complex General Surgical Oncology Fellowships, and compares the racial and gender proportions of trainees across different fields to assess potential barriers to increasing diversity within surgical oncology training programs. METHODS Accredited Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) data were queried to identify surgical trainees between 2013 and 2021. Trainees were identified based on self-reported race and gender and were stratified based on residency type and fellowship program type if applicable. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences between groups and trends. RESULTS A significantly lower proportion of individuals who are underrepresented in medicine (URMs) trained in surgical oncology fellowships (8.9%) compared with both the overall trainee pool (12.8%) and general surgery residency programs (13.1%) [p < 0.05]. There was no significant increase in URM representation in surgical oncology fellowships across the study period. Furthermore, there was a significantly lower proportion of females training in surgical oncology fellowships (38.6%) compared with the overall trainee pool (45.6%) [p < 0.05]. Despite a significant increase in female representation in general surgery residency and other surgical fellowships, there was no significant increase in female representation in surgical oncology fellowships across the study period. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies disparities in gender and racial minority representation within ACGME-accredited Complex General Surgical Oncology Fellowship training programs. While steps have been taken to expand diversity, more needs to be done to combat the systemic barriers that both racial minorities and women face during their training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Didier
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Justin F Creeden
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie M Pannell
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Sutton
- Division of Oncologic and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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4
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Pierobon ES, Capelli G, Frigerio I, Spolverato G. Mentor WIS: an Italian mentorship programme for female surgeons. Br J Surg 2023:7156954. [PMID: 37155362 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sefora Pierobon
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences (DiSCOG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Capelli
- Department of Surgery, ASST Bergamo Est, Seriate, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Isabella Frigerio
- Department of Surgery, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy
| | - Gaya Spolverato
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences (DiSCOG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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5
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Busa I, Nagraj S. Women as a driver to address gaps in the global surgical workforce. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2023; 21:22. [PMID: 36927692 PMCID: PMC10021942 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-023-00808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Five billion people around the world lack access to safe and affordable surgical, anaesthetic, and obstetric care. There is a link between countries in which women are underrepresented in the surgical workforce and those struggling to meet their surgical need. In this commentary article, the underrepresentation of women in low- and middle-income country's (LMIC) surgical workforce is discussed. It is argued that the issue is self-reinforcing. On one hand, active change requires a sufficient number of female surgeons to initiate it. On the other, women can only start to penetrate the surgical workforce once they are safe, healthy, and motivated enough to do so, in turn depending on the presence of female surgeons to advocate for their female patients and empower future generations of young girls and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Busa
- University of Oxford Medical School, Osler House, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - Shobhana Nagraj
- Oxford University Global Surgery Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Health Systems Collaborative, Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Gender Bias in the Evaluation of Surgical Performance: Results of a Prospective Randomized Trial. Ann Surg 2023; 277:206-213. [PMID: 34171877 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to determine the influence of trainee gender on assessments of coronary anastomosis performance. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Understanding the impact of gender bias on the evaluation of trainees may enable us to identify and utilize assessment tools that are less susceptible to potential bias. METHODS Cardiothoracic surgeons were randomized to review the video performance of trainees who were described by either male or female pronouns. All participants viewed the same video of a coronary anastomosis and were asked to grade technique using either a Checklist or Global Rating Scale (GRS). Effect of trainee gender on scores by respondent demographic was evaluated using regression analyses. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using the Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS 103 cardiothoracic surgeons completed the Checklist (trainee gender: male n=50, female n=53) and 112 completed the GRS (trainee gender: male n=56, female n=56). For the Checklist, male cardiothoracic surgeons who were in practice <10 years ( P = 0.036) and involved in training residents ( P = 0.049) were more likely to score male trainees higher than female trainees. The GRS demonstrated high inter-rater reliability across male and female trainees by years and scope of practice for the respondent (alpha >0.900) when compared to the Checklist assessment tool. CONCLUSIONS Early career male surgeons may exhibit gender bias against women when evaluating trainee performance of coronary anastomoses. The GRS demonstrates higher interrater reliability and robustness against gender bias in the assessment of technical performance than the Checklist, and such scales should be emphasized in educational evaluations.
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7
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Levy BE, Harris AM. EDITORIAL COMMENT. Urology 2022; 169:265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2022.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Grossman RC. Harassment in surgery: line in the sand. Br J Surg 2022; 109:561-562. [PMID: 35412590 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the #MeToo movement has brought attention to the long-standing culture of abuse in hierarchical organisations, and surgery is no exception. Harassment and abuse of any form should cease to be tolerated. This moment needs to be a line in the sand, the stimulus for change in our community and wider society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Grossman
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Olumolade OO, Rollins PD, Daignault-Newton S, George BC, Kraft KH. Closing the Gap: Evaluation of Gender Disparities in Urology Resident Operative Autonomy and Performance. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2022; 79:524-530. [PMID: 34782271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gender disparities have demonstrated influence on several areas of medical trainee academic performance and surgeon professional attainment. The impact of gender on perceived operative autonomy and performance of urology residents is not well understood. This single-institution pilot study explores this relationship by evaluating urology faculty and resident assessment of resident operative autonomy and performance using the Society for Improving Medical Professional Learning app. DESIGN Using Society for Improving Medical Professional Learning, trainees in a single urology residency program were assessed in operative cases on three scales (autonomy, performance, and case complexity). Intraoperative assessments were completed by both faculty and residents (self-evaluation). Respective evaluations were compared to explore differences in ratings by gender. SETTING University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, MI. PARTICIPANTS University of Michigan Urology Residents and Faculty. RESULTS A total of 516 evaluations were submitted from 18 urology residents and 20 urology faculty. Self-reported ratings among female and male residents did not differ significantly for autonomy (p = 0.20) or performance (p = 0.82). Female and male residents received overall similar autonomy ratings that were not significantly different from female faculty (p = 0.66) and male faculty (p = 0.81). For female residents, there was no significant difference in performance ratings by faculty gender (p = 0.20). This finding was consistent when the resident was male (p = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS At our institution, there is no overall gender-based difference in self-rated or faculty-rated operative autonomy or performance among urology trainees. Understanding relevant facets of institutional culture as well as educational strategies between faculty and residents may identify factors contributing to this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paris D Rollins
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Brian C George
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kate H Kraft
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Choi J, Lee JE, Choi B, Kim J, Lee SE. Experiences and Perceptions of Gender Discrimination and Equality among Korean Surgeons: Results of a Survey of the Korean Surgical Society. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e323. [PMID: 34904405 PMCID: PMC8668495 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies that have focused on the challenges faced by female surgeons, such as the gender pay gap, gender biases, lower likelihood of promotion, and gender differences in the perception of discrimination against women, are reviewed. A more comprehensive understanding of explicit and implicit gender discrimination and experiences and perceptions of discrimination is needed. This study aims to determine the current prevalence and degree of gender discrimination in the Korean Surgical Society and to compare the experiences and perceptions of gender discrimination between male and female surgeons. METHODS We analyzed 400 responses from a survey sent to all members of the Korean Surgical Society. This electronic survey included 16 items on experiences of gender discrimination and 17 items on perceptions of gender discrimination. We conducted χ² tests and binary logistic regression on the data regarding these experiences and perceptions of gender discrimination. RESULTS Adjusted analyses found that female surgeons were more likely to experience gender discrimination than their male counterparts across all categories of discrimination. Further, adjusted analyses showed that female surgeons were more likely to confirm the presence of gender discrimination than male surgeons. CONCLUSION Female surgeons were more likely to experience implicit and explicit gender biases and discrimination throughout all stages of their career progression. We also discovered significant gender differences in the perception of gender discrimination, as well as the experience of it. Changing the male-dominated culture and raising awareness of gender biases and discrimination among male surgeons are crucial steps toward addressing gender discrimination in surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jungook Kim
- School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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11
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Litvack JR, Lindsay RW. Moving Toward Professional Equity in Otolaryngology. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2021; 55:11-22. [PMID: 34823709 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gender-based equity in compensation, access to opportunity and resources, and leadership roles are critical to the health and future of otolaryngology; however, significant gaps continue to persist. Professional equity in otolaryngology will be achieved by leadership prioritization of equity as mission critical, improving organizational culture and developing systems for advocacy, understanding what constitutes equal pay in otolaryngology, the development of transparent and reoccurring equity review processes and the promotion of women and underrepresented minorities into leadership positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Litvack
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Everett, Spokane, Tri-Cities, Vancouver
| | - Robin W Lindsay
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Dossa F, Urbach DR, Sutradhar R, Baxter NN. Longitudinal trends in physician preferences for referrals to same-sex surgeons: a population-based study. Br J Surg 2021; 108:e375-e376. [PMID: 34648613 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This population-based study of over 27 million referrals to surgeons demonstrated that patient sharing among physicians and surgeons is influenced by the sex of the patient, referring physician, and surgeon. Importantly, the study demonstrated that male patients are unlikely to be referred to female surgeons, particularly if seen by a male physician. These disparities are not improving over time .
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dossa
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D R Urbach
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Sutradhar
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N N Baxter
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Pérez-Sánchez S, Madueño SE, Montaner J. Gender Gap in the Leadership of Health Institutions: The Influence of Hospital-Level Factors. Health Equity 2021; 5:521-525. [PMID: 34476325 PMCID: PMC8409238 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2021.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To analyze whether the increased representation of women in the health field is accompanied by a greater presence in leadership positions in the public health system and whether there are differences according to the hospital level. Methods: A descriptive study of the distribution of leadership positions by sex and type of hospital within the health centers of a regional public health system. Results: In total, 74.01% of the professionals were women. The representation of women in management positions was 33.1%, and among service chiefs, it was 24.01%. In the service headings, we observed that surgical specialties had a lower representation of women (30.9% in medical specialties vs. 18.1% in surgical specialties, p<0.0001). By type of hospital, no differences were found in the management positions, but there were differences in the medical chiefs, with less female representation in the regional hospitals (28.6% vs. 39.7%, p=0.003). Conclusion: Women represent the majority in the public health system. Nonetheless, their representation in positions of greater responsibility and decision-making is very limited, being particularly low in county hospitals. Increasing female representation in these positions is a current challenge for society, and equality policies need to be developed and applied to minimize this gender gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Pérez-Sánchez
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.,Neurovascular Research Group, Biomedicine Institute of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sara Eichau Madueño
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.,Neurovascular Research Group, Biomedicine Institute of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
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Santos EG, Roque L, Maya MC, Moreira RC, Lima FL, Correia MITD. PERCEPTION OF HARASSMENT AMONG FEMALE SURGEONS. Rev Col Bras Cir 2021; 48:e20213123. [PMID: 34468506 PMCID: PMC10683461 DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20213123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION the attraction of women by Surgery has always existed. Although Surgery has been considered a specialty for men, several women chose it, despite gender bias issues that have persisted over many years. Several obstacles have impacted the practice of women surgeons, leading them to abandon the profession, while others, perhaps bearers of a stronger spirit, managed to overcome them, and won. OBJECTIVE to assess the rates of perception of harassment against female surgeons as a cause of difficulty and negative feelings related to the specialty. METHODS we conducted a quantitative and qualitative (personal accounts) research through a questionnaire via Google Forms® sent to all women surgeons registered in the Brazilian College of Surgeons and in a WhatsApp women surgeons' groups. The qualitative analysis was made with the Wordle® app. RESULTS from 821 questionnaires sent, we obtained 232 responses (28.2%). Harassment perception during training was 49.1% (n=114). From the women surgeons who perceived harassment, 56.1% reported having undergone different training than expected, with statistical significance (p<0.001). The question of having been treated differently due to being a woman also had an impact on harassment perception (77.2% harassed vs 47.5%; p<0.001). Physical (42.1% vs 6.8%) and emotional (92.1% vs 39.8%) threats were also different between groups. CONCLUSION women surgeons still report great harassment perception, both moral and sexual, which impacts their feelings about the specialty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Santos
- - Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho - UFRJ, Membro da Comissão de Mulheres Cirurgiãs - CBC, FACS, PhD - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil
| | - Lia Roque
- - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Membro da Comissão de Mulheres Cirurgiãs - CBC, PhD - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil
| | - Maria Cristina Maya
- - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Membro da Comissão de Mulheres Cirurgiãs - CBC, PhD - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil
| | - Reni Cecilia Moreira
- - UNIBH, Membro da Comissão de Mulheres Cirurgiãs - CBC, ACS, Md, PhD - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brasil
| | - Fernanda Lage Lima
- - Universidade Federal do Acre, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Acre, Membro da Comissão de Mulheres Cirurgiã - Rio Branco - AC - Brasil
| | - M Isabel T D Correia
- - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Membro da equipe Eterna, Rede Mater Dei, Membro da Comissão de Mulheres Cirurgiãs - CBC, FACS - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brasil
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15
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Chen S, Beck Dallaghan GL, Shaheen A. Implicit Gender Bias in Third-Year Surgery Clerkship MSPE Narratives. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2021; 78:1136-1143. [PMID: 33129771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess implicit gender bias in surgery clerkship evaluations of third-year medical students at a large, academic hospital in the Southeast. METHODS University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine has multiple branch campuses where students can complete their surgical clerkship including 1 large academic center, 1 hybrid academic and community-based practice, and 3 community-based hospitals. All residents and faculty evaluations of medical students who completed the surgery clerkship from March 1, 2018 to February 28, 2019 were analyzed. Evaluations were anonymized and names and pronouns were removed to mitigate evaluator bias. A word dictionary was created guided by previous literature and categorized descriptive adjectives into 4 categories: ability, grindstone, standout, and personality traits. Adjectives used to describe students, and references to the student using gendered pronouns or gender-fair language were coded and quantified as percentage of total evaluation word content. These percentages were compared between male and female students. A subsequent analysis was completed to assess the effects of gendered pronouns on linguistic patterns. RESULTS A total of 583 evaluations from the surgery clerkship were available for 183 students (51.9% female, 48.1% male). When gender-fair language was used, there was no difference in the adjectives used to describe female and male students. Male evaluators were more likely to use female gendered pronouns compared to male gendered pronouns (3.1% vs 2.3%, p = 0.028). When gendered pronouns were present, evaluations of female students were more likely to contain grindstone adjectives but less likely to contain standout terms compared to evaluations of male students (4.4% vs 2.8%, p = 0.006; 0.6% vs 1.3%, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION For students who have completed their surgical clerkship, the language patterns in evaluations differ between female students and male students. When the female pronoun was used, narratives contained more grindstone adjectives and fewer standout adjectives. Our results are consistent with previous literature and may be a manifestation of "othering" or a compensatory means of describing female students. This is potential manifestation of implicit gender bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Gary L Beck Dallaghan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Office of Medical Education, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amy Shaheen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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16
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Williams KM, Hironaka CE, Wang H, Bajaj SS, O’Donnell CT, Sanchez M, Boyd J, Kane L, Backhus L. Women in Thoracic Surgery Scholarship: Impact on Career Path and Interest in Cardiothoracic Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 112:302-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Grova MM, Jenkins FG, Filippou P, Strassle PD, Jin Kim H, Ollila DW, Meyers MO. Gender Bias in Surgical Oncology Fellowship Recommendation Letters: Gaining Progress. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2021; 78:866-874. [PMID: 33317986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gender bias has been identified in letters of recommendation (LOR) in many different surgical training fields. Among surgeons, women comprise over 30% of the full-time faculty positions nationally and surgical oncology is one of the most gender diverse surgical subspecialties. We sought to determine if bias existed in LOR submitted to a Complex General Surgical Oncology (CGSO) fellowship. DESIGN LOR for the CGSO fellowship were retrospectively analyzed from applicants at a single institution over an 8-year period (2013-2020). The linguistic content of the letters was analyzed using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC2015), a validated text analysis program. Using multivariable analysis, LOR were compared by gender of both applicant and letter writer to explore the association between gender and the characteristics of the applicants and letter writers. SETTING University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery. PARTICIPANTS Applicants interviewed for the CSGO fellowship program at the UNC from 2013 to 2020 as well as all applicants from the 2018 application cycle, regardless of interview status. RESULTS About 841 letters from 219 interviewed applicants throughout the 2013 to 2020 surgical oncology fellowship application cycles were included. No difference in authenticity, clout, analytic thinking, or emotional tone of the letters was seen when comparing men and women applicants. Of the 41 word categories analyzed, only "references to achievement" in LOR written for women was significantly higher when compared to LOR written for men (p = 0.01). Interestingly, significantly more women applicants had at least 1 LOR written by a woman (p = 0.04). A subset analysis of all applicants regardless of interview status from the 2018 cycle included 294 LOR from 77 applicants. With the inclusion of noninterviewed applicants, LOR for men had more analytic tone than LOR for women (p = 0.02), otherwise there were no significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Very few differences in LOR were found for applicants at a CGSO fellowship program based on applicant or letter writer gender. The lack of gender bias demonstrates progress within the field of surgical oncology, likely a result of recent work and educational effort in this area. Efforts to expand this progress into other surgical sub-specialties are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Grova
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Frances G Jenkins
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pauline Filippou
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Paula D Strassle
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hong Jin Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David W Ollila
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael O Meyers
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Audisio K, Robinson NB, Soletti GJ, Rahouma M, Anderson LP, Rong LQ, Gaudino M. Differences in authors' academic title and specialty by gender in contemporary surgical literature. Br J Surg 2021; 108:e241-e242. [PMID: 33778857 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Audisio
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - N Bryce Robinson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - G J Soletti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Rahouma
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - L P Anderson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - L Q Rong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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19
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Amarouche M, Uberti M, Evans GYHR, Singh N. Women in neurosurgery: where does the United Kingdom stand? Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E14. [PMID: 33789224 DOI: 10.3171/2020.12.focus20957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite over half of medical students in the United Kingdom (UK) being female, women represent only a small proportion of the workforce in the traditional "male" specialties, including neurosurgery. There is increasing global attention to and awareness of gender discrimination in the workplace across several industries, including health care. The authors set out to explore the opinions and attitudes of UK neurosurgeons and neurosurgery trainees on gender issues via a large-scale national survey. The results highlight key perceptions and gaps in mentorship and leadership and provide ideas for change. This should be used as a foundation to delve deeper and to address specific questions in order to achieve a fairer, more meritocratic environment in which neurosurgeons can thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Amarouche
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe University Hospital, Oxford
| | - Micaela Uberti
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, St. George's University Hospital, London; and
| | | | - Navneet Singh
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, St. George's University Hospital, London; and
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20
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Lim WH, Wong C, Jain SR, Ng CH, Tai CH, Devi MK, Samarasekera DD, Iyer SG, Chong CS. The unspoken reality of gender bias in surgery: A qualitative systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246420. [PMID: 33529257 PMCID: PMC7853521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to better understand the pervasive gender barriers obstructing the progression of women in surgery by synthesising the perspectives of both female surgical trainees and surgeons. METHODS Five electronic databases, including Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Web of Science Core Collection, were searched for relevant articles. Following a full-text review by three authors, qualitative data was synthesized thematically according to the Thomas and Harden methodology and quality assessment was conducted by two authors reaching a consensus. RESULTS Fourteen articles were included, with unfavorable work environments, male-dominated culture and societal pressures being major themes. Females in surgery lacked support, faced harassment, and had unequal opportunities, which were often exacerbated by sex-blindness by their male counterparts. Mothers were especially affected, struggling to achieve a work-life balance while facing strong criticism. However, with increasing recognition of the unique professional traits of female surgeons, there is progress towards gender quality which requires continued and sustained efforts. CONCLUSION This systematic review sheds light on the numerous gender barriers that continue to stand in the way of female surgeons despite progress towards gender equality over the years. As the global agenda towards equality progresses, this review serves as a call-to-action to increase collective effort towards gender inclusivity which will significantly improve future health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hui Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chloe Wong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sneha Rajiv Jain
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chia Hui Tai
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M. Kamala Devi
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dujeepa D. Samarasekera
- Centre for Medical Education, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shridhar Ganpathi Iyer
- Division of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Liver Transplantation, National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon Seng Chong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Skjold-Ødegaard B, Ersdal HL, Assmus J, Soreide K. Comparison of Performance Score for Female and Male Residents in General Surgery Doing Supervised Real-Life Laparoscopic Appendectomy: Is There a Norse Shield-Maiden Effect? World J Surg 2021; 45:997-1005. [PMID: 33462705 PMCID: PMC7921055 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender bias may represent a threat to resident assessment during surgical training, and there have been concerns that women might be disadvantaged. There is a lack of studies investigating gender differences in 'entry-level' real-life procedures, such as laparoscopic appendectomy. We aimed to explore potential gender disparities in self-evaluation and faculty evaluation of a basic surgical procedure performed by junior surgical residents in general surgery. METHODS A structured training program in laparoscopic appendectomy was implemented before undertaking evaluation of real-life consecutive laparoscopic appendectomies by junior residents in general surgery. Resident and faculty gender-pairs were assessed. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated using a single-rater, consistency, 2-way mixed-effects model. RESULTS A total of 165 paired sessions were completed to evaluate resident-faculty scores for the procedure. Overall, 19 residents participated (43% women) and 26 faculty (42% women) were involved. The overall correlation between faculty and residents was good (ICC > 0.8). The female-female pairs scored higher for most steps, achieving excellent (ICC ≥ 0.9) for several steps and for overall performance. Female residents were more likely to give a higher self-evaluated score on own performance particularly if evaluated by a female faculty. Also, female trainees had highest correlation-score with male faculty. CONCLUSIONS This study found higher performance scores in female surgical residents evaluated during real-time laparoscopic appendectomy. No negative gender bias toward women was demonstrated. Better insight into the dynamics of gender-based interaction and dynamics in both training, feedback and influence on evaluation during training is needed when evaluating surgical training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Skjold-Ødegaard
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hege Langli Ersdal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Critical Care and Anaesthesiology Research Group, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jörg Assmus
- Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjetil Soreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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22
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Yesantharao P, Lee E, Kraenzlin F, Persing S, Chopra K, Shetty PN, Xun H, Sacks J. Surgical block time satisfaction: A multi-institutional experience across twelve surgical disciplines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pcorm.2020.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Carter JC, Garden AL. The gap between attitudes and processes related to 'family-friendly' practices in anaesthesia training in New Zealand: A survey of anaesthesia supervisors of training and departmental directors. Anaesth Intensive Care 2020; 48:454-464. [PMID: 33198475 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x20958716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gender inequity persists within the anaesthetic workforce, despite approaching numerical parity in Australia and New Zealand. There is evidence, from anaesthesia and the wider health workforce, that domestic gender norms regarding parental responsibilities contribute to this. The creation of 'family-friendly' workplaces may be useful in driving change, a concept reflected in the gender equity action plan developed by the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. This study aimed to explore the extent to which a family-friendly culture exists within anaesthesia training in New Zealand, from the perspective of leaders in anaesthesia departments. An electronic survey composed of quantitative and qualitative questions was emailed to all supervisors of training, rotational supervisors and departmental directors at Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists accredited training hospitals in New Zealand. Twenty-eight of the 71 eligible participants responded (response rate 39%). The majority (61%) agreed with the statement 'our department has a "family friendly" approach to anaesthesia trainees'; however, there was a discrepancy between views about how departments should be and how they actually are. Several barriers contributing to this discrepancy were identified, including workforce logistics, governance, departmental structures and attitudes. Uncertainty in responses regarding aspects of working hours, parental leave and the use of domestic sick leave reflect gaps in understanding, with scope for further enquiry and education. To redress gender bias seriously through the development of family-friendly policies and practices requires supportive governance and logistics, along with some cultural change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Carter
- Department of Anaesthesia, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alexander L Garden
- Department of Anaesthesia, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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24
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Halim UA, Elbayouk A, Ali AM, Cullen CM, Javed S. The prevalence and impact of gender bias and sexual discrimination in orthopaedics, and mitigating strategies. Bone Joint J 2020; 102-B:1446-1456. [PMID: 33135433 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.102b11.bjj-2020-0982.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gender bias and sexual discrimination (GBSD) have been widely recognized across a range of fields and are now part of the wider social consciousness. Such conduct can occur in the medical workplace, with detrimental effects on recipients. The aim of this review was to identify the prevalence and impact of GBSD in orthopaedic surgery, and to investigate interventions countering such behaviours. METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching Medline, EMCARE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library Database in April 2020, and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to which we adhered. Original research papers pertaining to the prevalence and impact of GBSD, or mitigating strategies, within orthopaedics were included for review. RESULTS Of 570 papers, 27 were eligible for inclusion. These were published between 1998 and 2020. A narrative review was performed in light of the significant heterogeneity displayed by the eligible studies. A total of 13 papers discussed the prevalence of GBSD, while 13 related to the impact of these behaviours, and six discussed mitigating strategies. GBSD was found to be common in the orthopaedic workplace, with all sources showing women to be the subjects. The impact of this includes poor workforce representation, lower salaries, and less career success, including in academia, for women in orthopaedics. Mitigating strategies in the literature are focused on providing female role models, mentors, and educational interventions. CONCLUSION GBSD is common in orthopaedic surgery, with a substantial impact on sufferers. A small number of mitigating strategies have been tested but these are limited in their scope. As such, the orthopaedic community is obliged to participate in more thoughtful and proactive strategies that mitigate against GBSD, by improving female recruitment and retention within the specialty. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(11):1446-1456.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman A Halim
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Abdulrahman Elbayouk
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam M Ali
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Clare M Cullen
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Burnley General Hospital, Burnley, UK
| | - Saqib Javed
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
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25
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Halim UA, Elbayouk A, Ali AM, Cullen CM, Javed S. The prevalence and impact of gender bias and sexual discrimination in orthopaedics, and mitigating strategies. Bone Joint J 2020:1-11. [PMID: 32951434 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.102b9.bjj-2020-0982.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gender bias and sexual discrimination (GBSD) have been widely recognized across a range of fields and are now part of the wider social consciousness. Such conduct can occur in the medical workplace, with detrimental effects on recipients. The aim of this review was to identify the prevalence and impact of GBSD in orthopaedic surgery, and to investigate interventions countering such behaviours. METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching Medline, EMCARE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library Database in April 2020, and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to which we adhered. Original research papers pertaining to the prevalence and impact of GBSD, or mitigating strategies, within orthopaedics were included for review. RESULTS Of 570 papers, 27 were eligible for inclusion. These were published between 1998 and 2020. A narrative review was performed in light of the significant heterogeneity displayed by the eligible studies. A total of 13 papers discussed the prevalence of GBSD, while 13 related to the impact of these behaviours, and six discussed mitigating strategies. GBSD was found to be common in the orthopaedic workplace, with all sources showing women to be the subjects. The impact of this includes poor workforce representation, lower salaries, and less career success, including in academia, for women in orthopaedics. Mitigating strategies in the literature are focused on providing female role models, mentors, and educational interventions. CONCLUSION GBSD is common in orthopaedic surgery, with a substantial impact on sufferers. A small number of mitigating strategies have been tested but these are limited in their scope. As such, the orthopaedic community is obliged to participate in more thoughtful and proactive strategies that mitigate against GBSD, by improving female recruitment and retention within the specialty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman A Halim
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Abdulrahman Elbayouk
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam M Ali
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Clare M Cullen
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Burnley General Hospital, Burnley, UK
| | - Saqib Javed
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
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26
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Lindsay R. Gender-Based Pay Discrimination in Otolaryngology. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:989-995. [PMID: 33280133 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Male and female otolaryngologists all attend the same accredited medical schools, complete the same accredited residency programs, and take the same board certification exams; however, female otolaryngologist are paid 77 cents on the dollar compared to their male colleagues. Even after accounting for age, experience, faculty rank, research productivity, and clinical revenue, significant gender pay gaps exist across all professor levels. The goal of this review is to improve our understanding of how and why the gender pay gap and discrimination exists, the harm caused by tolerance of policies that perpetuate gender pay inequity, and what is and can be done to correct gender-based pay gaps and discrimination. The review presents the current status of gender pay inequity in the United States and reports on how otolaryngology compares to other professions both within and outside of healthcare. The gender pay gap is shown to have a negative impact on economic growth, institutional reputation and financial success, retention and recruitment of faculty, and patient care. Many historically incorrect reasons used to explain the causes of the gender pay gap, including that women work less, have less research productivity, or produce lower-quality care, have been be disproved by evaluation of current research. Potential causes of gender pay inequities, such as gender bias, organization culture, fear of retaliation, promotions inequalities, lack of transparency, and senior leadership not being held accountable for equity and diversity concerns, will be explored. Finally, examples of best practices to achieve pay equity will be presented. Laryngoscope, 131:989-995, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lindsay
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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27
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Gender distribution of speakers on panels at the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) annual meeting. Surg Endosc 2019; 34:4140-4147. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-019-07182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Where are we now?
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29
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Bellini MI, Adair A, Fotopoulou C, Graham Y, Hutson A, McNally S, Mohan H, Vig S, Parks R, Papalois V. Changing the norm towards gender equity in surgery: the women in surgery working group of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland's perspective. J R Soc Med 2019; 112:325-329. [PMID: 31414936 DOI: 10.1177/0141076819854194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Irene Bellini
- 1 Renal and Transplant Directorate, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W120HS, UK
| | - Anya Adair
- 2 Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Christina Fotopoulou
- 3 Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,4 Charité University Hospital of Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Yitka Graham
- 5 Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.,6 Directorate of General Surgery, Bariatric Surgical Unit, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland SR4 7TP, UK
| | - Alexis Hutson
- 7 Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management, London WC1R 4SG, UK.,8 Academy of Medical Sciences, London W1B 1QH, UK.,9 Royal College of Radiologists, London WC2A 3JW, UK.,10 Nottingham University Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Scarlett McNally
- 11 Eastbourne District General Hospital, Eastbourne BN21 2UD, UK
| | - Helen Mohan
- 12 Association of Surgeons in Training, London WC2A3PE, UK
| | - Stella Vig
- 13 Department of Vascular and General Surgery, Croydon University Hospital, Croydon, Surrey CR7 7YE, UK
| | - Rowan Parks
- 2 Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Vassilios Papalois
- 1 Renal and Transplant Directorate, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W120HS, UK.,14 Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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30
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31
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Mottiar M, McVicar J. A call to action: gender equity in Canadian anesthesiology. Can J Anaesth 2019; 66:755-756. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-019-01358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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32
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Samarth G. Correspondence. Br J Surg 2019; 106:653. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Samarth
- Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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33
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