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Zhang C, Liu A, Zhang T, Li Y, Zhao H. Gas Chromatography Detection Protocol of Short-chain Fatty Acids in Mice Feces. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3672. [PMID: 33659342 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are formed mainly by bacteria fermenting undigested carbohydrates in the colon, they are based on the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain. Organic fatty acids with less than 6 carbon atoms are called short-chain fatty acids. SCFAs are closely related to various aspects of the human body, so more and more researchers concentrate on SCFAs. This protocol describes, a direct injection gas chromatography detection method with a pretreatment method for extracting SCFA from mice feces by combining acidification. The corresponding sample limit of quantization (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) are 0.8-1.0 mg/L and 0.5-0.8 mg/L, respectively. The correlation coefficient of calibration curve is greater than 0.999. The recovery rate of the spiked standard is 80%-102%. This method can be used to analyze and determine SCFAs in mice feces. Therefore, this is an economical, effective and reproducible method for SCFAs measurement in mice samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - An Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Tianshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
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2
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Zhang C, Fan L, Zhao H. Rapid Detection of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Biological Samples. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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3
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Yang C, Deng Q, Xu J, Wang X, Hu C, Tang H, Huang F. Sinapic acid and resveratrol alleviate oxidative stress with modulation of gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed rats. Food Res Int 2018; 116:1202-1211. [PMID: 30716907 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) consumption induces oxidative stress and microbial dysbiosis, the latter of which plays a vital role in the development of metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that sinapic acid and resveratrol treatment might be a potential strategy to ameliorate the redox state and gut microbiota composition imbalance. In this study, rats were randomised into five groups and fed a high-fat diet supplemented with resveratrol (400 mg/kg), sinapic acid (200 mg/kg) or a combination of both polyphenols. Administration of resveratrol effectively reduced fasting blood glucose levels (p < 0.05) and increased the HDL-c levels (p < 0.05). Reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels were decreased in the colon (p < 0.05), total antioxidant capacity was increased in liver (p < 0.05) by sinapic acid consumption in HFD rats. Moreover, polyphenol supplementation impacted the intestinal microbiome at different taxonomic levels by improving the proportion of butyrate producer Blautia (p < 0.05) and Dorea (p < 0.01) in the Lachaospiraceae family and inhibiting the growth of bacterial species associated with diseases and inflammation such as Bacteroides (p < 0.05) and Desulfovibrionaceaesp (p < 0.01). Spearman correlation analysis showed that some oxidative stress variables were directly correlated with changes in gut microbiota. Our findings demonstrated qualitative differences between the treatments in their abilities to alleviate HFD-induced oxidative stress and modulate the gut microbiota. These findings might be helpful to better understand the effects of bioactive constituents on nutrition for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jiqu Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Hu Tang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
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4
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Ube T, Yoneyama Y, Ishiguro T. In situ Measurement of the pH-dependent Transmission Infrared Spectra of Aqueous Lactic Acid Solutions. ANAL SCI 2018; 33:1395-1400. [PMID: 29225230 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The transmission infrared absorption spectra of an aqueous lactic acid solution was measured over a pH range of 2.66 - 1.59 using a cell with an optical path length of 12 μm. Absorption peaks were then identified by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The observed pH-dependent changes in the absorbance spectra were consistent with the properties of the assigned functional groups. We therefore believe that the present method can be applied to the contactless and non-invasive quantitative evaluation of pH values in aqueous systems, such as bioprocesses and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Ube
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yasuko Yoneyama
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Takashi Ishiguro
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
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5
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6
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Gardana C, Del Bo' C, Simonetti P. Validation and application of an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic-Orbitrap mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of volatile and non-volatile organic acids in human faecal samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:46-51. [PMID: 28419937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple and selective ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic-Orbitrap mass spectrometric (UHPLC-HR-MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous detection and quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric, isovaleric, 2-methyl-butyric (IS) and lactic, pyruvic and succinic acid in human faecal samples. A simple extraction procedure with 0.001% formic acid in water was performed on 40 samples. The extracts were centrifuged and analyzed by UHPLC-HR-MS on a sub-2μm column using gradient elution; meanwhile, the same samples were analyzed by GC-FID and HPLC-UV as reference methods The UHPLC-HR-MS method showed a recovery of 83-105%, a repeatability of 2.2-8.3% and an intermediate precision of 2.9-9.4%. The LOD and LLOQ were in the range of 0.04-0.23 and 0.2-0.5μg/ml, respectively. Regarding the SCFAs, statistical analysis showed a good correlation between the data obtained by UHPLC-HR-MS and those provided by GC-FID (p>0.05). On the contrary, the LC-UV data were not in agreement with those obtained by UHPLC-HR-MS determination (p<0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method available for the simultaneous extraction and quantification of SCFAs, lactic, pyruvic and succinic in faecal samples by UHPLC-HR-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Gardana
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DeFENS - Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Cristian Del Bo'
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DeFENS - Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paolo Simonetti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DeFENS - Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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7
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Primec M, Mičetić-Turk D, Langerholc T. Analysis of short-chain fatty acids in human feces: A scoping review. Anal Biochem 2017; 526:9-21. [PMID: 28300535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in humans, therefore the importance of a good and reliable SCFAs analytical detection has raised a lot in the past few years. The aim of this scoping review is to show the trends in the development of different methods of SCFAs analysis in feces, based on the literature published in the last eleven years in all major indexing databases. The search criteria included analytical quantification techniques of SCFAs in different human clinical and in vivo studies. SCFAs analysis is still predominantly performed using gas chromatography (GC), followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Performances, drawbacks and advantages of these methods are discussed, especially in the light of choosing a proper pretreatment, as feces is a complex biological material. Further optimization to develop a simple, cost effective and robust method for routine use is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Primec
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia.
| | - Dušanka Mičetić-Turk
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Langerholc
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia
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8
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Shahdousti P, Shojaee R, Aghamohammadi M, Harooni B. Lactic Acid Determination in Human Plasma Using Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography. Aust J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ch15346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and accurate analytical method was developed for determination of lactic acid (LA) in human plasma to monitor lactic acidosis. This method was based on an ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) method followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID). Derivatization of LA was carried out by a low density alcoholic solvent which performs both as an extraction solvent and derivatization agent, simultaneously. In this procedure, 100 μL of binary mixtures of pentan-1-ol with toluene (70 : 30, v/v %) was slowly injected into a 10 mL acidified aqueous sample of LA placed into an ultrasonic water bath. The resulting emulsion was centrifuged and after derivatization, 2 μL of organic phase was analysed by GC–FID. The effective variables were evaluated to optimize the efficiency of USAEME. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity in the range of 0.06–7.77 mmol L–1 was obtained with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.991 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 mmol L–1 for water samples. The inter-day and intra-day repeatability of the proposed method in human plasma were evaluated in terms of the relative standard deviation (RSD %) and were found to be <10 %. The results revealed that the USAEME–GC–FID method can be applied successfully for determination of LA in human plasma samples with satisfactory accuracy and precision.
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9
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Han J, Lin K, Sequeira C, Borchers CH. An isotope-labeled chemical derivatization method for the quantitation of short-chain fatty acids in human feces by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 854:86-94. [PMID: 25479871 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by anaerobic gut microbiota in the large bowel. Qualitative and quantitative measurements of SCFAs in the intestinal tract and the fecal samples are important to understand the complex interplay between diet, gut microbiota and host metabolism homeostasis. To develop a new LC-MS/MS method for sensitive and reliable analysis of SCFAs in human fecal samples, 3-nitrophenylhydrazine (3NPH) was employed for pre-analytical derivatization to convert ten C2-C6 SCFAs to their 3-nitrophenylhydrazones under a single set of optimized reaction conditions and without the need of reaction quenching. The derivatives showed excellent in-solution chemical stability. They were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column and quantitated by negative-ion electrospray ionization - multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM)/MS. To achieve accurate quantitation, the stable isotope-labeled versions of the derivatives were synthesized in a single reaction vessel from (13)C6-3NPH, and were used as internal standard to compensate for the matrix effects in ESI. Method validation showed on-column limits of detection and quantitation over the range from low to high femtomoles for the ten SCFAs, and the intra-day and inter-day precision for determination of nine of the ten SCFAs in human fecal samples was ≤8.8% (n=6). The quantitation accuracy ranged from 93.1% to 108.4% (CVs≤4.6%, n=6). This method was used to determine the SCFA concentrations and compositions in six human fecal samples. One of the six samples, which was collected from a clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes patient showed a significantly high molar ratio of branch-chain SCFAs to straight-chain SCFAs than the others. In summary, this work provides a new LC-MS/MS method for precise and accurate quantitation of SCFAs in human feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- University of Victoria - Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Vancouver Island Technology Park, 3101-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Karen Lin
- University of Victoria - Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Vancouver Island Technology Park, 3101-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Carita Sequeira
- University of Victoria - Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Vancouver Island Technology Park, 3101-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- University of Victoria - Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Vancouver Island Technology Park, 3101-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Petch Building Room 207, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
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10
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Xie G, Zhang S, Zheng X, Jia W. Metabolomics approaches for characterizing metabolic interactions between host and its commensal microbes. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2787-98. [PMID: 23775228 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that the gut microbiota is involved in the regulation of multiple mammalian metabolic pathways through a series of interactive host-microbiota metabolic, signaling, and immune-inflammatory axes that physiologically connect the gut, liver, brain, and other organs. Correlation of the metabotypes with the gut microbial profiles derived from culture-independent molecular techniques is increasingly useful for deciphering inherent and intimate host-microbe relationships. Real-time analysis of the small molecule metabolites derived from gut microbial-host co-metabolism is essential for understanding the metabolic functions of the gut microbiome and has tremendous implications for personalized healthcare strategies. Metabolomics, an array of analytical techniques that includes high resolution NMR spectroscopy and chromatography-MS in conjunction with chemometrics and bioinformatics tools, enables characterization of the metabolic footprints of mammalian hosts that correlate with the microbial community in the intestinal tract. The metabolomics approach provides important information of a complete spectrum of metabolites produced from the gut microbial-mammalian co-metabolism and is improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying multilevel host-microbe interactions. In this review, the interactions of gut microbiota with their host are discussed and some examples of NMR- or MS-based metabolomics applications for characterizing the metabolic footprints of gut microbial-host co-metabolism are described. Advances in the metabolomic analysis of bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and choline metabolism are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xie
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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11
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Zheng X, Qiu Y, Zhong W, Baxter S, Su M, Li Q, Xie G, Ore BM, Qiao S, Spencer MD, Zeisel SH, Zhou Z, Zhao A, Jia W. A targeted metabolomic protocol for short-chain fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids. Metabolomics 2013; 9:818-827. [PMID: 23997757 PMCID: PMC3756605 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-013-0500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Research in obesity and metabolic disorders that involve intestinal microbiota demands reliable methods for the precise measurement of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) concentration. Here, we report a rapid method of simultaneously determining SCFAs and BCAAs in biological samples using propyl chloroformate (PCF) derivatization followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A one-step derivatization using 100 µL of PCF in a reaction system of water, propanol, and pyridine (v/v/v = 8:3:2) at pH 8 provided the optimal derivatization efficiency. The best extraction efficiency of the derivatized products was achieved by a two-step extraction with hexane. The method exhibited good derivatization efficiency and recovery for a wide range of concentrations with a low limit of detection for each compound. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of all targeted compounds showed good intra- and inter-day (within 7 days) precision (< 10%), and good stability (< 20%) within 4 days at room temperature (23-25 °C), or 7 days when stored at -20 °C. We applied our method to measure SCFA and BCAA levels in fecal samples from rats administrated with different diet. Both univariate and multivariate statistics analysis of the concentrations of these target metabolites could differentiate three groups with ethanol intervention and different oils in diet. This method was also successfully employed to determine SCFA and BCAA in the feces, plasma and urine from normal humans, providing important baseline information of the concentrations of these metabolites. This novel metabolic profile study has great potential for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Zheng
- Center for Translational Medicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunping Qiu
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Sarah Baxter
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Mingming Su
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Qiong Li
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Guoxiang Xie
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Brandon M. Ore
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Shanlei Qiao
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Melanie D. Spencer
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Steven H. Zeisel
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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12
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De Baere S, Eeckhaut V, Steppe M, De Maesschalck C, De Backer P, Van Immerseel F, Croubels S. Development of a HPLC-UV method for the quantitative determination of four short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid produced by intestinal bacteria during in vitro fermentation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 80:107-15. [PMID: 23542733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive HPLC-UV method for the quantitative determination of four short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactic acid (LA) produced during in vitro fermentation is presented. Extraction of SCFAs from supernatants of bacterial cultures is aggravated due to their polarity and volatility. Detection can only be performed at a short, non-selective UV wavelength (210nm), due to the lack of any significant chromophore. Therefore special attention was paid to the optimization of the sample preparation procedure and the HPLC-UV conditions. The final extraction procedure consisted of a liquid-liquid back extraction using diethylether. Prior to HPLC-UV analysis the samples were acidified (pH<2) in order to improve retention of the SCFA's and LA on the Hypersil Gold aQ column. Matrix-matched calibration graphs were prepared for all analytes of interest (range 0.5-50mM) and correlation and goodness-of-fit coefficients were between 0.9951-0.9993 and 3.88-8.27%, respectively. Limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.13 to 0.33mM and 0.5 to 1.0mM, respectively. The results for the within-day and between-day precision and accuracy fell within the ranges specified. The reported validated method has been successfully used for the in vitro screening of supernatants of bacterial cultures for the presence of butyric acid, aiming to select for butyric acid-producing bacteria. In addition, the method has been used to determine the production pattern of selected fatty acids by bacterial species isolated from human feces and chicken caeca.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Baere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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13
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Carver SM, Münster U, Tuovinen OH. A SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE FOR HPLC ANALYSIS OF SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACID FLUXES DURING MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF PLANT POLYMERS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.575978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Carver
- a Department of Microbiology , Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA
- b Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere, Finland
| | - Uwe Münster
- b Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H. Tuovinen
- a Department of Microbiology , Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA
- b Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere, Finland
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14
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Nissilä ME, Tähti HP, Rintala JA, Puhakka JA. Effects of heat treatment on hydrogen production potential and microbial community of thermophilic compost enrichment cultures. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:4501-4506. [PMID: 21251819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cellulosic plant and waste materials are potential resources for fermentative hydrogen production. In this study, hydrogen producing, cellulolytic cultures were enriched from compost material at 52, 60 and 70°C. Highest cellulose degradation and highest H(2) yield were 57% and 1.4 mol-H(2) mol-hexose(-1) (2.4 mol-H(2) mol-hexose-degraded(-1)), respectively, obtained at 52°C with the heat-treated (80°C for 20 min) enrichment culture. Heat-treatments as well as the sequential enrichments decreased the diversity of microbial communities. The enrichments contained mainly bacteria from families Thermoanaerobacteriaceae and Clostridiaceae, from which a bacterium closely related to Thermoanaerobium thermosaccharolyticum was mainly responsible for hydrogen production and bacteria closely related to Clostridium cellulosi and Clostridium stercorarium were responsible for cellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika E Nissilä
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.
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Huda-Faujan N, Abdulamir AS, Fatimah AB, Anas OM, Shuhaimi M, Yazid AM, Loong YY. The impact of the level of the intestinal short chain Fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease patients versus healthy subjects. Open Biochem J 2010; 4:53-8. [PMID: 20563285 PMCID: PMC2887640 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01004010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the changes of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in faeces of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients compared to healthy subjects. SCFAs such as pyruvic, lactic, formic, acetic, propionic, isobutyric and butyric acids were analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This study showed that the level of acetic, 162.0 µmol/g wet faeces, butyric, 86.9 µmol/g wet faeces, and propionic acids, 65.6 µmol/g wet faeces, decreased remarkably in IBD faecal samples when compared with that of healthy individuals, 209.7, 176.0, and 93.3 µmol/g wet faeces respectively. On the contrary, lactic and pyruvic acids showed higher levels in faecal samples of IBD than in healthy subjects. In the context of butyric acid level, this study also found that the molar ratio of butyric acid was higher than propionic acid in both faecal samples. This might be due to the high intake of starch from rice among Malaysian population. It was concluded that the level of SCFAs differ remarkably between faecal samples in healthy subjects and that in IBD patients providing evidence that SCFAs more likely play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Huda-Faujan
- Food Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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16
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Kotani A, Miyaguchi Y, Kohama M, Ohtsuka T, Shiratori T, Kusu F. Determination of short-chain fatty acids in rat and human feces by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:1007-11. [PMID: 19667478 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for determining short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in rat and human feces was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). A two-channel HPLC-ECD system was fabricated using an ion exclusion column and an electrochemical detector with a glassy carbon working electrode. Aqueous solutions of 0.1 mM HClO(4) and of ethanol containing 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone served as a mobile phase and a quinone solution, respectively. Peak areas for lactic, acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids at a detection potential of -0.9 V vs. an Ag/AgCl electrode showed a linear relationship with the acid amount in the range 0.1 to 40 nmol. Standard acids at 4 nmol were determined ten times with relative standard deviations (RSD) of less than 2.0%. The analytical results of healthy human feces were measured within 35 min. RSD (n = 5) in all SCFAs were less than 2.7%, and recoveries of SCFAs were more than 92%. The present method was characterized by reproducibility with the simple and rapid procedure without derivatization of analytes, and it has the potential for clinical and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kotani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan.
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17
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Garcia A, Olmo B, Lopez-Gonzalvez A, Cornejo L, Rupérez FJ, Barbas C. Capillary electrophoresis for short chain organic acids in faeces Reference values in a Mediterranean elderly population. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 46:356-61. [PMID: 18055154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that gut microflora and fermentation processes in the large intestine are important for health, and that health-promoting effects are mediated by fermentation products. Usually analytical methods for these compounds are tedious. A simple and rapid procedure of aqueous extraction from the stools has been optimized. After extraction, an aliquot of the aqueous layer was directly injected into the capillary electrophoresis equipment. Oxalic, formic, fumaric, 2-ketoglutaric, succinic, citric, acetic, propionic, 2-ketoisovaleryc, butyric, isovaleric lactic, glyceric 2-hydroxybutyric, and valeric acids were separated and identified. Electrophoretic conditions were: phosphate buffer 234 mM pH 6.10 with 12% (v/v) methanol with a coated capillary at -10 kV of applied potential. The method was validated for a representative group of compounds: acetic, propionic butyric, 2-hydroxybutiric, isovaleric, and oxalic acids, including the comparison of results with ionic chromatography. Finally 136 samples from healthy humans aged 60-80, both male and female living in Spain, were measured. They could be used as reference values for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garcia
- Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Meesters RJW, van Eijk HMH, ten Have GAM, de Graaf AA, Venema K, van Rossum BEJ, Deutz NEP. Application of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to measure the concentrations and study the synthesis of short chain fatty acids following stable isotope infusions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 854:57-62. [PMID: 17452031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new method involving zinc sulphate deproteinization was developed to study short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production in the colon and subsequent occurrence of SCFA in blood. SCFA were baseline separated in a 30 min cycle using ion-exclusion chromatography and detected by mass spectrometry. Concentrations could be measured down to 10 microM and isotopomeric distributions could be assessed, enabling the conduction of tracer studies to study changes in SCFA synthesis. The applicability of the method was tested in an extensively characterized pig model yielding portal SCFA concentrations ranging from 70 microM (butyric acid) to 150 microM (propionic acid) to 440 microM (acetic acid) prior to butyrate tracer infusion, reaching butyric acid isotopic steady state within 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J W Meesters
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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19
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Zhao G, Nyman M, Jönsson JA. Rapid determination of short-chain fatty acids in colonic contents and faeces of humans and rats by acidified water-extraction and direct-injection gas chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:674-82. [PMID: 16206138 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have attracted much attention recently because of their positive physiological effects. In this work, a rapid and reliable gas chromatographic method for determination of eight SCFAs, in colonic and faecal samples from rats and humans has been developed and validated. The methodology involves extraction of the SCFAs in water before a direct injection procedure on a FFAP capillary column. A stock standard solution containing acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, i-butyric acid, n-valeric acid, i-valeric acid, n-caproic acid and n-heptanoic acid was prepared and used. A high linearity (r2 > 0.9990), low quantification limit (2.38-30.14 microm) and high recovery for most acids were obtained. Acidification of faecal samples was found to be crucial for quantitative determination of the SCFAs, and adjustment of pH to 2-3 was regarded as necessary. Glass wool inserted in the glass liner of the injection port proved effective in preventing the contamination of the column by non-volatiles, and 12% formic acid reduced the ghost peak that appeared gradually after several injections. After validation, the methodology was applied on two faecal samples from rats fed diets containing different amount of dietary fibre and one faecal sample from human fed a normal diet to test the accuracy of the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhao
- Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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20
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Tan L, Zhao XP, Liu XQ, Ju HX, Li JS. Headspace Liquid-Phase Microextraction of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Plasma, and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Ewaschuk JB, Zello GA, Naylor JM, Brocks DR. Metabolic acidosis: separation methods and biological relevance of organic acids and lactic acid enantiomers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:39-56. [PMID: 12450652 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic acidosis can result from accumulation of organic acids in the blood due to anaerobic metabolism or intestinal bacterial fermentation of undigested substrate under certain conditions. These conditions include short-bowel syndrome, grain overfeeding of ruminants and, as recently reported, severe gastroenteritis. Measuring fermentation products such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactic acid in various biological samples is integral to the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth. Stereospecific measurement of D- and L-lactic acid is necessary for confirmation of the origin and nature of metabolic acidosis. In this paper, methods for the separation of SCFAs and lactic acid are reviewed. Analysis of the organic acids involved in carbohydrate metabolism has been achieved by enzymatic methods, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Sample preparation techniques developed for these analytes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Ewaschuk
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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22
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McKellar QA, Horspool LJ. Stability of penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin and oxytetracycline and their interactions with food in in vitro simulated equine gastrointestinal contents. Res Vet Sci 1995; 58:227-31. [PMID: 7659846 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5288(95)90107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Penicillin G was extensively (84.7 per cent) and amikacin moderately (14.4 per cent) degraded when incubated for one hour in a chloride buffer at pH 1.9 designed to mimic the equine gastric pH. Ampicillin and oxytetracycline were stable at pH 1.9. Penicillin and ampicillin were moderately stable (more than 90 per cent) when incubated in equine caecal liquor for three hours but were degraded by about 65 per cent after 24 hours. More than 80 per cent of the initial concentrations of amikacin and oxytetracycline were recovered after 24 hours' incubation in equine caecal liquor. The concentrations of short chain fatty acids in equine caecal liquor were not affected by incubation with penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin or oxytetracycline. More than 84 per cent of penicillin G and amikacin became bound to hay in buffers at pH 1.9 and pH 7.0. Ampicillin did not become bound to hay at pH 1.9, but more than 60 per cent became bound at pH 7.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q A McKellar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School
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23
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Horspool LJ, Taylor DJ, McKellar QA. Plasma disposition of amikacin and interactions with gastrointestinal microflora in Equidae following intravenous and oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1994; 17:291-8. [PMID: 7966549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Amikacin was detectable (> 0.02 micrograms/ml) in plasma for 12 h in horses and donkeys and for 8 h in ponies following intravenous (i.v.) administration at a dose rate of 6 mg/kg bodyweight. The elimination half-life (harmonic mean) of amikacin was 2.8, 1.6 and 1.9 h in horses, ponies and donkeys, respectively, and the mean body clearance was relatively slow (45.2, 82.4 and 58.0 ml/h.kg, respectively). A suitable dosage interval for the i.v. administration of amikacin sulphate to horses, ponies and donkeys, at a dose rate of 6 mg/kg, would be every 8 h in horses, and every 6 h in ponies and donkeys. Following i.v. administration there were no marked alterations in caecal liquor pH, the number of viable bacteria isolated, or the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in caecal liquor and faeces. Amikacin was not detected (< 0.02 micrograms/ml) in plasma following administration by nasogastric tube to ponies with cannulated caecal fistulae; however, there were high concentrations of amikacin measured in caecal liquor (maximum 16.2-99.4 micrograms/ml). Despite the high drug concentrations in caecal liquor, there were only slight alterations in the number of viable bacteria isolated. However, there was a reduction in caecal liquor pH to < 6.6, but few changes in caecal liquor SCFA concentrations. Faecal SCFA concentrations, dry matter content and consistency did not alter markedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Horspool
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, UK
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