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Smith C, Vikingsson S, Kronstrand R, Swortwood MJ. Chiral separation and quantitation of methylphenidate, ethylphenidate, and ritalinic acid in blood using supercritical fluid chromatography. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:579-585. [PMID: 36692345 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a technique that analyzes compounds that are temperature-labile, have moderately low weight, or are chiral compounds. Methylphenidate (MPH) is a chiral compound with two chiral centers. MPH has two chiral metabolites, ethylphenidate (EPH) and ritalinic acid (RA). MPH is sold as a racemic mixture. The d-enantiomer of threo-MPH is responsible for medicinal effects. Due to the differing effects of the enantiomers, it is important to analyze the enantiomers individually to better understand their effects. This method utilizes SFCand solid-phase extraction (SPE) to separate and analyze the enantiomers of MPH, EPH, and RA in postmortem blood. The objective of this method was to assess a unique approach with SFC for enantiomeric separation of MPH, EPH, and RA. A SPE method was developed and optimized to isolate the analytes in blood and validated as fit-for-purpose following international guidelines. The linear range for MPH and EPH was 0.25-25 and 10-1000 ng/mL for RA in blood. Bias was -8.6% to 0.8%, and precision was within 15.4% for all analytes. Following method validation, this technique was applied to the analysis of 49 authentic samples previously analyzed with an achiral method. Quantitative results for RA were comparable to achiral technique, whereas there was loss of MPH and EPH over time. The l:d enantiomer ratio was calculated, and MPH demonstrated greater abundance of the d-enantiomer. This is the first known method to separate and quantify the enantiomers of all three analytes utilizing SFC and SPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Smith
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, USA
| | - Svante Vikingsson
- Center for Forensic Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Kronstrand
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Madeleine J Swortwood
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, USA
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Smith CR, Swortwood MJ. Chiral separation and quantification of d,l-methylphenidate, d,l-ethylphenidate and ritalinic acid in blood by LC-MS/MS. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Peters JR, Keasling R, Brown SD, Pond BB. Quantification of Synthetic Cathinones in Rat Brain Using HILIC-ESI-MS/MS. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:718-725. [PMID: 27474358 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The abuse of synthetic cathinones, formerly marketed as "bath salts", has emerged over the last decade. Three common drugs in this class include 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone). An LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone in brain tissue. Briefly, MDPV, mephedrone, methylone, and their deuterium-labeled analogs were subjected to solid phase extraction (SPE) and separated using an HILIC Silica Column. The HPLC was coupled to a Shimadzu IT-TOF (ion trap-time of flight) system with the electrospray source running in positive mode (+ESI). The method was validated for precision, accuracy, and extraction efficiency. All inter-day and intra-day % RSD (percent relative standard deviation) and % error values were less than 15% and extraction efficiency exceeded 80%. These conditions allowed for limits of detection of 1ng/mL for MDPV, and 5 ng/mL for both mephedrone and methylone. The limits of quantification were determined to be 5ng/mL for MDPV and 10 ng/mL for mephedrone and methylone. The method was utilized to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of these drugs in adult male rats following administration of a drug cocktail including MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone. All three compounds reached peak concentrations in the brain within 15 min. Although methylone and mephedrone were administered at the same dose, the peak concentration (Cmax) of mephedrone in the brain was significantly higher than that for methylone, as was the area under the curve (AUC). In summary, this quick and sensitive method for measuring synthetic cathinones may be used for future pharmacokinetic investigations of these drugs in target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Peters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, East Tennessee State University Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Box 70594, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Robert Keasling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, East Tennessee State University Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Box 70594, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Stacy D Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, East Tennessee State University Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Box 70594, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Brooks B Pond
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, East Tennessee State University Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Box 70594, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Zhang C, Luo H, Wu Y, Zhang J, Zhang F, Lin G, Wang H. Development and validation of an UFLC-MS/MS method for enantioselectivity determination of d,l-thero-methylphenidate, d,l-thero-ethylphenidate and d,l-thero-ritalinic acid in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1011:45-52. [PMID: 26751592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A chiral UFLC-MS/MS method was established and validated for quantifying d-threo-methylphenidate (d-threo-MPH), l-threo-methylphenidate (l-threo-MPH), d-threo-ethylphenidate (d-threo-EPH), l-threo-ethylphenidate (l-threo-EPH) and d,l-threo-ritalinic acid (d,l-threo-RA) in rat plasma over the linearity range of 1-500ng/mL. Chiral separation was performed on an Astec Chirobiotic V2 column (5μm, 250×2.1mm) with isocratic elution using methanol containing 0.003% ammonium acetate (w/v) and 0.003% trifluoroacetic acid (v/v) at a flow of 0.3mL/min. All analytes and IS were extracted from rat plasma by a one-step liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method. The intra- and inter-run accuracies were within 85-115%, and the intra- and inter-run precision were <10% for all analytes. Extraction recoveries were 55-62% for d-threo-MPH, 54-60% for l-threo-MPH, 55-60% for d-threo-EPH, 53-57% for l-threo-EPH and 25-30% for d,l-threo-RA. The validated UFLC-MS/MS method successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic interaction study of oral d-threo-MPH and l-threo-MPH (alone or in combination) in female Sprague Dawley rats. The EPH was not detected in rat plasma following oral administrated MPH without EtOH. As far as it is known to the authors, this study is the first one step liquid-liquid extraction method to extract and UFLC-MS/MS method to quantify d-threo-MPH, l-threo-MPH, d-threo-EPH, l-threo-EPH and d,l-threo-RA simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Zhang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1111 Ha Lei Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huafei Luo
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1111 Ha Lei Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yubo Wu
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1111 Ha Lei Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junyun Zhang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1111 Ha Lei Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Furong Zhang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1111 Ha Lei Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guobei Lin
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1111 Ha Lei Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1111 Ha Lei Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Peters HT, Strange LG, Brown SD, Pond BB. The pharmacokinetic profile of methylphenidate use in pregnancy: A study in mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 54:1-4. [PMID: 26795754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify the amounts of the d- and l-threo enantiomers of methylphenidate in maternal plasma, placenta, and maternal and fetal brain tissue following prenatal exposure and to establish a pharmacokinetic profile for MPH during pregnancy. Due to increasing rates of use of methylphenidate amongst females of childbearing age, it is important to understand the extent of exposure to the fetus. Briefly, pregnant mice were injected with 5 mg/kg methylphenidate at 18 days gestation, and tissue was collected 1, 5, 10, 30, 60, and 120 min following injection. Methylphenidate was extracted from tissue via solid phase extraction, and concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Because methylphenidate is administered as a racemic mixture of d- and l-threo enantiomers and the d-enantiomer is more pharmacologically active, the enantiomers were quantified separately. Interestingly, we found that methylphenidate does cross the placenta and enter the fetal brain. Although the highest concentrations were achieved in maternal brain, the concentrations of d- and l-methylphenidate in fetal brain were comparable to those of maternal plasma. Additionally, both d- and l-methylphenidate had longer half-lives in placenta than in maternal or fetal brain. Interestingly, there was a bimodal peak in maternal brain concentrations, at 5 min and again at 60 min, which was not observed in maternal plasma. Finally, the total exposure (as represented by area under the curve) was statistically significantly higher for the active d-enantiomer than the l-enantiomer in maternal brain tissue. In conclusion, methylphenidate crosses the placenta and reaches measurable concentrations in fetal brain. Although long-term behavioral and developmental studies are needed to determine specific outcomes of prenatal exposure, discussion with pregnant patients on the potential risks of methylphenidate exposure is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley T Peters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Box 70594, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Lauren G Strange
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Box 70594, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Stacy D Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Box 70594, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Brooks B Pond
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Box 70594, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States.
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Allen SA, Pond BB. Chromatographic and electrophoretic strategies for the chiral separation and quantification of d- and l-threomethylphenidate in biological matrices. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1554-64. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena A. Allen
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Johnson City TN 37614 USA
| | - Brooks B. Pond
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Johnson City TN 37614 USA
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Wei W, Chu Y, Ding C. Gas-Phase Binding of Noncovalent Complexes Between α-cyclodextrin and Amino Acids Investigated by Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.900779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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