Acupuncture ameliorates neurological function in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by regulating the opening of large-conductance Ca2+ -activated potassium channels

Key targets of signal transduction neural mechanisms in acupuncture treatment of cardiovascular diseases: Hypothalamus and autonomic nervous system

Background

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. As a traditional Chinese treatment method, acupuncture has a unique role in restoring the balance of the human body environment. Due to its safety, non-invasive nature, and effectiveness in treating cardiovascular diseases, acupuncture has been widely welcomed and recognized among the world. A large amount of evidence shows that acupuncture can effectively regulate cardiovascular diseases through the autonomic nervous system. The hypothalamus, as an important component of regulating the autonomic nervous system, plays an important role in regulating the internal environment, maintaining homeostasis, and preserving physiological balance. However, there is currently a scarcity of review articles on acupuncture signal transduction and acupuncture improving cardiovascular disease through the hypothalamus and autonomic nervous system.

Objective

This review delves into the transduction of acupuncture signals and their neural regulatory mechanisms on the hypothalamus and autonomic nervous system, elucidating their impact on cardiovascular disease.

Methods

Review the basic and clinical studies on acupuncture signal transduction mechanisms and the role of the hypothalamus and ANS in acupuncture treatment of cardiovascular diseases published in four English databases (PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Springer Cochrane Library) and two Chinese databases (Wanfang Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database) over the past 20 years.

Results

Through sensory stimulation, acupuncture effectively transmits signals from the periphery to the hypothalamus, where they are integrated, and finally regulate the autonomic nervous system to treat cardiovascular diseases.

Discussion

Acupuncture exhibits significant potential as a therapeutic modality for cardiovascular diseases by orchestrating autonomic nervous system regulation via the hypothalamus, thereby gifting novel perspectives and methodologies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular ailments.

Effects of CICARE model combined with traditional Chinese medicine encapsulation on muscle strength and depression levels in hemiplegic patients with sequelae of cerebrovascular disease

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the impact of the combination of CICARE (C - Connect, I - Introduce, C - Communicate, A - Ask, R - Respond, E - Exit) communication model and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) poultice on muscle strength and depression levels in patients.

METHODS

Patients were divided into three groups: basic treatment group, basic treatment + TCM poultice group, and combined treatment group. Conventional rehabilitation therapy, TCM poultice external application, and the combination of both with the CICARE communication model were applied in the respective groups. Muscle strength (AMA muscle strength grading scale), self-care abilities (Barthel Index), depression symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale), neurological deficit status (NIHSS score) and serum inflammatory factor levels were assessed at admission, 3 weeks, and 8 weeks of treatment.

RESULTS

After 3 and 8 weeks of treatment, the combined treatment group had higher AMA muscle strength scores and improved Barthel Index scores compared to other groups (p < 0.05). Depressive symptoms also improved significantly in the combined treatment group, with lower HDRS scores at 3 and 8 weeks (p < 0.05). After 8 weeks, IL-1, IL-6, and hs-CRP levels decreased in all groups, with the combined treatment group showing the lowest levels (p < 0.05). NIHSS scores decreased significantly in all groups post-intervention, with the combined treatment group showing the greatest improvement (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The integration of CICARE communication model with TCM poultice shows notable benefits in enhancing muscle strength, daily living self-care abilities, reducing depression, neurological impairment, and inflammatory factors in post-stroke hemiplegia patients.

Acupuncture Extended the Thrombolysis Window by Suppressing Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Regulating Autophagy-Apoptosis Balance after Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND

Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The narrow therapeutic window (within 4.5 h) and severe hemorrhagic potential limits therapeutic efficacy of recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) intravenous thrombolysis for patients. Xingnao Kaiqiao (XNKQ) acupuncture is an integral part of traditional Chinese medicine, specifically designed to address acute ischemic stroke by targeting key acupoints such as Shuigou (GV26) and Neiguan (PC6). In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of XNKQ acupuncture in extending the time window for thrombolysis and interrogated the molecular mechanisms responsible for this effect.

METHODS

The effect of extending the thrombolysis window by acupuncture was evaluated via TTC staining, neuronal score evaluation, hemorrhagic transformation assay, and H&E staining. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was performed to identify the therapeutic targets and intervention mechanisms of acupuncture. Evans blue staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Immunofluorescence staining and co-immunoprecipitation were performed to evaluate the level of autophagy and apoptosis and validate their interactions with BBB endothelial cells.

RESULTS

Acupuncture alleviated infarction and neurological deficits and extended the thrombolysis window to 6 h. The RNA-seq revealed 16 potential therapeutic predictors for acupuncture intervention, which related to suppressing inflammation and restoring the function of BBB and blood vessels. Furthermore, acupuncture suppressed BBB leakage and preserved tight junction protein expression. The protective effect was associated with regulation of the autophagy-apoptosis balance in BBB endothelial cells. Acupuncture intervention dissociated the Beclin1/Bcl-2 complex, thereby promoting autophagy and reducing apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

XNKQ acupuncture could serve as an adjunctive therapy for rt-PA thrombolysis, aiming to extend the therapeutic time window and mitigate ischemia-reperfusion injury. Acupuncture suppressed BBB disruption by regulating the autophagy-apoptosis balance, which in turn extended the therapeutic window of rt-PA in IS. These findings provide a rationale for further exploration of acupuncture as a complementary candidate co-administered with rt-PA.

Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture Effects of ST-36 (Zusanli) and SP-9 (Yinlingquan) on Motor Behavior in Ischemic Gerbils

Objective

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. To find ways to reduce behavioral disabilities, researchers study animal models. By targeting ST-36 (Zusanli) and SP-9 (Yinlingquan), this study investigated the effects of traditional acupuncture and electroacupuncture (EA) on motor behavior in gerbils following global cerebral ischemia.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-six male gerbils were randomly assigned to 6 groups (n = 6 in each): control (C); sham-surgical (S); ischemia (I); acupuncture (Ac); EA (Ea); and sham-EA (SEa). The animals were habituated in an activity cage (AC) 72 hours before surgery. After induction of global ischemia, the Ac, Ea, and SEa groups received bilateral stimulation at ST-36 and SP-9. In the Ea group, an alternating electrical current was used. The animals were tested in the AC 4 days after surgery, and the results were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Dunn's posthoc test.

Results

Statistical analysis revealed increased distance traveled and sensors triggered by the I, Ea, and SEa groups, compared to the C, Ac, and S groups. The animals' movement tracks had a similar pattern between the I and Ea groups, with increased exploration along the walls of the AC. Meanwhile, the Ac, S, and SEa groups explored the AC similarly to the C group.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that acupuncture may normalize motor behavior in gerbils with ischemia and could be a promising treatment for stroke-induced motor deficits.

Emerging Treatment Strategies for Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/RI) injury is a common feature of ischemic stroke which occurs when the blood supply is restored after a period of ischemia in the brain. Reduced blood-flow to the brain during CI/RI compromises neuronal cell health as a result of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, cytokine production, inflammation and tissue damage. Reperfusion therapy during CI/RI can restore the blood flow to ischemic regions of brain which are not yet infarcted. The long-term goal of CI/RI therapy is to reduce stroke-related neuronal cell death, disability and mortality. A range of drug and interventional therapies have emerged that can alleviate CI/RI mediated oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the brain. Herein, we review recent studies on CI/RI interventions for which a mechanism of action has been described and the potential of these therapeutic modalities for future use in the clinic.

An overview of the evidence to guide decision-making in acupuncture therapies for early recovery after acute ischemic stroke

Background

Acupuncture is a proven technique of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for ischemic stroke. The purpose of this overview was to summarize and evaluate the evidence from current systematic reviews (SRs) of acupuncture for early recovery after acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Methods

We performed a comprehensive search for SRs of acupuncture for AIS in seven electronic databases up to May 23, 2022. Two reviewers independently selected SRs, extracted data, evaluated the methodological quality using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2), and rated evidence certainty using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).

Results

Seven SRs were included. The overall methodological quality of SRs was critically low. As for GRADE, 3 outcomes had moderate-quality evidence, 14 had low-quality evidence, and 12 had very low-quality evidence. Moderate-quality evidence demonstrated that initiating acupuncture therapies within 30 days of AIS onset significantly improves neurological function and the total effective rate of patients. Low-quality evidence showed that for patients within 2 weeks of AIS onset Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture (XNKQ Ac) could reduce disability rate and might reduce mortality. Regarding the safety of acupuncture therapies, low-quality evidence showed that there was no difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the 2 groups, and very-low quality evidence showed that acupuncture did not promote hemorrhagic conversion.

Conclusions

In the acute and early recovery phases after AIS onset, acupuncture is a promising therapeutic strategy to improve the curative effect of current treatments, especially in the recovery of neurological function. Patients in the acute phase might receive XNKQ Ac, and patients in the early recovery phase might receive EA¹, CA, or SA. However, considering the current certainty of evidence, a solid recommendation warrants further exploration.

Systematic review registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022335426.