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Thermally-induced formation of taste-active 2,5-diketopiperazines from short-chain peptide precursors in cocoa. Food Res Int 2019; 121:217-228. [PMID: 31108743 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs) are cyclic dipeptides responsible for the specific bitter taste of cocoa formed during roasting. The 2,5-diketopiperazine and peptide composition of four different cocoa bean samples from different origins were studied using LC-MS techniques. 34 diketopiperazines were identified, of which 10 are newly reported in cocoa. Their formation was followed during two different roasting time-series using a zero-order and an alternative Prout-Tompkins solid-state kinetic models. The activation energies of diketopiperazine formation showed a distribution close to normal with individual values depending on the nature of the substituents. The relative concentrations of the DKPs were correlated with their putative peptide precursors in unroasted cocoa bean samples. The results showed a significant positive correlation, indicating that oligopeptides formed in cocoa bean fermentation are taste-precursors for bitter tasting diketopiperazines. Unexpectedly, for most diketopiperazines, a single major peptide precursor could be suggested.
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Borthwick AD, Da Costa NC. 2,5-diketopiperazines in food and beverages: Taste and bioactivity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:718-742. [PMID: 25629623 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.911142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
2,5-Diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) have been found to occur in a wide range of food and beverages, and display an array of chemesthetic effects (bitter, astringent, metallic, and umami) that can contribute to the taste of a variety of foods. These smallest cyclic peptides also occur as natural products and have been found to display a variety of bioactivities from antibacterial, antifungal, to anthroprotective effects and have the potential to be used in the development of new functional foods. An overview of the synthesis of these small chiral molecules and their molecular properties is presented. The occurrence, taste, and bioactivity of all simple naturally occurring 2,5-DKPs to date have been reviewed and those found in food from yeasts, fungi, and bacteria that have been used in food preparation or contamination, as well as metabolites of sweeteners and antibiotics added to food are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil C Da Costa
- b International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. , Union Beach , New Jersey , USA
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Mangamuri UK, Muvva V, Poda S, Chitturi B, Yenamandra V. Bioactive natural products from Pseudonocardia endophytica VUK-10. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2016; 14:261-267. [PMID: 30647624 PMCID: PMC6299850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Two proline containing cyclic dipeptides (CDPs), cyclo (L-Pro-L-Tyr) (1) and cyclo (L-Pro-L-Phe) (2) were isolated from the fermentation broth of Pseudonocardia endophytica VUK-10 originating from the Nizampatnam mangrove ecosystem on the south coast of Andhra Pradesh, India. The structures of the compounds were established by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, FTIR and EIMS. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the compounds were tested against a variety of medicinally and agriculturally important bacteria and fungi as well as on the MDA-MB-231, OAW-42, HeLa and MCF-7 human cell lines. Xanthomonas malvacearum was most sensitive toward 1 (MIC 4 μg/ml), whereas compound 2 had good antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas campestris (MIC 8 μg/ml). Fusarium solani was highly sensitive toward 1 (MIC 16 μg/ml). The compounds were cytotoxic against the human cell lines at micro molar concentrations; the highest activity (IC50 < 10 μM) of 1 was recorded against the MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Kiranmayi Mangamuri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522510, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Muvva
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522510, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sudhakar Poda
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522510, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Bhujangarao Chitturi
- Organic Chemistry Division-I, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Nishanth Kumar S, Nath VS, Pratap Chandran R, Nambisan B. Cyclic dipeptides from rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode-associated Bacillus cereus have antimicrobial activities. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:439-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kumar SN, Nambisan B, Sundaresan A, Mohandas C, Anto RJ. Isolation and identification of antimicrobial secondary metabolites from Bacillus cereus associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode. ANN MICROBIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Kumar SN, Nambisan B, Mohandas C. Purification and identification of two antifungal cyclic dipeptides from Bacillus cereus subsp. thuringiensis associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode especially against Fusarium oxysporum. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:190-7. [PMID: 23402421 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.765414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-free culture filtrate of Bacillus cereus subsp. thuringiensis associated with an entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Rhabditis (Oscheius) sp., exhibited strong antimicrobial activity. The ethyl acetate extract of the bacterial culture filtrate was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain two cyclic dipeptides (CDPs). The structure and absolute stereochemistry of this compound were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analyses (FABMS, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, (1)H-(1)H COSY, (1)H-(13)C HMBC) and Marfey's method. The compounds were identified as cyclo(D-Pro-L-Met) and cyclo(D-Pro-D-Tyr). CDPs showed significantly higher activity than the standard fungicide bavistin against agriculturally important fungi, viz., Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Penicillium expansum. The highest activity of 2 µg/ml by cyclo(D-Pro-D-Tyr) was recorded against F. oxysporum, a plant pathogen responsible for causing fusarium wilt followed by R. solani, a pathogen that causes root rot and P. expansum. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of these compounds from Rhabditis EPN bacterial strain Bacillus cereus subsp. thuringiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nishanth Kumar
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilisation, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute , Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram , India
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Kumar N, Mohandas C, Nambisan B, Kumar DRS, Lankalapalli RS. Isolation of proline-based cyclic dipeptides from Bacillus sp. N strain associated with rhabitid entomopathogenic nematode and its antimicrobial properties. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 29:355-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Nishanth Kumar S, Mohandas C, Siji J, Rajasekharan K, Nambisan B. Identification of antimicrobial compound, diketopiperazines, from a Bacillus sp. N strain associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode against major plant pathogenic fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:914-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Nishanth Kumar
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilisation; Central Tuber Crops Research Institute; Sreekariyam; Thiruvananthapuram; India
| | - C. Mohandas
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilisation; Central Tuber Crops Research Institute; Sreekariyam; Thiruvananthapuram; India
| | - J.V. Siji
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilisation; Central Tuber Crops Research Institute; Sreekariyam; Thiruvananthapuram; India
| | - K.N. Rajasekharan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Kerala; Thiruvananthapuram; India
| | - Bala Nambisan
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilisation; Central Tuber Crops Research Institute; Sreekariyam; Thiruvananthapuram; India
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Hudecová J, Horníček J, Buděšínský M, Šebestík J, Šafařík M, Zhang G, Keiderling TA, Bouř P. Three types of induced tryptophan optical activity compared in model dipeptides: theory and experiment. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2748-60. [PMID: 22706803 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The tryptophan (Trp) aromatic residue in chiral matrices often exhibits a large optical activity and thus provides valuable structural information. However, it can also obscure spectral contributions from other peptide parts. To better understand the induced chirality, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), and Raman optical activity (ROA) spectra of Trp-containing cyclic dipeptides c-(Trp-X) (where X = Gly, Ala, Trp, Leu, nLeu, and Pro) are analyzed on the basis of experimental spectra and density functional theory (DFT) computations. The results provide valuable insight into the molecular conformational and spectroscopic behavior of Trp. Whereas the ECD is dominated by Trp π-π* transitions, VCD is dominated by the amide modes, well separated from minor Trp contributions. The ROA signal is the most complex. However, an ROA marker band at 1554 cm(-1) indicates the local χ(2) angle value in this residue, in accordance with previous theoretical predictions. The spectra and computations also indicate that the peptide ring is nonplanar, with a shallow potential so that the nonplanarity is primarily induced by the side chains. Dispersion-corrected DFT calculations provide better results than plain DFT, but comparison with experiment suggests that they overestimate the stability of the folded conformers. Molecular dynamics simulations and NMR results also confirm a limited accuracy of the dispersion-DFT model in nonaqueous solvents. Combination of chiral spectroscopies with theoretical analysis thus significantly enhances the information that can be obtained from the induced chirality of the Trp aromatic residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hudecová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Anteunis MJO, Bécu C, Liberek B, Kołodziejczyk A. Structure assignment and conformations of the four diastereomeric cyclic dipeptides of phenylalanine, S-methyl-4-thiazolidinium-2-carboxylic ACII. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19790881010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Anteunis MJO, Schrooten R, Nachtergaele W. Rotational Side-Chain Isomerism And Aggregation Of The Diastereomeric Cyclic Dipeptides Phenylalanine, 4-Thiapipecolic Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19800890405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Stereochemical aspects of proton chemical shifts. VII-4-fluoro-prolines. A FURTHER CASE OF VIOLATION OF THE “SYN-UPFIELD” RULE IN 1H-NMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19780871109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Sleeckx JJM, Anteunis MJO. Revisited Conformational Aspects of Pro and Hyp Pyrrolidine Rings In Bicyclic Peptide Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19850940306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Poupaert JH, Lhoëst G. A New Synthesis of (S) - ( + ) -1,5-Cyclotrimethylene-3-Phenyl-2-Thiohydantoin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19790880509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Schrooten R, Joshi S, Anteunis MJO. A comparative study of the aggregation, rotational side-chain isomerism and side-chain/side-chain interactions in the cyclic dipeptides c/Phe, Pip/ and c/Phe, (s)Pip/. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19800890804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Reyniers FS, Borremans FAM, Anteunis MJO. Solution Conformation of Cyclic Dipeptides of Pipecolic and Thiapipecolic Acid Combined With Glycine and Sarcosine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19850940608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Abiram A, Kolandaivel P. Switching conformation of cyclo(histidyl-histidyl) dipeptide: dynamics and density functional theory study. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020802595554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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SHEINBLATT M, ANDORN M, RUDI A. N.m.r. studies on the conformation of cyclo(-l-Trp-l-His) in solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1988.tb00046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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BENEDETTI E, BAVOSO A, BLASIO B, PAVONE V, PEDONE C, PAOLILLO L, D'ALAGNI M. Structural studies of cyclopeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1988.tb00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Anteunis MJ, Borremans FA, Becu C, Sleeckx J. Preparation of racemic 2r-carboxy-trans, trans-3,4-dideutero-pyrrolidine (DL-trans, trans-3,4-dideutero-proline) and unambiguous assignment of protons in the 1H n.m.r. spectrum of proline. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 2009; 14:445-50. [PMID: 536112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1979.tb01955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Racemic trans-3,4-dideutero proline has been prepared by catalytic deuteration of 3-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid. The stereospecificity of the reduction (i.e. trans to the carboxylic group) was ascertained after transformation of the dideutero compound into the diketopiperazide c/Pro, Aib/, for which unambiguous proton assignments in the 1H n.m.r. spectrum had been obtained previously. The identification of the configuration of the dideuteroproline allows for the affirmation of the correctness of proton assignments as previously proposed in literature.
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van der Merwe E, Huang D, Peterson D, Kilian G, Milne PJ, Van de Venter M, Frost C. The synthesis and anticancer activity of selected diketopiperazines. Peptides 2008; 29:1305-11. [PMID: 18436344 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Six selected diketopiperazines, cyclo(Gly-Val), cyclo(Gly-D-Val), cyclo(Gly-Leu), cyclo(Gly-Ile), cyclo(Phe-Cys) and cyclo(Tyr-Cys), were synthesized via various synthetic routes. Their potential to inhibit cancer cell growth in HT-29, HeLa and MCF-7 cells was determined. Cyclo(Tyr-Cys) caused the greatest inhibition in cervical carcinoma cells with near equivalent activity against HT-29 and MCF-7 cells. The other cyclic dipeptides tested were effective in the inhibition of colon, cervical and breast carcinoma cells, respectively, but the percentage inhibition was lower than for cyclo(Tyr-Cys).
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Affiliation(s)
- E van der Merwe
- Department of Pharmacy, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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27
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Lena G, Lallemand E, Gruner AC, Boeglin J, Roussel S, Schaffner AP, Aubry A, Franetich JF, Mazier D, Landau I, Briand JP, Didierjean C, Rénia L, Guichard G. 1,3,5-Triazepan-2,6-diones as Structurally Diverse and Conformationally Constrained Dipeptide Mimetics: Identification of Malaria Liver Stage Inhibitors from a Small Pilot Library. Chemistry 2006; 12:8498-512. [PMID: 16927352 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of the 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione system as a novel, conformationally restricted, and readily accessible class of dipeptidomimetics is reported. The synthesis of the densely functionalized 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione skeleton was achieved in only four steps from a variety of simple linear dipeptide precursors. To extend the practical value of 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-diones, a general polymer-assisted solution-phase synthesis approach amenable to library production in a multiparallel format was developed. The conformational preferences of the 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione skeleton were investigated in detail by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The ring exhibits a characteristic folded conformation which was compared to that of related dipeptide-derived scaffolds including the more planar 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP). Molecular and structural diversity was increased further through post-cyclization appending operations at urea nitrogens. Preliminary biological screens of a small collection of 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-diones revealed inhibitors of the underexplored malaria liver stage and suggest strong potential for this dipeptide-derived scaffold to interfere with and to modulate biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gersande Lena
- Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques (ICT), UPR CNRS 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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Lucietto FR, Milne PJ, Kilian G, Frost CL, Van De Venter M. The biological activity of the histidine-containing diketopiperazines cyclo(His-Ala) and cyclo(His-Gly). Peptides 2006; 27:2706-14. [PMID: 16797105 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two cyclic dipeptides, cyclo(His-Ala) and cyclo(His-Gly,) were synthesized from their linear counterparts and their structures elucidated using standard elucidation techniques. Molecular modeling and predictive NMR results indicated that the majority of energetically favourable conformers adopted a boat conformation with respect to the diketopiperazine ring. Cyclo(His-Ala), at concentrations of 100 microM inhibited the growth, in vitro, of various cancer cell lines, including HT-29, MCF-7 and HeLa carcinoma cells while cyclo(His-Gly) inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells. While the antibacterial potential of these two compounds was limited, both cyclic dipeptides significantly inhibited the growth of C. albicans. Both compounds at a concentration of 100 microM resulted in a decrease in heart rate, coronary flow rate and left ventricular systolic pressure in the isolated rat heart. Inhibition of thrombin, amounting to a 63.3% and 36.7% reduction in the rate of fibrin formation, was noted for cyclo(His-Ala) and cyclo(His-Gly), respectively. While cyclo(His-Ala) showed no notable effects on platelet aggregation, cyclo(His-Gly) significantly inhibited both pathways tested with greatest effects on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, yielding an IC(50) of 0.0662 mM (R(2)=0.989). The results of the anticancer and hematological studies indicate that histidine-containing diketopiperazines have potential as a novel group of cytotoxic agents with antithrombotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Lucietto
- Cyclic Peptide Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Box 77000, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.
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Santagada V, Fiorino F, Perissutti E, Severino B, Terracciano S, Cirino G, Caliendo G. A convenient strategy of dimerization by microwave heating and using 2,5-diketopiperazine as scaffold. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Diketopiperazines (DKPs), the smallest cyclic peptides, represent an important class of biologically active natural products and their research has been fundamental to many aspects of peptide chemistry. The advent of combinatorial chemistry has revived interest in DKPs for two reasons: firstly, they are simple heterocyclic scaffolds in which diversity can be introduced and stereochemically controlled at up to four positions; secondly, they can be prepared from readily available alpha-amino acids using very robust chemistry. Here synthetic methods, conformation, as well as applications of DKPs are summarized and discussed critically.
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Freed JD, Hart DJ, Magomedov NA. Trapping of the putative cationic intermediate in the Morin rearrangement with carbon nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2001; 66:839-52. [PMID: 11430103 DOI: 10.1021/jo0013406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents reactions in which the putative cationic intermediate in the Morin rearrangement is trapped by aromatic carbon nucleophiles (indoles and furans). For example, reaction of sulfoxide 27 with trifluoroacetic acid in chloroform provides, among other products, indole 29 and indoline 30. The indoline was shown to be in equilibrium with the nine-membered ring bridged indole 31. Other examples of Morin rearrangement-trapping reactions are presented, and mechanisms for these transformations are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Freed
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Hart DJ, Magomedov N. Spiroquinazoline Support Studies: New Cascade Reactions Based on the Morin Rearrangement. J Org Chem 1999; 64:2990-2991. [PMID: 11674388 DOI: 10.1021/jo990147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hart
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Milne PJ, Hunt AL, Rostoll K, Van Der Walt JJ, Graz CJ. The biological activity of selected cyclic dipeptides. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998; 50:1331-7. [PMID: 10052845 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb03355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dipeptides are widely used as models for larger peptides because of their simplicity and limited conformational freedom. Some cyclic dipeptides have been shown to be antiviral, antibiotic and anti-tumour. The aim of this study was to determine the biological activity of four cyclic dipeptides synthesized in this laboratory: cyclo(L-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl), cyclo(L-tyrosyl-L-prolyl), cyclo(L-tryptophanyl-L-prolyl) and cyclo(L-tryptophanyl-L-tryptophanyl). The enhancement or inhibition of calcium channels in ventricular myocytes from rats and delayed-rectifier potassium channels in ventricular myocytes from guinea-pigs were determined by use of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The induction of differentiation in HT-29 cells was assessed by assaying for an increase in the expression of alkaline phosphatase. Antibiotic properties against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilus and Streptococcus sp. were determined by use of the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion assay. Results from these assays indicate that the cyclic dipeptides have biological activity in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Three of the dipeptides block cation channels in ventricular myocytes and all increase the expression of alkaline phosphatase. All the dipeptides have concentration-dependent antibacterial properties. These results suggest that with increased solubility the cyclic dipeptides might have potential as muscle relaxants, anti-tumour compounds and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Milne
- School of Pharmacy, University of Port Elizabeth, Republic of South Africa
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35
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Palacin S, Chin DN, Simanek EE, MacDonald JC, Whitesides GM, McBride MT, Palmore GTR. Hydrogen-Bonded Tapes Based on Symmetrically Substituted Diketopiperazines: A Robust Structural Motif for the Engineering of Molecular Solids. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja962905b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Palacin
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01238, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Donovan N. Chin
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01238, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01238, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - John C. MacDonald
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01238, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01238, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Mary T. McBride
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01238, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - G. Tayhas R. Palmore
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01238, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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36
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Szardenings AK, Burkoth TS, Lu HH, Tien DW, Campbell DA. A simple procedure for the solid phase synthesis of diketopiperazine and diketomorpholine derivatives. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Abstract
The X-ray diffraction experiments on peptides and related molecules which have been carried out in Western Europe, except Italy, in the last eight years are reviewed. The crystal structures of some bioactive peptides such as Leu-enkephalin (a neurotransmitter), cyclosporin A (an immunomodulator in both the free and protein-bound state), balhimycin (an antibiotic) and octreotide (a somatostatin analogue) are briefly presented. Crystallized N- and C-protected model peptides have given an insight into the folding tendency and folding modes depending on the peptide sequences. The crystal structures of various pseudopeptide molecules reveal how the three-dimensional structure of peptide analogues can be modulated by substituting non-peptide groups for the peptide bond. A few examples of structural mimetics of the beta- and gamma-turns, and of templates for alpha-helix induction are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marraud
- LCPM, CNRS-URA 494, ENSIC-INPL, Nancy, France
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38
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The solution conformation of 1-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)methyl-3(S)-(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl-6(S)-phenylmethyl-2,5-piperazinedione (1): An NMR and molecular modelling study. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Fleischhauer J, Grötzinger J, Kramer B, Krüger P, Wollmer A, Woody RW, Zobel E. Calculation of the circular dichroism spectrum of cyclo-(L-tyr-L-tyr) based on a molecular dynamics simulation. Biophys Chem 1994; 49:141-52. [PMID: 8155814 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(93)e0065-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical calculations of CD spectra have generally assumed a single conformation, or a small number of conformers with Boltzmann averaging. Solvent effects on both the conformation and the CD have been neglected. In this work, we have calculated the CD spectrum of cyclo(L-Tyr-L-Tyr) in aqueous solution, taking dynamics and solvation into account. Starting geometries with chi 1 approximately 300 degrees or 60 degrees for both Tyr side chains were derived from MNDO/MOPAC, followed by energy minimization using GROMOS. After addition of 368 water molecules, the system was simulated for 1000 ps at 300 K using GROMOS. In addition to the starting conformer, two other conformers were observed during each simulation. However, each trajectory gave a distinct set of conformers. Rotational strengths were calculated for the cyclic dipeptide at each ps along the trajectories, using the matrix method. The CD spectra calculated from these rotational strengths were averaged over the trajectories. Agreement is very good for the strong negative band near 200 nm, while for the lower energy bands (near 230 and 280 nm), the signs are correct, but the magnitudes are too low. The spectrum calculated from a Boltzmann-weighted average over the in vacuo MNDO/MOPAC conformers was in poor agreement with experiment. Although the solvent did not significantly affect the rotational strength calculated for a given conformer, it is essential to include the solvent in the MD simulations because it affects the relative energies of the conformers and promotes transitions among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fleischhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
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40
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Rajappa S, Natekar MV. Piperazine-2,5-diones and Related Lactim Ethers. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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41
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Sheinblatt M. NMR studies on the conformation of cyclodipeptides with two identical L-aromatic amino acid residues in solutions--cyclo[L-5(OH)Trp-L-5(OH)Trp] and cyclo[-L-Phe-L-Phe]. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1991; 38:8-14. [PMID: 1938108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1991.tb01402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
NMR studies on the conformations of cyclodipeptides containing two identical L-aromatic amino acid residues cyclo[-L-5(OH)Trp-L-5(OH)Trp]8 and cyclo[-L-Phe-L-Phe]9 in DMSO solutions are reported here. The 1H chemical shifts, the spin-spin coupling constants, and the NOE results show that in these two cyclodipeptides one residue occupies the folded antiperpendicular and the second the extended to nitrogen perpendicular conformers respectively. The results indicate that each of the identical residues is in a fast conformational equilibrium between the above two conformers so that one set of 1H and 13C resonances is observed for the two identical residues in the above two cyclodipeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sheinblatt
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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42
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Patino N, Condom R, Ayi I, Guedj R, Aumelas A. 2.5 - Dioxopiperazines β - monofluorees - I. Preparation. J Fluor Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(00)82242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Ciarkowski J, Gdaniec M, Kołodziejczyk A, Liberek B, Borremans FA, Anteunis MJ. Conformation of cyclo-(D-phenylalanyl-trans-4-fluoro-D-prolyl). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1990; 36:285-91. [PMID: 2279851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1990.tb00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
cyclo(D-Phenylalanyl-trans-4-fluoro-D-prolyl), c(D-Phe-D-FPro), was synthesized and its conformation determined both in solution and in the solid state by 1H NMR and X-ray analysis, respectively. In the crystals the 2.5-diketopiperazine (DKP) ring assumes the uncommon conformation, for cyclodipeptides containing Pro residue, of a flattened chair, which seemingly results from a compromise between, on the one hand, the DKP-aromatic intramolecular ring-ring attraction (folding), requiring the C alpha--C beta bond of the Phe to be axial, and, on the other hand, the intrinsic tendency of the Pro residue to have its C alpha--C beta bond equatorial. Unlike the solid state, the 1H NMR data in CDCl3 and C6D6 demonstrate that in both solutions the DKP ring assumes a boat-like shape, typical for the Pro-containing cyclodipeptides, with the equatorial C alpha--C beta bonds in both amino acid residues, which preclude ring-ring folding. A similar conformation was encountered in the closest analog of c(D-Phe-D-FPro), viz, in c(Phe-Pro), both in solution (21, 22, 26) and in the solid state (12). A subtle interplay of intramolecular interactions introduced into a cyclodipeptide by a Pro-type and a Phe-type residue is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ciarkowski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Poland
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44
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Katritzky AR, Fan WQ, Szajda M, Li QL, Caster KC. Conjugated systems derived from piperazine-2,5-dione. J Heterocycl Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570250243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Mazza F, Pochetti G, Lucente G. Potential energy calculations on phenylalanine rotamers in different boat forms of proline-containing cyclic dipeptides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1988; 31:157-63. [PMID: 3366549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1988.tb00018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous potential energy calculations have always indicated that the folded conformation is the most stable one for cyclic dipeptides containing benzylic side chains. We have carried out intramolecular van der Waals potential energy calculations on cyclo-(D-Phe-L-Pro), N-(N-phenylacetyl-L-alanyl)-cyclo-(L-Phe-D-Pro) and N-(pyruvoyl)-cyclo-(L-Phe-D-Pro) adopting the geometries found in their crystal structures. The calculations made on these compounds, having the peptide skeleton made of the same aminoacid residues but differing in the degree of buckling of the boat, show that there is a dependence between diketopiperazine ring and phenylalanine side-chain conformations. The folded conformer is preferred as long as it is allowed by the degree of buckling of the boat. When the boat becomes highly buckled, as in the case of the pyruvoyl derivative, the folded rotamer is no longer favoured. This is the first energy calculation to demonstrate that the folded rotamer is not always the most stable one.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mazza
- Institute of Structural Chemistry, G. Giacomello CNR, Rome, Italy
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46
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The Conformations of Acyl Groups in Heterocyclic Compounds. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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47
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Ko?odziejczyk A, Ciarkowski J. Conformation of dioxopiperazines. III. Conformational-energy calculations and evaluation of specific forces contributing to the intramolecular dioxopiperazine-phenyl ring-ring folding incyclo(glycyl-phenylalanyl). Biopolymers 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360250503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Bielinski H, Ciarkowski J. Conformation of dioxopiperazines, II. CNDO/2 quantum mechanical calculations on conformational preferences incyclo (glycyl-L-alanyl),cyclo(glycyl-L-valyl), and both epimers ofcyclo-di-(alanyl). Biopolymers 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360250505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Liwo A, Ciarkowski J. Origin of the ring-ring interaction in cyclic dipeptides incorporating an aromatic amino acid. Tetrahedron Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)94761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Ciarkowski J. CNDO/2 quantum-mechanical calculations of the conformational flexibility of the diketopiperazine skeleton. Biopolymers 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360230303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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