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Yaccarino V, Jin MY, Abd-Elsayed A, Kraemer JM, Sehgal N. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in Painful Conditions of the Upper Extremity-An Overview. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2776. [PMID: 36359295 PMCID: PMC9687108 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective is to present a brief history of the evolution of peripheral nerve stimulation, the current understanding of peripheral nerve stimulation mechanisms in chronic pain, peripheral nerve stimulation applications in upper extremity chronic pain conditions, and complications of peripheral nerve stimulation. The evolution of peripheral nerve stimulation from the early ages to the current status has been facilitated by discoveries in neurobehavioral mechanisms of pain, advances in technology and percutaneous lead development, and the availability of high-quality portable ultrasound units. Peripheral nerve stimulation application in managing upper extremity pain of amputated limbs, post-stroke shoulder pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), and median, ulnar, and radial neuropathies are discussed. Finally, we describe complications of peripheral nerve stimulation. The availability of ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve stimulation techniques and superior peripheral nerve stimulation technology have opened up new and minimally invasive treatment options for chronic intractable neuropathic pain of the upper extremity. Additionally, the ability to place peripheral nerve stimulation leads percutaneously without open peripheral nerve surgery expands the pool of implanting physicians, while simultaneously decreasing the risks and complications that are associated with open surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Yaccarino
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Max Y. Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | | | - Nalini Sehgal
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Strand N, D'Souza RS, Hagedorn JM, Pritzlaff S, Sayed D, Azeem N, Abd-Elsayed A, Escobar A, Huntoon MA, Lam CM, Deer TR. Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines from the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience for the Use of Implantable Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Chronic Pain. J Pain Res 2022; 15:2483-2504. [PMID: 36039168 PMCID: PMC9419727 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s362204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this peripheral nerve stimulation consensus guideline is to add to the current family of consensus practice guidelines and incorporate a systematic review process. The published literature was searched from relevant electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science from database inception to March 29, 2021. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies that described peripheral nerve stimulation in patients in terms of clinical outcomes for various pain conditions, physiological mechanism of action, surgical technique, technique of placement, and adverse events. Twenty randomized controlled trials and 33 prospective observational studies were included in the systematic review process. There is Level I evidence supporting the efficacy of PNS for treatment of chronic migraine headaches via occipital nerve stimulation; chronic hemiplegic shoulder pain via stimulation of nerves innervating the trapezius, supraspinatus, and deltoid muscles; failed back surgery syndrome via subcutaneous peripheral field stimulation; and lower extremity neuropathic and lower extremity post-amputation pain. Evidence from current Level I studies combined with newer technologies facilitating less invasive and easier electrode placement make peripheral nerve stimulation an attractive alternative for managing patients with complex pain disorders. Peripheral nerve stimulation should be used judiciously as an adjunct for chronic and acute postoperative pain following adequate patient screening and positive diagnostic nerve block or stimulation trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Strand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan S D'Souza
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Scott Pritzlaff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dawood Sayed
- The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nomen Azeem
- Florida Spine & Pain Specialists, Bradenton, FL, USA
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Mark A Huntoon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Henrico, VA, USA
| | | | - Timothy R Deer
- The Spine and Nerve Center of the Virginias, Charleston, WV, USA
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Al-Redouan A, Holding K, Kachlik D. "Suprascapular canal": Anatomical and topographical description and its clinical implication in entrapment syndrome. Ann Anat 2020; 233:151593. [PMID: 32898658 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suprascapular nerve (SN) entrapment syndrome accounts for 1-2% of all shoulder pain. The SN travels within a space between the suprascapular notch (SSN) and the spinoglenoid notch (SGN). PURPOSE To report a detailed topographical study of the suprascapular canal (SSC) and ultimately sort the different types of SN entrapment by its anatomical localization within the canal. BASIC PROCEDURES Observational study on 30 free dissected limbs of formaldehyde-fixed cadavers. The SN and vessels were traced as they passed through the SSC and the boundaries of the SSC were observed and documented. The SSC was then exposed by reflecting away the bordering muscles. Dimensions of the SSC as well as parameters of the SSN and SGN were measured using a digital caliper. Finally, a thorough literature review was made to survey the SN entrapment occurrence by site. MAIN FINDINGS The SSC is situated in the spinoglenoid fossa, has an average width of 13 mm, and runs underneath the supraspinatus muscle with an average distance of 25 mm between the SSN and SGN sloping in an infero-postero-lateral direction. The first segment represents the SSC entrance site and is composed of two spaces: osteofibrous and musculofibrous. The second segment is bordered by the supraspinatus muscle fascia, lateral margin of the supraspinous fossa, glenohumeral joint capsule, and the bony surface of the scapula (spinoglenoid fossa). This represents the SSC passage site. The third segment represents the SSC exit site around the spinoacromial arch at the SGN. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS The SSC is defined as an osteofibrous canal running between the SSN and SGN enclosed by the supraspinatus fascia. It is anatomically composed of three segments: an entrance, a passage, and an exit. The distal SN passes through the SSC via five intervals that correspond to five potential sites of anatomical nerve entrapment: at the pre-entrance site, entrance site, passage site, exit site, and post-exit site. Each of those sites was found to be associated with specific causes and forms of entrapment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzat Al-Redouan
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Keiv Holding
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
| | - David Kachlik
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
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Blasco L, Laumonerie P, Tibbo M, Fernandes O, Minville V, Lopez R, Mansat P, Ferre F. Ultrasound-Guided Proximal and Distal Suprascapular Nerve Blocks: A Comparative Cadaveric Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2019; 21:1240-1247. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnz157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The primary aim of our study was to evaluate and compare the accuracy of ultrasound (US)-guided distal suprascapular nerve (dSSN) and proximal SSN (pSSN) blocks. Secondary aims were to compare the phrenic nerve involvement between groups and to describe the anatomical features of the sensory branches of the dSSN.
Methods
pSSN and dSSN blocks were performed in 14 cadavers (28 shoulders). Ten mL of 0.2% ropivacaine colored with methylene blue was injected under US guidance. Accuracy was determined using SSN staining and the distance between predefined anatomical landmarks and the targeted SSN. The phrenic nerve (PN) was judged to be colored or not. The distribution of the sensory branches that originate from the 14 dSSNs is described. Quantitative data are expressed as median (range).
Results
The pSSN was dyed more frequently than the dSSN (13 vs 11, P = 0.59). The targeted SSN was close to the suprascapular notch (1.3 [0–5.2] cm) and the origin of the SSN (1.4 [0.2–4.5] cm) for dSSN and pSSN blocks, respectively (P = 0.62). For dSSN blocks, the most frequent injection site was the supraspinous fossa. Three PNs were marked in pSSN blocks, compared with none in dSSN blocks (P = 0.22). Three sensory branches were identified for all 14 dSSNs: the medial subacromial branch, the lateral subacromial branch, and the posterior glenohumeral branch.
Conclusions
US-guided pSSN and dSSN blocks can be realized with accuracy. A distal approach to the SSN could be an alternative to interscalene brachial plexus block for the management of postoperative pain after shoulder surgery in high–respiratory risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Blasco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Pierre Laumonerie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Place du Docteur Baylac, 31059 Toulouse, France
- Anatomy Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Meagan Tibbo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Olivier Fernandes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Vincent Minville
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Place du Docteur Baylac, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Raphael Lopez
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Place du Docteur Baylac, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Mansat
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Place du Docteur Baylac, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrice Ferre
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Place du Docteur Baylac, 31059 Toulouse, France
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Nwaogbe C, D'Antoni AV, Oskouian RJ, Tubbs RS. The Italian master Leonardo da Vinci and his early understanding of the brachial plexus. Childs Nerv Syst 2019; 35:5-6. [PMID: 28879479 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rod J Oskouian
- Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
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Jezierski H, Podgórski M, Wysiadecki G, Olewnik Ł, De Caro R, Macchi V, Polguj M. Morphological Aspects in Ultrasound Visualisation of the Suprascapular Notch Region: A Study Based on a New Four-Step Protocol. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120491. [PMID: 30486467 PMCID: PMC6306795 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sonographic evaluation of the suprascapular notch (SSN) region is clinically important, because it is the most common location for performing suprascapular nerve block. The aim of the study was to describe the morphology of the SSN region based on ultrasound examination and in accordance with the patients’ body mass index (BMI). Material and Methods: The SSN region was sonographically examined in 120 healthy volunteers according to our new four-step protocol. The morphometry of the SSN and the neurovascular bundle was assessed, and patients’ BMI were calculated. The shape of the suprascapular notch was classified based on its superior transverse diameter (STD) and maximal depth (MD). Result: The type III scapular notch was the most prevalent (64%). The BMI was higher in type IV/V (27.38 ± 3.76) than in type I (24.77 ± 3.49). However, no significant differences were observed in the distribution of SSN notch types with regard to BMI (p = 0.0536). The suprascapular artery was visualised in all of the recognised SSNs, while the suprascapular vein and nerve were visualised only in 74.9% and 48.1% of the SSNs, respectively. The suprascapular nerve was significantly thicker on the right side (3.5 ± 1.1 mm) than on the left (1.3 ± 0.4 mm) (p = 0.001). In contrast, the suprascapular vein (1.5 ± 0.9 mm) was found to be a significantly wider on the left side than the right (1.2 ± 0.7 mm) (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Our original four-step sonographic protocol enabled characterising the morphology of the SSN region, despite the SSN notch types. The suprascapular artery is the best sonographic landmark for the suprascapular notch region. No significant differences were found between sides regarding the thickness of the soft tissue above the suprascapular nerve and vessels. Recognition of the SSN morphology is not affected by the BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Jezierski
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ministry of the Interior Hospital, Północna 42, 91-245 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Michał Podgórski
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 81/289 Rzgowska, 93-338 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Wysiadecki
- Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Olewnik
- Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 65, 35127 Padova, Italy.
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 65, 35127 Padova, Italy.
| | - Michał Polguj
- Department of Angiology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland.
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Wu WT, Chang KV, Mezian K, Naňka O, Lin CP, Özçakar L. Basis of Shoulder Nerve Entrapment Syndrome: An Ultrasonographic Study Exploring Factors Influencing Cross-Sectional Area of the Suprascapular Nerve. Front Neurol 2018; 9:902. [PMID: 30405524 PMCID: PMC6205983 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As changes in nerves' shape and size are common ultrasonographic findings of entrapment neuropathy, measurement of the nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) becomes the mostly used indicator to differentiate normality from pathology. Recently, more US research has been conducted to measure the shape of the suprascapular notch and the diameter of the suprascapular nerve. Because the suprascapular nerve is paramount for various shoulder disorders, the present study aims to establish normal values of suprascapular nerve sizes at different levels as well as to investigate potential influence of participants' characteristics on the CSA measurements. The present study used a cross-sectional design investigating the CSA values of the suprascapular nerve from the supraclavicular region to spinoglenoid notch. We employed the inside-epineurium and outside-epineurium methods to quantify CSA of cervical roots (C5 and C6) and the suprascapular nerve on US imaging. Univariate comparisons of nerve sizes among different age and gender groups were carried out. Multivariate analysis was performed to analyze the impact of participants' characteristics on nerve CSA. Repeated measurement analysis of variance was conducted to examine segmental variations of CSA of the suprascapular nerve from its origin to infraspinatus fossa. Our study included 60 healthy adults with 120 shoulders and had three major findings: (1) the inside-epineurium method was more reliable than the outside-epineurium approach for CSA measurements due to higher intra- and inter-rater reliability, (2) women had smaller sizes for cervical nerve roots and for the most proximal segment of the suprascapular nerves, and (3) using the outside-epineurium method, the suprascapular nerve CSA was larger in its distal division than the portion proximal to the mid-clavicular line. In conclusion, the inside-epineurium method has better reliability for nerve CSA assessment but the outside-epineurium method is needed for quantifying the size of distal suprascapular nerve. Gender difference in CSA values should be considered during evaluation of the most proximal nerve segment. Using the outside-epineurium method, the distal suprascapular nerve would be estimated larger than its proximal portion and the segmental discrepancy should be not misinterpreted as pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Vin Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kamal Mezian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Naňka
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Chih-Peng Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Levent Özçakar
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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Laumonerie P, Ferré F, Cances J, Tibbo ME, Roumiguié M, Mansat P, Minville V. Ultrasound-guided proximal suprascapular nerve block: A cadaveric study. Clin Anat 2018; 31:824-829. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Laumonerie
- Department of Orthopedics; Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet; Toulouse France
- Anatomy Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine; Toulouse France
| | - Fabrice Ferré
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine; Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet; Toulouse France
| | - Jérémy Cances
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine; Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet; Toulouse France
| | - Meagan E Tibbo
- Department of Orthopedics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | | | - Pierre Mansat
- Department of Orthopedics; Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet; Toulouse France
| | - Vincent Minville
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine; Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet; Toulouse France
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Chang KV, Mezian K, Naňka O, Wu WT, Lin CP, Özçakar L. Ultrasound-guided interventions for painful shoulder: from anatomy to evidence. J Pain Res 2018; 11:2311-2322. [PMID: 30349357 PMCID: PMC6188188 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s169434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder of variable etiology, ranging from rotator cuff pathology to peripheral nerve entrapment. Advances in ultrasound (US) technology have allowed static and dynamic evaluation of shoulder problems and most importantly, offer real-time, radiation-free guidance for interventions. The present review aims to describe shoulder anatomy in detail using information from cadaveric models and to illustrate US-guided techniques using clearly labeled figures and videos. The review will also present evidence of specific US-guided therapies for shoulder pain by summarizing landmark studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The following shoulder structures will be covered: 1) the biceps long head tendon, 2) the acromioclavicular joint, 3) the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa, 4) the glenohumeral joint, 5) the suprascapular nerve, and 6) the axillary nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Vin Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan,
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Kamal Mezian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Naňka
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wei-Ting Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Chih-Peng Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Levent Özçakar
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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The Influence of Suprascapular Notch Shape on the Visualization of Structures in the Suprascapular Notch Region: Studies Based on a New Four-Stage Ultrasonographic Protocol. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5323628. [PMID: 29423409 PMCID: PMC5750495 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5323628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the morphology of the suprascapular notch region is important from a clinical point of view because it is the most common site of suprascapular nerve compression and injury. A group of 120 patients underwent ultrasound examination of the suprascapular notch region according to our original four-stage "step-by-step" protocol. The notches were classified based on their morphology and measurements like maximal depth (MD) and superior transverse diameter (STD) as follows: type I-MD is longer than STD, type II-MD and STD are equal, type III-STD is longer than MD, and in type IV/V-notches only the bony margin was visualized without depression. Both suprascapular notches were fully visualized in 115 of 120 patients. The type III suprascapular notch was the most prevalent (64.2%), followed by type IV/V (18.7%), type I (11.1%), and type II (6.0%). Color Doppler analysis allowed the suprascapular artery to be recognized in all visualized notches. The suprascapular vein was visible in 176 notches and the suprascapular nerve in 150. Notches containing both suprascapular nerve and vein were significantly wider and shallower than average. As the suprascapular artery is the most easily recognised structure in the area, it may serve as a useful landmark of the suprascapular notch.
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Abstract
Peripheral neuropathies of the shoulder are common and could be related to traumatic injury, shoulder surgery, infection or tumour but usually they result from an entrapment syndrome. Imaging plays an important role to detect the underlying causes, to assess the precise topography and the severity of nerve damage. The key points concerning the imaging of nerve entrapment syndrome are the knowledge of the particular topography of the injured nerve, and the morphology as well signal modifications of the corresponding muscles. Magnetic Resonance Imaging best shows these findings, although Ultrasounds and Computed Tomography sometimes allow the diagnosis of neuropathy.
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