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Sharon N, Ugale VG, Padmaja P, Lokwani D, Salunkhe C, Shete P, Reddy PN, Kulkarni PP. Development of novel 9H-carbazole-4H-chromene hybrids as dual cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10859-z. [PMID: 38683486 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting mental ability and neurocognitive functions. Cholinesterase enzymes affect concentration of acetylcholine in the brain, leading to dementia. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel dual cholinesterase inhibitors as possible anti-AD drugs. Herein, we have designed and synthesized a novel series of 9H-carbazole-4H-chromenes 4(a-l) through a one-pot three-component reaction of salicylaldehydes (1), hydroxycarbazole (2) and N-methyl-1-(methylthio)-2-nitroethenamine (3) using triethylamine as a catalyst in ethanol. Synthetic transformation involves the formation of two C-C bonds and one C-O bond in a single step to obtain desired analogs. The rapid one-pot reaction does not require chromatographic purification, proceeds under mild conditions, and exhibits good tolerance toward various functional groups with high synthetic yields. Synthesized compounds were screened for cytotoxicity using MTT assay in BV-2 microglial cells. These compounds were then in-vitro screened against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinestrase (BuChE) enzymes. Most of these ligands have shown dual cholinesterase inhibitory activity compared to the standard drug. In-vitro results showed that the compounds 4a and 4d have promising anticholinesterase response against both cholinesterase enzymes (4a, AChE IC50: 5.76 µM, BuChE IC50: 48.98 µM; 4d, AChE IC50: 3.58 µM, BuChE IC50: 42.73 µM). In-vitro results were validated by molecular docking and dynamic simulation at 100 ns. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation study strongly supported structural features present in these analogs. Together, these analogs could be exploited to develop dual anti-cholinesterase candidates to treat AD in combination with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissi Sharon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to Be University), Hyderabad, India
| | - Vinod G Ugale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India.
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Savitribai Phule Pune University, G. G. Agharkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Pannala Padmaja
- Centre for Semio Chemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Deepak Lokwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandradeep Salunkhe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Padmaja Shete
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Savitribai Phule Pune University, G. G. Agharkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Prasad P Kulkarni
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Savitribai Phule Pune University, G. G. Agharkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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Drozdowska D, Maliszewski D, Wróbel A, Ratkiewicz A, Sienkiewicz M. New Benzamides as Multi-Targeted Compounds: A Study on Synthesis, AChE and BACE1 Inhibitory Activity and Molecular Docking. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14901. [PMID: 37834347 PMCID: PMC10573752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of eleven new and previously undescribed benzamides was designed. These compounds were specifically projected as potential inhibitors of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE1). N,N'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-methoxybenzamide) was most active against AChE, with an inhibitory concentration of AChE IC50 = 0.056 µM, while the IC50 for donepezil was 0.046 µM. This compound was also the most active against the BACE1 enzyme. The IC50 value was 9.01 µM compared to that for quercetin, with IC50 = 4.89 µM. Quantitative results identified this derivative to be the most promising. Molecular modeling was performed to elucidate the potential mechanism of action of this compound. Dynamic simulations showed that new ligands only had a limited stabilizing effect on AChE, but all clearly reduced the flexibility of the enzyme. It can, therefore, be concluded that a possible mechanism of inhibition increases the stiffness and decreases the flexibility of the enzyme, which obviously impedes its proper function. An analysis of the H-bonding patterns suggests a different mechanism (from other ligands) when interacting the most active derivative with the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Drozdowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Street 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (D.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Dawid Maliszewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Street 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (D.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Wróbel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Street 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (D.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Artur Ratkiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; (A.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Michał Sienkiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; (A.R.); (M.S.)
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Asen ND, Okagu OD, Udenigwe CC, Aluko RE. In vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by yellow field pea (Pisum sativum) protein-derived peptides as revealed by kinetics and molecular docking. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1021893. [PMID: 36337665 PMCID: PMC9635817 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1021893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with structural similarities to the neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) are mostly used to inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therapy. However, the existing drugs only alleviate symptoms of moderate to mild conditions and come with side effects; hence, the search is still on for potent and safer options. In this study, High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionations of AChE-inhibitory pea protein hydrolysates obtained from alcalase, flavourzyme and pepsin digestions were carried out followed by sequence identification of the most active fractions using mass spectrometry. Subsequently, 20 novel peptide sequences identified from the active fractions were synthesized and five peptides, QSQS, LQHNA, SQSRS, ETRSQ, PQDER (IC50 = 1.53 – 1.61 μg/mL) were selected and analyzed for ability to change AChE protein conformation (fluorescence emission and circular dichroism), kinetics of enzyme inhibition, and enzyme-ligand binding configurations using molecular docking. The kinetics studies revealed different inhibition modes by the peptides with relatively low (<0.02 mM and <0.1 mM) inhibition constant and Michaelis constant, respectively, while maximum velocity was reduced. Conformational changes were confirmed by losses in fluorescence intensity and reduced α-helix content of AChE after interactions with different peptides. Molecular docking revealed binding of the peptides to both the catalytic anionic site and the peripheral anionic site. The five analyzed peptides all contained glutamine (Q) but sequences with Q in the penultimate N-terminal position (LQHNA, SQSRS, and PQDER) had stronger binding affinity. Results from the different analysis in this study confirm that the peptides obtained from enzymatic digestion of pea protein possess the potential to be used as novel AChE-inhibitory agents in AD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D. Asen
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ogadimma D. Okagu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Chibuike C. Udenigwe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rotimi E. Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Rotimi E. Aluko,
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Korkmaz IN. 2-amino thiazole derivatives as inhibitors of some metabolic enzymes: An In Vitro and In Silico study. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 70:659-669. [PMID: 35857901 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The thiazole derivatives are desirable compounds in the evaluation of their biological activities such as antiprotozoal antibacterial, antifungal, antituberculosis. Considering the medical application potential of 2-amino thiazole compounds, we aimed to determine the effects of 2-amino thiazole derivatives on the activities of carbonic anhydrase I-II isoenzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Among the chemicals we used in our study, 2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole compound exhibited the best inhibition against hCA I with Ki of 0.008±0.001 μM. The 2-Amino-4-(4-bromophenyl)thiazole compound exhibited the best inhibition against hCA II, AChE and BChE with Ki of 0.124±0.017 μM, 0.129±0.030 μM and 0.083±0.041 μM, respectively. Molecular docking analysis showed that compound 2-Amino-4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)thiazole had the highest inhibitory potency against hCA I, hCA II, AChE, BChE with the estimated binding energy of -6.75 , -7.61, -7.86, -7.96 kcal/mol, respectively. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işıl Nihan Korkmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
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