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Bormann N, Ward JS, Bergmann AK, Wenz P, Rissanen K, Gong Y, Hatz WB, Burbaum A, Mulks FF. Diiminium Nucleophile Adducts Are Stable and Convenient Strong Lewis Acids. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302089. [PMID: 37427889 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Strong Lewis acids are essential tools for manifold chemical procedures, but their scalable deployment is limited by their costs and safety concerns. We report a scalable, convenient, and inexpensive synthesis of stable diiminium-based reagents with a Lewis acidic carbon centre. Coordination with pyridine donors stabilises these centres; the 2,2'-bipyridine adduct shows a chelation effect at carbon. Due to high fluoride, hydride, and oxide affinities, the diiminium pyridine adducts are promising soft and hard Lewis acids. They effectively produce acylpyridinium salts from carboxylates that can acylate amines to give amides and imides even from electronically intractable coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Bormann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (iOC), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jas S Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P. O. Box. 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ann Kathrin Bergmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (iOC), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paula Wenz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P. O. Box. 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P. O. Box. 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yiwei Gong
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (iOC), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolf-Benedikt Hatz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (iOC), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Burbaum
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (iOC), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian F Mulks
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (iOC), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Mulks FF. From carbon superbases to superacids. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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3
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White KL, Mewald M, Movassaghi M. Direct Observation of Intermediates Involved in the Interruption of the Bischler-Napieralski Reaction. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7403-11. [PMID: 26166404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first mechanistic investigation of electrophilic amide activation of α,α-disubstituted tertiary lactams and the direct observation of key intermediates by in situ FTIR, (1)H, (13)C, and (19)F NMR in our interrupted Bischler-Napieralski-based synthetic strategy to the aspidosperma alkaloids, including a complex tetracyclic diiminium ion, is discussed. The reactivity of a wide range of pyridines with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride was systematically examined, and characteristic IR absorption bands for the corresponding N-trifluoromethanesulfonylated pyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonates were assigned. The reversible formation of diiminium ether intermediates was studied, providing insight into divergent mechanistic pathways as a function of the steric environment of the amide substrate and stoichiometry of reagents. Importantly, when considering base additives during electrophilic amide activation, more hindered α-quaternary tertiary lactams require the use of non-nucleophilic pyridine additives in order to avoid deactivation via a competing desulfonylation reaction. The isolation and full characterization of a tetracyclic iminium trifluoromethanesulfonate provided additional correlation between in situ characterization of sensitive intermediates and isolable compounds involved in this synthetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolby L White
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marius Mewald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Sun CL, Fürstner A. Formal Ring-Opening/Cross-Coupling Reactions of 2-Pyrones: Iron-Catalyzed Entry into Stereodefined Dienyl Carboxylates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13071-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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5
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Sun CL, Fürstner A. Formal Ring-Opening/Cross-Coupling Reactions of 2-Pyrones: Iron-Catalyzed Entry into Stereodefined Dienyl Carboxylates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hu Y, Li L, Shaw AP, Norton JR, Sattler W, Rong Y. Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Reactivity of New Iridium(III) and Rhodium(III) Hydrides. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300398r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New
York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New
York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Anthony P. Shaw
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New
York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jack R. Norton
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New
York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Wesley Sattler
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New
York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yi Rong
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New
York, New York 10027, United States
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7
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Improvement and extension of the application scope for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric analysis-oriented N-alkylpyridinium isotope quaternization. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 707:100-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ji P, Powles NT, Atherton JH, Page MI. Ionization of Carbon Acids in Liquid Ammonia. Org Lett 2011; 13:6118-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2026153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Ji
- IPOS, The Page Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas T. Powles
- IPOS, The Page Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - John H. Atherton
- IPOS, The Page Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael I. Page
- IPOS, The Page Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
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Wang H, Wang H, Zhang L, Zhang J, Guo Y. N-Alkylpyridinium isotope quaternization for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometric analysis of cholesterol and fatty alcohols in human hair. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 690:1-9. [PMID: 21414431 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Isotope-coded reagents have been developed for labeling of amino acids, phenols and fatty acids, but not for alcohols. In this work, a simple reaction based on direct N-alkylpyridinium isotope quaternization (NAPIQ) was developed for mild derivatization of cholesterol and fatty alcohols. Different from the conventional quaternary reagents with cations on themselves, two simple and charge-neutral reagents: pyridine and d(5)-pyridine directly attached N-cationic tag onto the target compounds in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf(2)O) without tedious sample preparation. The derivatization completed in 5 min and achieved charge labeling of the target compounds, which significantly improved the detection limits of analytes by 10(3)-folds in further analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS). The use of commercially available d(0)/d(5)-pyridine pairs facilitated isotope-coded chemical derivatization and avoided the use of isotope-labeled internal standards; the excess pyridine did not affect the signals of analytes. Utility of the NAPIQ method was examined in the identification of cholesterol and fatty alcohols in small amount of human hair sample (<0.5mg). The fluctuation of total cholesterol in human body was profiled during time by quantitatively comparing the different segments of a single strand of hair. This study combines the direct pyridinium quaternization with MALDI-FTMS, which offers a perspective and an alternative tool for the identification and quantification of substances in biological matrix by comparing d(0)/d(5) pairs, especially when isotope-labeled internal standards are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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Shaw AP, Ryland BL, Franklin MJ, Norton JR, Chen JYC, Hall ML. Using a two-step hydride transfer to achieve 1,4-reduction in the catalytic hydrogenation of an acyl pyridinium cation. J Org Chem 2008; 73:9668-74. [PMID: 18986202 PMCID: PMC2736356 DOI: 10.1021/jo801928t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stoichiometric reduction of N-carbophenoxypyridinium tetraphenylborate (6) by CpRu(P-P)H (Cp = eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl; P-P = dppe, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, or dppf, 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene), and Cp*Ru(P-P)H (Cp* = eta(5)-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; P-P = dppe) gives mixtures of 1,2- and 1,4-dihydropyridines. The stoichiometric reduction of 6 by Cp*Ru(dppf)H (5) gives only the 1,4-dihydropyridine, and 5 catalyzes the exclusive formation of the 1,4-dihydropyridine from 6, H(2), and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. In the stoichiometric reductions, the ratio of 1,4 to 1,2 product increases as the Ru hydrides become better one-electron reductants, suggesting that the 1,4 product arises from a two-step (e(-)/H(*)) hydride transfer. Calculations at the UB3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//UB3LYP/6-31G* level support this hypothesis, indicating that the spin density in the N-carbophenoxypyridinium radical (13) resides primarily at C4, while the positive charge in 6 resides primarily at C2 and C6. The isomeric dihydropyridines thus result from the operation of different mechanisms: the 1,2 product from a single-step H(-) transfer and the 1,4 product from a two-step (e(-)/H(*)) transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | | | - Mary J. Franklin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Jack R. Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Judy Y.-C. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Makarov VA, Granik VG. Synthesis and properties of β,β-bisfunctionalised keteneN,N-acetals. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1998v067n11abeh000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Bures F, Schweizer WB, May JC, Boudon C, Gisselbrecht JP, Gross M, Biaggio I, Diederich F. Property tuning in charge-transfer chromophores by systematic modulation of the spacer between donor and acceptor. Chemistry 2007; 13:5378-87. [PMID: 17304602 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of donor-acceptor chromophores was prepared in which the spacer separating 4-dimethylanilino (DMA) donor and C(CN)(2) acceptor moieties is systematically varied. All of the new push-pull systems, except 4 b, are thermally stable molecules. In series a, the DMA rings are directly attached to the central spacer, whereas in series b additional acetylene moieties are inserted. X-ray crystal structures were obtained for seven of the new, intensely colored target compounds. In series a, the DMA rings are sterically forced out of the mean plane of the residual pi system, whereas the entire conjugated pi system in series b is nearly planar. Support for strong donor-acceptor interactions was obtained through evaluation of the quinoid character of the DMA ring and by NMR and IR spectroscopy. The UV/Vis spectra feature bathochromically shifted, intense charge-transfer bands, with the lowest energy transitions and the smallest optical gap being measured for the two-dimensionally extended chromophores 6 a and 6 b. The redox behavior of the push-pull molecules was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). In the series 1 b, 2 b, 4 b, 5 b, in which the spacer between donor and acceptor moieties is systematically enlarged, the electrochemical gap decreases steadily from 1.94 V (1 b) to 1.53 V (5 b). This decrease is shown to be a consequence of a reduction in the D-A conjugation with increasing spacer length. Degenerate four-wave mixing experiments reveal high third-order optical nonlinearities, pointing to potentially interesting applications of some of the new chromophores in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Bures
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Zürich, Hönggerberg, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Bug T, Mayr H. Nucleophilic reactivities of carbanions in water: the unique behavior of the malodinitrile anion. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12980-6. [PMID: 14558847 DOI: 10.1021/ja036838e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the reactions of nine carbanions 1a-i, each stabilized by two acyl, ester, or cyano groups, with benzhydrylium ions in water were investigated photometrically at 20 degrees C. Because the competing reactions of the benzhydrylium ions with water and hydroxide ions are generally slower, the second-order rate constants of the reactions of the benzhydrylium ions with the carbanions can be determined with high precision. The rate constants thus obtained can be described by the Ritchie equation, log(k/k(0)) = N(+) (eq 1), which allows us to calculate Ritchie N(+) parameters for a series of stabilized carbanions, for example, malonate, acetoacetate, malodinitrile, etc., and compare them with those of other n-nucleophiles in water (hydroxide, amines, azide, thiolates, etc.). Because the Ritchie relationship (eq 1) is a special case of the more general relationship log k = s(N + E) (eq 4), the reactivity parameters N and s for the carbanions 1a-i can also be calculated and compared with the nucleophilic reactivities of a large variety of n-, pi-, and sigma-nucleophiles, including reactivities of carbanions in dimethyl sulfoxide. While the acyl and ester substituted carbanions are approximately 3 orders of magnitude less reactive in water than in dimethyl sulfoxide, the malodinitrile anion (1i) shows almost the same reactivity in both solvents. Correlations between the nucleophilic reactivities of carbanions with the pK(a) values of the corresponding CH acids reveal that the malodinitrile anion (1i) is considerably more nucleophilic than was expected on the basis of its pK(a) value. This deviation is assigned to the exceptionally low Marcus intrinsic barriers of the reactions of the malodinitrile anion (1i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Bug
- Department Chemie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), D-81377 München, Germany
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Farrell* T, Meyer-Friedrichsen T, Malessa M, Wittenburg C, Heck* J, Manning* AR. Synthesis and long wavelength hyper-Rayleigh scattering measurements of extended μ-vinylidene di-iron donor based organometallic merocyanines. J Organomet Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)00779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Baraznenok IL, Nenajdenko VG, Balenkova ES. Chemical Transformations Induced by Triflic Anhydride. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Wolff JJ, Wortmann R. Organic Materials for Second-Order Non-Linear Optics. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Poddubnyi IS. Regioselectivity of the reactions of pyridinium and quinolinium salts with various nucleophiles (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01169068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Laali KK. Probing onium ions and carbocations by desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: Crossing the threshold between fragile salts and gaseous intact cations and subsequent guest-host and cation-molecule cluster chemistry. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610070902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Maas G, Weber HM, Exner R, Salbeck J. N-Carbeniopyridinium salts: Charge-transfer complexes with the C5 (COOMe)5 anion; C?C bond formation with the TCNQ radical anion. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Laali K, Maas G, Hunt JE, Wagner A, Lattimer RP. Field desorption (fd), fast atom bombardment (fab) and californium plasma desorption (252CF-PD) mass spectrometry of novel dication salts. Tetrahedron Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(88)85190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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