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Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Xenorhabdus indica Strain AB and Investigation of Their Antifungal Activities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0015522. [PMID: 35727028 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00155-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenorhabdus spp. are symbiotic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes to form a model complex that is used for the biological control of insect pests. These bacteria also produce secondary metabolites that have commercial potential in the pharmaceutical and agroforestry industries. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the Xenorhabdus indica "strain AB" have been shown to have significant antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified 61 volatiles in the mixture of VOCs emitted by strain AB compared to a control strain, 6 of which were investigated for their antifungal activities. Of these, methyl anthranilate exhibited the highest mycelial growth suppression toward F. oxysporum, with a minimum inhibitory volume (MIV) of 50 μL/plate. Fluorescence assays, scanning electron microscopy, and measurements of the leakage of intracellular components revealed that the use of methyl anthranilate changed cell wall and cell membrane integrity as well as the permeability of the plasma membrane. Furthermore, methyl anthranilate treatment upregulated the transcription level of target genes related to redox reactions and the cell wall integrity pathway. The results suggest a novel mechanism used by Xenorhabdus spp. to overcome competitors during its life cycle and open up a new approach to using these bacteria in biological control. IMPORTANCE Fungal phytopathogens, particularly Fusarium oxysporum, are a major problem worldwide, especially in the postharvest of vital economic crops. Concerns about negative effects on the environment and human health have led to increasing restrictions on the use of chemical fungicides, and therefore, biological control agents are now being considered alternatives. It is in this context that we investigated the antifungal activity of VOCs produced by X. indica strain AB against F. oxysporum. We found that AB VOCs have a strong effect on the growth of the fungal phytopathogen. In addition, 85% of the identified volatile compounds were determined to be new compounds, opening up new lines of research to discover their properties, effects, and potential for pharmaceutical and agricultural applications. Antifungal assays proved that four of the six compounds with a high concentration in the GC-MS profile had a significant inhibitory effect on pathogen growth. Accordingly, this study opens up a new approach for the use of these bacteria in biocontrol.
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Zhu J, Renzone G, Arena S, Dani FR, Paulsen H, Knoll W, Cambillau C, Scaloni A, Pelosi P. The Odorant-Binding Proteins of the Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136828. [PMID: 34202019 PMCID: PMC8269058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spider mites are one of the major agricultural pests, feeding on a large variety of plants. As a contribution to understanding chemical communication in these arthropods, we have characterized a recently discovered class of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in Tetranychus urticae. As in other species of Chelicerata, the four OBPs of T. urticae contain six conserved cysteines paired in a pattern (C1-C6, C2-C3, C4-C5) differing from that of insect counterparts (C1-C3, C2-C5, C4-C6). Proteomic analysis uncovered a second family of OBPs, including twelve members that are likely to be unique to T. urticae. A three-dimensional model of TurtOBP1, built on the recent X-ray structure of Varroa destructor OBP1, shows protein folding different from that of insect OBPs, although with some common features. Ligand-binding experiments indicated some affinity to coniferyl aldehyde, but specific ligands may still need to be found among very large molecules, as suggested by the size of the binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhu
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (J.Z.); (W.K.)
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (G.R.); (S.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Simona Arena
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (G.R.); (S.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesca Romana Dani
- Department of Biology, University of Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (J.Z.); (W.K.)
- Department of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (UMR 7257), CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, CDEX 09, 13288 Marseille, France;
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (G.R.); (S.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (J.Z.); (W.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Ando T, Yamamoto M. Semiochemicals containing lepidopteran sex pheromones: Wonderland for a natural product chemist. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2020; 45:191-205. [PMID: 33304188 PMCID: PMC7691580 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d20-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since the first identification of bombykol, sex pheromones of about 700 moth species have been elucidated. Additionally, field evaluations of synthetic pheromones and their related compounds have revealed the male attraction of another 1,300 species. These pheromones and attractants are listed on the web-sites, "Pheromone Database, Part I." Pheromone components are classified according to their chemical structures into two major groups (Types I and II) and miscellaneous. Based on our previous review published in 2004, studies reported during the last two decades are highlighted here to provide information on the structure characteristics of newly identified pheromones, current techniques for structure determination, new enantioselective syntheses of methyl-branched pheromones, and the progress of biosynthetic research. Besides the moth sex pheromones, various pheromones and allomones from many arthropod species have been uncovered. These semiochemicals are being collected in the "Pheromone Database, Part II." The chemical diversity provides a wonderland for natural product chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Ando
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Masanobu Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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Brückner A, Kaltenpoth M, Heethoff M. De novo biosynthesis of simple aromatic compounds by an arthropod ( Archegozetes longisetosus). Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201429. [PMID: 32873199 PMCID: PMC7542773 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to synthesize simple aromatic compounds is well known from bacteria, fungi and plants, which all share an exclusive biosynthetic route—the shikimic acid pathway. Some of these organisms further evolved the polyketide pathway to form core benzenoids via a head-to-tail condensation of polyketide precursors. Arthropods supposedly lack the ability to synthesize aromatics and instead rely on aromatic amino acids acquired from food, or from symbiotic microorganisms. The few studies purportedly showing de novo biosynthesis via the polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway failed to exclude endosymbiotic bacteria, so their results are inconclusive. We investigated the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds in defence secretions of the oribatid mite Archegozetes longisetosus. Exposing the mites to a diet containing high concentrations of antibiotics removed potential microbial partners but did not affect the production of defensive benzenoids. To gain insights into benzenoid biosynthesis, we fed mites with stable-isotope labelled precursors and monitored incorporation with mass spectrometry. Glucose, malonic acid and acetate, but not phenylalanine, were incorporated into the benzenoids, further evidencing autogenous biosynthesis. Whole-transcriptome sequencing with hidden Markov model profile search of protein domain families and subsequent phylogenetic analysis revealed a putative PKS domain similar to an actinobacterial PKS, possibly indicating a horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Brückner
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Ecological Networks, Schnittspahnstraße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Heethoff
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Ecological Networks, Schnittspahnstraße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Harig T, Schlawis C, Ziesche L, Pohlner M, Engelen B, Schulz S. Nitrogen-Containing Volatiles from Marine Salinispora pacifica and Roseobacter-Group Bacteria. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:3289-3295. [PMID: 29192774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria can produce a wide variety of volatile compounds. Many of these volatiles carry oxygen, while nitrogen-containing volatiles are less frequently observed. We report here on the identification and synthesis of new nitrogen-containing volatiles from Salinispora pacifica CNS863 and explore the occurrence in another bacterial lineage, exemplified by Roseobacter-group bacteria. Several compound classes not reported before from bacteria were identified, such as dialkyl ureas and oxalamides. Sulfinamides have not been reported before as natural products. The actinomycete S. pacifica CNS863 produces, for example, sulfinamides N-isobutyl- and N-isopentylmethanesulfinamide (5, 6), urea N,N'-diisobutylurea (16), and oxalamide N,N'-diisobutyloxalamide (17). In addition, new imines such as (E)-1-(furan-2-yl)-N-(2-methylbutyl)methanimine (8) and (E)-2-((isobutylimino)methyl)phenol (13) were identified together with several other imines, acetamides, and formamides. Some of these compounds including the sulfinamides were also released by the Roseobacter-group bacteria Roseovarius pelophilus G5II, Pseudoruegeria sp. SK021, and Phaeobacter gallaeciensis BS107, although generally fewer compounds were detected. These nitrogen-containing volatiles seem to originate from biogenic amines derived from the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Harig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Schlawis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa Ziesche
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marion Pohlner
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Carl von Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bert Engelen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Carl von Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Kartika T, Shimizu N, Yoshimura T. Identification of Esters as Novel Aggregation Pheromone Components Produced by the Male Powder-Post Beetle, Lyctus africanus Lesne (Coleoptera: Lyctinae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141799. [PMID: 26544984 PMCID: PMC4636395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyctus africanus is a cosmopolitan powder-post beetle that is considered one of the major pests threatening timber and timber products. Because infestations of this beetle are inconspicuous, damage is difficult to detect and identification is often delayed. We identified the chemical compounds involved in the aggregation behavior of L. africanus using preparations of crude hexanic extracts from male and female beetles (ME and FE, respectively). Both male and female beetles showed significant preferences for ME, which was found to contain three esters. FE was ignored by both the sexes. Further bioassay confirmed the role of esters in the aggregation behavior of L. africanus. Three esters were identified as 2-propyl dodecanoate, 3-pentyl dodecanoate, and 3-pentyl tetradecanoate. Further behavioral bioassays revealed 3-pentyl dodecanoate to play the main role in the aggregation behavior of female L. africanus beetles. However, significantly more beetles aggregated on a paper disk treated with a blend of the three esters than on a paper disk treated with a single ester. This is the first report on pheromone identification in L. africanus; in addition, the study for the first time presents 3-pentyl dodecanoate as an insect pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titik Kartika
- Research Centre for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nobuhiro Shimizu
- Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto Gakuen University, Kameoka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yoshimura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Japan
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Influence of laying hen systems on the mite fauna (Acari) community of commercial poultry farms in southern Brazil. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:355-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Insect pheromones are some of the most interesting natural products because they are utilized for interspecific communication between various insects, such as beetles, moths, ants, and cockroaches. A large number of compounds of many kinds have been identified as pheromone components, reflecting the diversity of insect species. While this review deals only with chiral methyl-branched pheromones, the chemical structures of more than one hundred non-terpene compounds have been determined by applying excellent analytical techniques. Furthermore, their stereoselective syntheses have been achieved by employing trustworthy chiral sources and ingenious enantioselective reactions. The information has been reviewed here not only to make them available for new research but also to understand the characteristic chemical structures of the chiral pheromones. Since biosynthetic studies are still limited, it might be meaningful to examine whether the structures, particularly the positions and configurations of the branched methyl groups, are correlated with the taxonomy of the pheromone producers and also with the function of the pheromones in communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Ando
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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Pheromonal Communication in the European House Dust Mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. INSECTS 2014; 5:639-50. [PMID: 26462831 PMCID: PMC4592581 DOI: 10.3390/insects5030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the sanitary importance of the European house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart, 1897), the pheromonal communication in this species has not been sufficiently studied. Headspace analysis using solid phase micro extraction (SPME) revealed that nerol, neryl formate, pentadecane, (6Z,9Z)-6,9-heptadecadiene, and (Z)-8-heptadecene are released by both sexes whereas neryl propionate was released by males only. Tritonymphs did not produce any detectable volatiles. In olfactometer experiments, pentadecane and neryl propionate were attractive to both sexes as well as to tritonymphs. (Z)-8-heptadecene was only attractive to male mites. Therefore it is discussed that pentadecane and neryl propionate are aggregation pheromones and (Z)-8-heptadecene is a sexual pheromone of the European house dust mite D. pteronyssinus. To study the potential use of pheromones in dust mite control, long-range olfactometer experiments were conducted showing that mites can be attracted to neryl propionate over distances of at least 50 cm. This indicates that mite pheromones might be useable to monitor the presence or absence of mites in the context of control strategies.
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Rocha DFO, Wouters FC, Machado G, Marsaioli AJ. First biosynthetic pathway of 1-hepten-3-one in Iporangaia pustulosa (Opiliones). Sci Rep 2013; 3:3156. [PMID: 24193576 PMCID: PMC3818658 DOI: 10.1038/srep03156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropods produce a great variety of natural compounds, many of which have unexplored biosynthesis. Among the armored harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the suborder Laniatores, the defensive gland exudates contain vinyl ketones and other constituents of supposed polyketide origin. We have studied the biosynthesis of 1-hepten-3-one in the Neotropical harvestman Iporangaia pustulosa by feeding individuals with ¹³C-labeled precursors, demonstrating its mixed acetate/propionate origin. ¹³C NMR spectroscopy showed an unusual labeling pattern suggesting different propionate sources for starting and extender units. Our analysis also indicates the presence of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, converting acetate into propionyl-CoA via succinyl-CoA, together with other C₃ unit routes. This is the first biosynthetic study of alkyl vinyl ketones in arthropods. Our results shed light on the origin and diversification of chemical compounds in a major arthropod group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele F. O. Rocha
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas, POB 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe C. Wouters
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas, POB 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Glauco Machado
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav.14, no. 321, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anita J. Marsaioli
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas, POB 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Diekmann N, Burghartz M, Remus L, Kaufholz AL, Nawrath T, Rohde M, Schulz S, Roselius L, Schaper J, Mamber O, Jahn D, Jahn M. Microbial communities related to volatile organic compound emission in automobile air conditioning units. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Müller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Diagnostics; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Vienna; A-1090; Vienna; Althanstreet 14; Austria
| | - Gerhard Buchbauer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Diagnostics; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Vienna; A-1090; Vienna; Althanstreet 14; Austria
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Mori K. Significance of chirality in pheromone science. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7505-23. [PMID: 17855097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pheromones play important roles in chemical communication among organisms. Various chiral and non-racemic pheromones have been identified since the late 1960s. Their enantioselective syntheses could establish the absolute configuration of the naturally occurring pheromones and clarified the relationships between absolute configuration and bioactivity. For example, neither the (R)- nor (S)-enantiomer of sulcatol, the aggregation pheromone of an ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus sulcatus, is behaviorally active, while their mixture is bioactive. In the case of olean, the olive fruit fly pheromone, its (R)-isomer is active for the males, and the (S)-isomer is active for the females. About 140 chiral pheromones are reviewed with regard to their stereochemistry-bioactivity relationships. Problems encountered in studying chirality of pheromones were examined and analyzed to think about possible future directions in pheromone science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Mori
- Photosensitive Materials Research Center, Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd, Wakahagi 4-2-1, Inba-mura, Inba-gun, Chiba 270-609, Japan
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Abstract
This review describes volatiles released into the air by bacteria growing on defined media. Their occurrence, function, and biosynthesis are discussed, and a total of 308 references are cited. An effort has been made to organize the compounds according to their biosynthetic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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