1
|
Guo SL, Xiao YH, Pan BB, Su XC. Site-Specific Anchoring a Luminescent Tag in a Protein with Non-Emissive Iridium(III) Complex. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300798. [PMID: 38169080 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Site-specific modification of proteins with synthetic fluorescent tag effectively improves the resolution of imaging, and such a labeling method with negligible three-dimensional structural perturbations and minimal impact on the biological functions of proteins is of high interest to dissect the high-resolution activities of biomolecules in complex systems. To this end, several non-emissive iridium(III) complexes [Ir(C-N)2 (H2 O)2 ]+ OTF- (C-N denotes various cyclometalated ligands) were designed and synthesized. These complexes were tested for attaching a protein by coordinating to H/X (HisMet, HisHis, and HisCys) that are separated by i and i+4 in α-helix. Replacement of the two labile water ligands in the iridium(III) complex by a protein HisHis pair increases the luminescent intensity up to over 100 folds. This labeling approach has been demonstrated in a highly specific and efficient manner in a number of proteins, and it is also feasible for labeling target proteins in cell lysates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu-Hao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Bin-Bin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mir MH, Parmar S, Singh C, Kalia D. Location-agnostic site-specific protein bioconjugation via Baylis Hillman adducts. Nat Commun 2024; 15:859. [PMID: 38286847 PMCID: PMC10825175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins labelled site-specifically with small molecules are valuable assets for chemical biology and drug development. The unique reactivity profile of the 1,2-aminothiol moiety of N-terminal cysteines (N-Cys) of proteins renders it highly attractive for regioselective protein labelling. Herein, we report an ultrafast Z-selective reaction between isatin-derived Baylis Hillman adducts and 1,2-aminothiols to form a bis-heterocyclic scaffold, and employ it for stable protein bioconjugation under both in vitro and live-cell conditions. We refer to our protein bioconjugation technology as Baylis Hillman orchestrated protein aminothiol labelling (BHoPAL). Furthermore, we report a lipoic acid ligase-based technology for introducing the 1,2-aminothiol moiety at any desired site within proteins, rendering BHoPAL location-agnostic (not limited to N-Cys). By using this approach in tandem with BHoPAL, we generate dually labelled protein bioconjugates appended with different labels at two distinct specific sites on a single protein molecule. Taken together, the protein bioconjugation toolkit that we disclose herein will contribute towards the generation of both mono and multi-labelled protein-small molecule bioconjugates for applications as diverse as biophysical assays, cellular imaging, and the production of therapeutic protein-drug conjugates. In addition to protein bioconjugation, the bis-heterocyclic scaffold we report herein will find applications in synthetic and medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir H Mir
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeeta Parmar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Chhaya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dimpy Kalia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fan R, Aranko AS. Catcher/Tag Toolbox: Biomolecular Click-Reactions For Protein Engineering Beyond Genetics. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300600. [PMID: 37851860 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating protein architectures beyond genetic control has attracted widespread attention. Catcher/Tag systems enable highly specific conjugation of proteins in vivo and in vitro via an isopeptide-bond. They provide efficient, robust, and irreversible strategies for protein conjugation and are simple yet powerful tools for a variety of applications in enzyme industry, vaccines, biomaterials, and cellular applications. Here we summarize recent development of the Catcher/Tag toolbox with a particular emphasis on the design of Catcher/Tag pairs targeted for specific applications. We cover the current limitations of the Catcher/Tag systems and discuss the pH sensitivity of the reactions. Finally, we conclude some of the future directions in the development of this versatile protein conjugation method and envision that improved control over inducing the ligation reaction will further broaden the range of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruxia Fan
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - A Sesilja Aranko
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prasad PK, Eizenshtadt N, Goliand I, Fellus-Alyagor L, Oren R, Golani O, Motiei L, Margulies D. Chemically programmable bacterial probes for the recognition of cell surface proteins. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100669. [PMID: 37334185 PMCID: PMC10275978 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Common methods to label cell surface proteins (CSPs) involve the use of fluorescently modified antibodies (Abs) or small-molecule-based ligands. However, optimizing the labeling efficiency of such systems, for example, by modifying them with additional fluorophores or recognition elements, is challenging. Herein we show that effective labeling of CSPs overexpressed in cancer cells and tissues can be obtained with fluorescent probes based on chemically modified bacteria. The bacterial probes (B-probes) are generated by non-covalently linking a bacterial membrane protein to DNA duplexes appended with fluorophores and small-molecule binders of CSPs overexpressed in cancer cells. We show that B-probes are exceptionally simple to prepare and modify because they are generated from self-assembled and easily synthesized components, such as self-replicating bacterial scaffolds and DNA constructs that can be readily appended, at well-defined positions, with various types of dyes and CSP binders. This structural programmability enabled us to create B-probes that can label different types of cancer cells with distinct colors, as well as generate very bright B-probes in which the multiple dyes are spatially separated along the DNA scaffold to avoid self-quenching. This enhancement in the emission signal enabled us to label the cancer cells with greater sensitivity and follow the internalization of the B-probes into these cells. The potential to apply the design principles underlying B-probes in therapy or inhibitor screening is also discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragati K. Prasad
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Noa Eizenshtadt
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Inna Goliand
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Liat Fellus-Alyagor
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Roni Oren
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Leila Motiei
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - David Margulies
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Geiger F, Wendlandt T, Berking T, Spatz JP, Wege C. Convenient site-selective protein coupling from bacterial raw lysates to coenzyme A-modified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by Bacillus subtilis Sfp phosphopantetheinyl transferase. Virology 2023; 578:61-70. [PMID: 36473278 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A facile enzyme-mediated strategy enables site-specific covalent one-step coupling of genetically tagged luciferase molecules to coenzyme A-modified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-CoA) both in solution and on solid supports. Bacillus subtilis surfactin phosphopantetheinyl transferase Sfp produced in E. coli mediated the conjugation of firefly luciferase N-terminally extended by eleven amino acids forming a 'ybbR tag' as Sfp-selective substrate, which even worked in bacterial raw lysates. The enzymes displayed on the protein coat of the TMV nanocarriers exhibited high activity. As TMV has proven a beneficial high surface-area adapter template stabilizing enzymes in different biosensing layouts in recent years, the use of TMV-CoA for fishing ybbR-tagged proteins from complex mixtures might become an advantageous concept for the versatile equipment of miniaturized devices with biologically active proteins. It comes along with new opportunities for immobilizing multiple functionalities on TMV adapter coatings, as desired, e.g., in handheld systems for point-of-care detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fania Geiger
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Wendlandt
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Research Unit Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim Berking
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Research Unit Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marchetti L, Porciani D, Mitola S, Giacomelli C. Editorial: Molecular Insights Into Ligand-Receptor Interactions on the Cell Surface. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:921677. [PMID: 35647034 PMCID: PMC9140802 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.921677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Porciani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Chiara Giacomelli,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Farrants H, Tebo AG. Fluorescent chemigenetic actuators and indicators for use in living animals. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 62:159-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Wolf P, Mohr A, Gavins G, Behr V, Mörl K, Seitz O, Beck-Sickinger AG. Orthogonal Peptide-Templated Labeling Elucidates Lateral ET A R/ET B R Proximity and Reveals Altered Downstream Signaling. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100340. [PMID: 34699123 PMCID: PMC9298254 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fine‐tuning of G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is important to maintain cellular homeostasis. Recent studies demonstrated that lateral GPCR interactions in the cell membrane can impact signaling profiles. Here, we report on a one‐step labeling method of multiple membrane‐embedded GPCRs. Based on short peptide tags, complementary probes transfer the cargo (e. g. a fluorescent dye) by an acyl transfer reaction with high spatial and temporal resolution within 5 min. We applied this approach to four receptors of the cardiovascular system: the endothelin receptor A and B (ETAR and ETBR), angiotensin II receptor type 1, and apelin. Wild type‐like G protein activation after N‐terminal modification was demonstrated for all receptor species. Using FRET‐competent dyes, a constitutive proximity between hetero‐receptors was limited to ETAR/ETBR. Further, we demonstrate, that ETAR expression regulates the signaling of co‐expressed ETBR. Our orthogonal peptide‐templated labeling of different GPCRs provides novel insight into the regulation of GPCR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Mohr
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georgina Gavins
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria Behr
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karin Mörl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gavins GC, Gröger K, Reimann M, Bartoschek MD, Bultmann S, Seitz O. Orthogonal coiled coils enable rapid covalent labelling of two distinct membrane proteins with peptide nucleic acid barcodes. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1291-1295. [PMID: 34458843 PMCID: PMC8341593 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00126d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Templated chemistry offers the prospect of addressing specificity challenges occurring in bioconjugation reactions. Here, we show two peptide-templated amide-bond forming reactions that enable the concurrent labelling of two different membrane proteins with two different peptide nucleic acid (PNA) barcodes. The reaction system is based on the mutually selective coiled coil interaction between two thioester-linked PNA–peptide conjugates and two cysteine peptides serving as genetically encoded peptide tags. Orthogonal coiled coil templated covalent labelling is highly specific, quantitative and proceeds within a minute. To demonstrate the usefulness, we evaluated receptor internalisation of two membranous receptors EGFR (epidermal growth factor) and ErbB2 (epidermal growth factor receptor 2) by first staining PNA-tagged proteins with fluorophore–DNA conjugates and then erasing signals from non-internalized receptors via toehold-mediated strand displacement. A pair of orthogonal coiled coils templates highly specific live cell bioconjugation of two different proteins. PNA tagging and hybridisation with fluorophore–DNA reporters enables rapid dual receptor internalisation analysis of EGFR and ErbB2.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina C Gavins
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 Berlin 12489 Germany
| | - Katharina Gröger
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 Berlin 12489 Germany
| | - Marc Reimann
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 Berlin 12489 Germany
| | - Michael D Bartoschek
- Center for Molecular Biosystems (BioSysM), Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 1 Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Sebastian Bultmann
- Center for Molecular Biosystems (BioSysM), Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 1 Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 Berlin 12489 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang R, Liu M, Wang H, Xia J, Li H. GB Tags: Small Covalent Peptide Tags Based on Protein Fragment Reconstitution. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1926-1934. [PMID: 34329559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Developing peptide tags that can bind target proteins covalently under mild conditions is of great importance for a myriad of applications, ranging from chemical biology to biotechnology. Here we report the development of a small covalent peptide tag system, termed as GB tags, that can covalently label the target protein with high specificity and high yield under oxidizing conditions. The GB tags consist of a pair of short peptides, GN and GC (GN contains 45 residues and GC contains 19 residues). GN and GC, which are split from a parent protein GB1, can undergo protein fragment reconstitution to reconstitute the folded structure of the parent protein spontaneously. The engineered cysteines in GN and GC can readily form a disulfide bond oxidized by air oxygen after protein reconstitution. Using thermally stable variants of GB1, we identified two pairs of GB tags that display improved thermodynamic stability and binding affinity. They can serve as efficient covalent peptide tags for various applications, including specific labeling of mammalian cell surface receptors. We anticipate that these new GB tags will find applications in biochemical labeling as well as biomaterials, such as protein hydrogels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruidi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SRC, P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SRC, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wolf P, Gavins G, Beck‐Sickinger AG, Seitz O. Strategies for Site-Specific Labeling of Receptor Proteins on the Surfaces of Living Cells by Using Genetically Encoded Peptide Tags. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1717-1732. [PMID: 33428317 PMCID: PMC8248378 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy imaging enables receptor proteins to be investigated within their biological context. A key challenge is to site-specifically incorporate reporter moieties into proteins without interfering with biological functions or cellular networks. Small peptide tags offer the opportunity to combine inducible labeling with small tag sizes that avoid receptor perturbation. Herein, we review the current state of live-cell labeling of peptide-tagged cell-surface proteins. Considering their importance as targets in medicinal chemistry, we focus on membrane receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We discuss peptide tags that i) are subject to enzyme-mediated modification reactions, ii) guide the complementation of reporter proteins, iii) form coiled-coil complexes, and iv) interact with metal complexes. Given our own contributions in the field, we place emphasis on peptide-templated labeling chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Faculty of Life SciencesInstitute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityBrüderstrasse 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Georgina Gavins
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Annette G. Beck‐Sickinger
- Faculty of Life SciencesInstitute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityBrüderstrasse 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
OUP accepted manuscript. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 71:i72-i80. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|