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Leonel ECR, Ruiz TFR, Bedolo CM, Campos SGP, Taboga SR. Inflammatory repercussions in female steroid responsive glands after perinatal exposure to bisphenol A and 17-β estradiol. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2264-2274. [PMID: 34288236 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland (MG) and female prostate are plastic reproductive organs which are highly responsive to hormones. Thus, endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A (BPA) and exogenous estrogens, negatively affect glandular homeostasis. In addition to previously described alterations, changes in inflammatory markers expression also trigger the development of a microenvironment that contributes to tumor progression. The current work aimed to evaluate the inflammatory responses of the MG and prostate gland to BPA (50 µg/kg) and 17-β estradiol (35 µg/kg) exposure during the perinatal window of susceptibility. The results showed that at 6 months of age there was an increase in the number of phospho-STAT3 (P-STAT3) positive cells in the female prostate from animals perinatally exposed to 50 µg/kg BPA daily. In addition, the number of macrophages increased in these animals in comparison with nonexposed animals, as shown by the F4/80 marker. Despite an increase in the incidence of lobuloalveolar and intraductal hyperplasia, the MG did not show any difference in the expression of the four inflammatory markers evaluated: tumor necrosis factor-α, COX-2, P-STAT3, and F4/80. Analysis of both glands from the same animal led to the conclusion that exposure to endocrine disruptors during the perinatal window of susceptibility leads to different inflammatory responses in different reproductive organs. As the prostate is more susceptible to these inflammatory mechanisms, it is reasonable to affirm that possible neoplastic alterations in this organ are related to changes in the inflammatory pattern of the stroma, a characteristic that is not evident in the MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Histology, Embriology, and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB III), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Marques Bedolo
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Gisele Pegorin Campos
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tamarindo GH, Gobbo MG, Taboga SR, Almeida EA, Góes RM. Melatonin ameliorates degenerative alterations caused by age in the rat prostate and mitigates high-fat diet damages. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:92-106. [PMID: 32991000 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance of sexual steroids milieu and oxidative stress are often observed during aging and correlated to prostate disorders. Likewise, high-fat intake has been related to prostate damage and tumor development. Melatonin (MLT) is an antioxidant whose secretion decreases in elderly and is also suggested to protect the gland. This study evaluated the impact of a long-term high-fat diet during aging on prostate morphology and antioxidant system of rats and tested the effects of MLT supplementation under these conditions. Male rats were assigned into four groups: control, treated with MLT, high-fat diet and high-fat diet treated with MLT. The high-fat diet was provided from the 24th week of age, MLT from the 48th (100 μg/kg/day) and rats were euthanized at the 62nd week. The high-fat diet increased body weight, retroperitoneal fatness, glycaemia, and circulating estrogen levels. It aggravated the aging effects, leading to epithelial atrophy (∼32% reduction of epithelial height) and collagen fibers increase (83%). MLT alone did not alter biometric and physiological parameters, except for the prostate weight decrease, whereas it alleviated biometric as well as ameliorated acinar atrophy induced by high-lipid intake. Systemic oxidative stress increased, and prostatic glutathione peroxidase activity decreased fivefold with the high-fat diet despite the indole. Regardless of the diet, MLT triggered epithelial desquamation, reduced androgen receptor-positive cells, increased smooth muscle layer thickness (12%), decreased at least 50% corpora amylacea formation, and stimulated prostatic gluthatione-S-transferase activity. In conclusion, MLT partially recovered prostate damage induced by aging and the long-term high-fat diet and ameliorated degenerative prostate alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H Tamarindo
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina G Gobbo
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Almeida
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Natural Sciences, Regional University of Blumenau, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Góes
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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