Dermal mesenchymal stem cells promoted adhesion and migration of endothelial cells by integrin in psoriasis

Crosstalk between white adipose tissue and skin: Unraveling its role in psoriasis pathogenesis (Review)

Psoriasis is a chronic systemic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and significant immune dysregulation. Obesity is markedly associated with psoriasis, acting as an independent risk factor that exacerbates disease severity and treatment failure, while weight‑reduction interventions can improve psoriatic lesions. However, the mechanisms by which obesity promotes the onset and progression of psoriatic lesions still require further elucidation. The present comprehensive narrative review highlighted the critical role of the crosstalk between white adipose tissue (WAT) and skin in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The expansion of WAT contributes to inflammation, epidermal proliferation and angiogenesis in skin lesions through the release of adipokines, extracellular vesicles and free fatty acids. Conversely, psoriatic lesions induce dysregulation in the inflammation and function of WAT. These findings suggested that this bidirectional communication not only explains the high prevalence of obesity among patients with psoriasis, but also highlights the importance of addressing metabolic comorbidities in treatment strategies.

The role of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment and pathogenesis of psoriasis

Psoriasis, a prevalent inflammatory skin condition impacting millions globally, continues to pose treatment challenges, despite the availability of multiple therapies. This underscores the demand for innovative treatments. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic option due to their capacity to modulate the immune system and facilitate tissue healing. Recent research indicates that MSCs don't just work through direct cell-to-cell interactions but also release extracellular vesicles (EVs), containing various bioactive substances like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This article explores our current knowledge of psoriasis's origins and the potential utilization of MSCs and their EVs, particularly exosomes, in managing the condition. Additionally, we delve into how MSCs and EVs function in therapy, including their roles in regulating immune responses and promoting tissue repair. Lastly, we discuss the obstacles and opportunities associated with translating MSC-based treatments for psoriasis into clinical practice.

Ethosomes-mediated tryptanthrin delivery as efficient anti-psoriatic nanotherapy by enhancing topical drug absorption and lipid homeostasis

Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, and refractory immune-mediated skin disease with the etiology and pharmaceutical targets remaining unsatisfactorily addressed. Topical herbal-derived compounds, such as tryptanthrin (Tryp), have been considered as an alternative therapy for psoriasis due to their lower costs and fewer side effects compared to other therapies. However, the effectiveness of topically administered drugs is substantially limited by the thickened pathological skin barrier and the low bioavailability of drugs in the deeper layers of the lesion. Ethosomes, being a novel phospholipid-based vesicle system with high content of ethanol, have been implicated in enhancing topical drug absorption and restoring psoriatic lesions. In this study, taking advantages of ethosomes as a soft and malleable drug carrier, we constructed the Tryp-loaded ethosome (Tryp-ES) through a one-step microfluidics-based technique. The optimal formulation of Tryp-ES was achieved by adding amino-acid-derived surfactant sodium lauroyl glutamate, and Tryp-ES exhibited homogeneous particle size and favorable stability at room temperature. In vitro evaluations showed that Tryp of Tryp-ES could be easily internalized into cells and accumulated in cell nuclei, hence inhibited the abnormally proliferated keratinocytes by inducing apoptosis. In vivo and in vitro assessment using psoritic skin of mice revealed that Tryp-ES had preferred skin retention and permeation of loaded drugs within the initial 1 h of topical administration, which could be attributed to transient disintegrations of cell membranes by ethosomes, thus improved cellular fluidity and permeability. Notably, a synergistic effect of ethosomes and Tryp was found in psoriatic mice. Tryp-ES-treated mice showed substantially ameliorated symptoms of psoriasis and reduced pathological alterations due to hyperplasia, inflammation and angiogenesis, without detectable local or systemic toxicities. Interestingly, lipidomics analysis confirmed that the supplementation of phospholipids, as in the form of ethosome vehicles, was an alterantive strategy to relieve psoriatic pathologies. Taken together, this study provides a novel impact for ethosomal topical delivery of Tryp and underlines their potential as an effective therapy for the management of psoriasis.

ITGA9 Inhibits Proliferation and Migration of Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells in Psoriasis

Background

Cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis are aberrant in psoriatic human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs), resulting in abnormal endothelial function and microvascular dilation in psoriasis.

Objective

To explore the role of Integrin subunit alpha 9 (ITGA9) in proliferation and migration of dermal microvascular endothelial cells.

Methods

HDMECs were isolated from the skin of 6 psoriatic patients and 6 healthy controls. Expression levels of ITGA9 mRNA and protein were assessed with qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively, while miqRT-PCR was used to determine expression levels of miR-146a-3p. Cell proliferation and migration were assessed in human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1), following overexpression of either ITGA9 or miR-146a-3p, or co-transfection with miR-146a-3p-mimic and pLVX - ITGA9. Cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) cell proliferation assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed, using annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit, while cell migration was detected by wound healing and transwell assay.

Results

Expression levels of ITGA9 were significantly decreased in psoriatic HDMECs compared to normal controls. Moreover, expression levels of miR-146a-3p were higher in psoriatic HDMECs than in normal controls. Overexpression of miR-146a-3p lowered expression levels of ITGA9, accompanied by increased proliferation and migration of HMEC-1 in vitro. In contrast, overexpression of ITGA9 inhibited proliferation and migration of HMEC-1, while increasing expression levels of cdc42, ki67, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), c-Src tyrosine kinase (Src), RAC1 and RhoA.

Conclusion

ITGA9 can repress the proliferation and migration of HMEC-1, suggesting utility of ITGA9 as a potential therapeutic intervention for psoriasis.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Psoriasis: Systematic Review

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are multipotent non-hematopoietic stromal cells found in different body tissues such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, periosteum, Wharton's jelly, umbilical cord, blood, placenta, amniotic fluid, and skin. The biological behavior of MSCs depends mainly on their interaction with the microenvironment in which they are found, whose quality deeply influences the regenerative and immunomodulatory properties of these cells. Several studies confirm the interaction between MSCs and inflammatory microenvironment in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, designating MSCs as an important factor driving psoriasis development. This review aims to describe the most recent evidence on how the inflammatory microenvironment that characterizes psoriasis influences the homeostasis of MSCs and how they can be used to treat the disease.

EDIL3 influenced the αvβ3-FAK/MEK/ERK axis of endothelial cells in psoriasis

One of the earliest events in the development of psoriatic lesion is a vascular network expansion. The abnormal vascular network is associated with increased endothelial cells (ECs) survival, proliferation, adhesion, migration, angiogenesis and permeability in psoriatic lesion. Our previous study demonstrated that epidermal growth factor‐like repeats and discoidin I‐like domains 3 (EDIL3) derived from psoriatic dermal mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) promoted cell–cell adhesion, migration and angiogenesis of ECs, but the molecular mechanism of upstream or downstream has not been explored. So, this study aimed to explore the association between EDIL3 derived from DMSCs (DMSCs‐derived EDIL3) and psoriasis‐associated angiogenesis. We injected recombinant EDIL3 protein to mouse model of psoriasis to confirm the roles of EDIL3 in psoriasis. Besides, we employed both short‐interference RNA (si‐RNA) and lentiviral vectors to explore the molecular mechanism of EDIL3 promoting angiogenesis in psoriasis. In vivo, this research found that after injected recombination EDIL3 protein, the epidermis thickness and microvessel density were both elevated. EDIL3 accelerated the process of psoriasis in the IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like mouse model. Additionally, we confirmed that in vitro DMSCs‐derived EDIL3 is involved in the tube formation of ECs via αvβ3‐FAK/MEK/ERK signal pathway. This suggested that DMSCs‐derived EDIL3 and αvβ3‐FAK/MEK/ERK signal pathway in ECs play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. And the modification of DMSCs, EDIL3 and αvβ3‐FAK/MEK/ERK signal pathway will provide a valuable therapeutic target to control the angiogenesis in psoriasis.

HM-3-HSA exhibits potent anti-angiogenesis and antitumor activity in hepatocellular carcinoma

HM-3-HSA is an antitumor fusion protein which improved the pharmacokinetics of HM-3. Previous studies reported that HM-3-HSA enhanced antitumor activity of HM-3 in melanoma cells. However, the efficacy and the mechanism of HM-3-HSA in hepatocellular carcinoma, especially its effect on tumor angiogenesis, have not been elucidated. Herein, we showed that HM-3-HSA significantly inhibited the H22 and SMMC-7721 tumor xenografts growth and tumor angiogenesis in vivo, indicating the antitumor activity exerted by HM-3-HSA was closely corrected with its potency on tumor angiogenesis. To investigate the anti-angiogenic mechanism, we evaluated the efficacy of HM-3-HSA in HUVECs in vitro. The results showed that multiple steps of tumor angiogenesis, including endothelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation, were substantially inhibited by HM-3-HSA. Mechanism investigations revealed that HM-3-HSA could bind HUVECs via integrin αvβ3 and α5β1 and inhibited phosphorylation of the downstream protein kinases including FAK, Src and PI3 K. Our study was the first to report the activity of HM-3-HSA against hepatocellular carcinoma and tumor angiogenesis as well as the underlying mechanism by which HM-3-HSA to exert its anti-angiogenic activity.

Growth factor delivery using extracellular matrix-mimicking substrates for musculoskeletal tissue engineering and repair

Therapeutic approaches for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration commonly employ growth factors (GFs) to influence neighboring cells and promote migration, proliferation, or differentiation. Despite promising results in preclinical models, the use of inductive biomacromolecules has achieved limited success in translation to the clinic. The field has yet to sufficiently overcome substantial hurdles such as poor spatiotemporal control and supraphysiological dosages, which commonly result in detrimental side effects. Physiological presentation and retention of biomacromolecules is regulated by the extracellular matrix (ECM), which acts as a reservoir for GFs via electrostatic interactions. Advances in the manipulation of extracellular proteins, decellularized tissues, and synthetic ECM-mimetic applications across a range of biomaterials have increased the ability to direct the presentation of GFs. Successful application of biomaterial technologies utilizing ECM mimetics increases tissue regeneration without the reliance on supraphysiological doses of inductive biomacromolecules. This review describes recent strategies to manage GF presentation using ECM-mimetic substrates for the regeneration of bone, cartilage, and muscle.

Current Advanced Therapies Based on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Skin Diseases

Skin disease may be related with immunological disorders, external aggressions, or genetic conditions. Injuries or cutaneous diseases such as wounds, burns, psoriasis, and scleroderma among others are common pathologies in dermatology, and in some cases, conventional treatments are ineffective. In recent years, advanced therapies using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from different sources has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of many pathologies. Due to their properties; regenerative, immunomodulatory and differentiation capacities, they could be applied for the treatment of cutaneous diseases. In this review, a total of thirteen types of hMSCs used as advanced therapy have been analyzed, considering the last 5 years (2015-2020). The most investigated types were those isolated from umbilical cord blood (hUCB-MSCs), adipose tissue (hAT-MSCs) and bone marrow (hBM-MSCs). The most studied diseases were wounds and ulcers, burns and psoriasis. At preclinical level, in vivo studies with mice and rats were the main animal models used, and a wide range of types of hMSCs were used. Clinical studies analyzed revealed that cell therapy by intravenous administration was the advanced therapy preferred except in the case of wounds and burns where tissue engineering was also reported. Although in most of the clinical trials reviewed results have not been posted yet, safety was high and only local slight adverse events (mild nausea or abdominal pain) were reported. In terms of effectiveness, it was difficult to compare the results due to the different doses administered and variables measured, but in general, percentage of wound's size reduction was higher than 80% in wounds, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and Severity Scoring for Atopic Dermatitis were significantly reduced, for scleroderma, parameters such as Modified Rodnan skin score (MRSC) or European Scleroderma Study Group activity index reported an improvement of the disease and for hypertrophic scars, Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) score was decreased after applying these therapies. On balance, hMSCs used for the treatment of cutaneous diseases is a promising strategy, however, the different experimental designs and endpoints stablished in each study, makes necessary more research to find the best way to treat each patient and disease.