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Dufva MJ, Boehm M, Ichimura K, Truong U, Qin X, Tabakh J, Hunter KS, Ivy D, Spiekerkoetter E, Kheyfets VO. Pulmonary arterial banding in mice may be a suitable model for studies on ventricular mechanics in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2021; 23:66. [PMID: 34078382 PMCID: PMC8173855 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-021-00759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of interventricular mechanics in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and its relation to right ventricular (RV) dysfunction has been largely overlooked. Here, we characterize the impact of maintained pressure overload in the RV-pulmonary artery (PA) axis on myocardial strain and left ventricular (LV) mechanics in pediatric PAH patients in comparison to a preclinical PA-banding (PAB) mouse model. We hypothesize that the PAB mouse model mimics important aspects of interventricular mechanics of pediatric PAH and may be beneficial as a surrogate model for some longitudinal and interventional studies not possible in children. METHODS Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images of 18 PAH and 17 healthy (control) pediatric subjects were retrospectively analyzed using CMR feature-tracking (FT) software to compute measurements of myocardial strain. Furthermore, myocardial tagged-CMR images were also analyzed for each subject using harmonic phase flow analysis to derive LV torsion rate. Within 48 h of CMR, PAH patients underwent right heart catheterization (RHC) for measurement of PA/RV pressures, and to compute RV end-systolic elastance (RV_Ees, a measure of load-independent contractility). Surgical PAB was performed on mice to induce RV pressure overload and myocardial remodeling. bSSFP-CMR, tagged CMR, and intra-cardiac catheterization were performed on 12 PAB and 9 control mice (Sham) 7 weeks after surgery with identical post-processing as in the aforementioned patient studies. RV_Ees was assessed via the single beat method. RESULTS LV torsion rate was significantly reduced under hypertensive conditions in both PAB mice (p = 0.004) and pediatric PAH patients (p < 0.001). This decrease in LV torsion rate correlated significantly with a decrease in RV_Ees in PAB (r = 0.91, p = 0.05) and PAH subjects (r = 0.51, p = 0.04). In order to compare combined metrics of LV torsion rate and strain parameters principal component analysis (PCA) was used. PCA revealed grouping of PAH patients with PAB mice and control subjects with Sham mice. Similar to LV torsion rate, LV global peak circumferential, radial, and longitudinal strain were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced under hypertensive conditions in both PAB mice and children with PAH. CONCLUSIONS The PAB mouse model resembles PAH-associated myocardial mechanics and may provide a potential model to study mechanisms of RV/LV interdependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Dufva
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045-2560, USA.
| | - Mario Boehm
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kenzo Ichimura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Uyen Truong
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xulei Qin
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Tabakh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kendall S Hunter
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dunbar Ivy
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vitaly O Kheyfets
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Quinn TA, Cabreriza SE, Richmond ME, Weinberg AD, Holmes JW, Spotnitz HM. Simultaneous variation of ventricular pacing site and timing with biventricular pacing in acute ventricular failure improves function by interventricular assist. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H2220-6. [PMID: 19855057 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00802.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to investigate the hemodynamic effects of simultaneous left ventricular (LV) pacing site (LVPS) and interventricular pacing delay (VVD) variation with biventricular pacing (BiVP) during acute LV failure. Simultaneously varying LVPS and VVD with BiVP has been shown to improve hemodynamics during acute right ventricular (RV) failure. However, effects during acute LV failure have not been reported. In six open-chest pigs, acute LV volume overload was induced by regurgitant flow via an aortic-LV conduit. Epicardial BiVP was implemented with right atrial and ventricular leads and a custom LV pacing array. Fifty-four LVPS-VVD combinations were tested in random order. Cardiac output was evaluated by aortic flow probe, ventricular systolic function by maximum rate of ventricular pressure change, and mechanical interventricular synchrony by normalized RV-LV pressure diagram area. Simultaneous LVPS-VVD variation improved all measures of cardiac function. The observed effect was different for each functional index, with evidence of LVPS-VVD interaction. Compared with effects of LVPS-VVD variation in a model of acute RV failure, hemodynamic changes were markedly different. However, in both models, maximum rate of ventricular pressure change of the failing ventricle was improved with synchronous interventricular contraction, suggesting that, in acute ventricular failure, BiVP can recruit the unstressed ventricle to support systolic function of the failing one. Thus simultaneously varying LVPS and VVD with BiVP during acute ventricular failure can improve cardiac function by "interventricular assist", with hemodynamic effects dependent on the type of failure. This supports the potential utility of temporary BiVP for the treatment of acute ventricular failure commonly seen after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alexander Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Quinn TA, Berberian G, Cabreriza SE, Maskin LJ, Weinberg AD, Holmes JW, Spotnitz HM. Effects of sequential biventricular pacing during acute right ventricular pressure overload. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H2380-7. [PMID: 16751291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00446.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Temporary sequential biventricular pacing (BiVP) is a promising treatment for postoperative cardiac dysfunction, but the mechanism for improvement in right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is not understood. In the present study, cardiac output (CO) was optimized by sequential BiVP in six anesthetized, open-chest pigs during control and acute RV pressure overload (RVPO). Ventricular contractility was assessed by the maximum rate of increase of ventricular pressure (dP/d tmax). Mechanical interventricular synchrony was measured by the area of the normalized RV-left ventricular (LV) pressure diagram ( APP). Positive APP indicates RV pressure preceding LV pressure, whereas zero indicates complete synchrony. In the control state, CO was maximized with nearly simultaneous stimulation of the RV and LV, which increased RV ( P = 0.006) and LV dP/d tmax ( P = 0.002). During RVPO, CO was maximized with RV-first pacing, which increased RV dP/d tmax ( P = 0.007), but did not affect LV dP/d tmax, and decreased the left-to-right, end-diastolic pressure gradient ( P = 0.023). Percent increase of RV dP/d tmax was greater than LV dP/d tmax ( P = 0.014). There were no increases in end-diastolic pressure to account for increases in dP/d tmax. In control and RVPO, RV dP/dtmax was linearly related to APP ( r = 0.779, P < 0.001). The relation of CO to APP was curvilinear, with a peak in CO with positive APP in the control state ( P = 0.004) and with APP approaching zero during RVPO ( P = 0.001). These observations imply that, in our model, BiVP optimization improves CO by augmenting RV contractility. This is mediated by changes in mechanical interventricular synchrony. Afterload increases during RVPO exaggerate this effect, making CO critically dependent on simultaneous pressure generation in the RV and LV, with support of RV contractility by transmission of LV pressure across the interventricular septum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alexander Quinn
- Columbia Univ. College of Physicians & Surgeons, 622 W. 168th St., PH 14-103, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Schenk S, Popović ZB, Ochiai Y, Casas F, McCarthy PM, Starling RC, Kopcak MW, Dessoffy R, Navia JL, Greenberg NL, Thomas JD, Fukamachi K. Preload-adjusted right ventricular maximal power: concept and validation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H1632-40. [PMID: 15155255 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00123.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) maximal power (PWRmx) is dependent on preload. The objective of this study was to test our hypothesis that the PWRmx versus end-diastolic volume (EDV) relationship, analogous to the load-independent stroke work (SW) versus EDV relationship (preload-recruitable SW, PRSW), is linear, with the PWR x-axis intercept (V0PWR) corresponding to the PRSW intercept (V0SW). If our hypothesis is correct, the preload sensitivity of PWRmx could be eliminated by adjusting for EDV and V0PWR. Ten dogs were instrumented with a pulmonary flow probe, micromanometers, and RV conductance catheter. Data were obtained during bicaval occlusions under various conditions and fitted to PWRmx = a·(EDV − V0PWR)β, where a is the slope of the relationship. The PWRmx versus EDV relationship did not deviate from linearity (β = 1.09, P = not significant vs. 1), and V0PWR correlated with V0SW ( r = 0.93, P <0.0001). V0PRW was related to steady-state EDV and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, allowing for estimation of V0PWR (V0Est) and single-beat PWRmx preload adjustment. Dividing PWRmx by the difference of EDV and V0PWR (PAMPV0PWR) eliminated preload dependency down to 50% of the baseline EDV. PWRmx adjustment using V0Est (PAMPV0Est) showed similar preload independency. Enhancing contractility increased PAMPV0PWR and PAMPV0Est from 176 ± 52 to 394 ± 205 W/ml × 104 and 145 ± 51 to 404 ± 261 W/ml × 104, respectively, accompanied by an increase of PRSW from 13.0 ± 4.5 to 29.7 ± 16.4 mmHg (all P <0.01). PAMPV0PWR and PAMPV0Est correlated with PRSW ( r = 0.85; r = 0.77; both P <0.001). Numerical modeling confirmed the accuracy of our experimental data. Thus preload adjustment of PWRmx should consider a linear PWRmx versus EDV relationship with distinct V0PWR. PAMPV0PWR is a preload-independent estimate of RV contractility that may eventually be determined noninvasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Schenk
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering/ ND20, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Farrar DJ, Woodard JC, Chow E. Pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy increases left-to-right ventricular systolic interaction. Circulation 1993; 88:720-5. [PMID: 8339432 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.88.2.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The right ventricle (RV) receives part of its systolic pumping force from the left ventricle through systolic ventricular interaction. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dilated cardiomyopathy on left ventricular to right ventricular (LV-to-RV) systolic interaction. METHODS AND RESULTS Studies were performed in six normal pigs and in six pigs in which dilated cardiomyopathy resulting in congestive heart failure (CHF) was produced with rapid ventricular pacing at 230 beats per minute for 1 week. In all pigs, we rapidly withdrew blood from the LV apex into a prosthetic ventricle in a single beat, which reduced LV systolic pressure without changing RV or LV end-diastolic pressure, and the resultant instantaneous changes in RV systolic pressure and pulmonary artery flow were determined. The LV-to-RV mean systolic interaction gain was calculated as the change from a normal beat to the instantaneous unloaded beat in mean RV systolic pressure divided by the change in mean LV systolic pressure. Mean systolic pressure gain was approximately 2 1/2 times greater (P < .05) in the CHF animals (0.103 +/- 0.018 mm Hg/mm Hg) than in the normal pigs (0.04- +/- 0.011 mm Hg/mm Hg). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that left-to-right ventricular systolic interaction is significantly greater in dilated cardiomyopathy compared with the normal heart, indicating that the contribution of the left ventricle to RV systolic pressure generation has increased. This is consistent with decreased elastance of the interventricular septum resulting in increased coupling between the ventricles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Farrar
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco 94115
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