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Sagris M, Ktenopoulos N, Dimitriadis K, Papanikolaou A, Tzoumas A, Terentes-Printzios D, Synetos A, Soulaidopoulos S, Lichtenberg M, Korosoglou G, Honton B, Tousoulis D, Tsioufis C, Toutouzas K. Efficacy of intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) in coronary stenosis with severe calcification: A multicenter systematic review and meta-analysis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2024; 103:710-721. [PMID: 38482928 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.31006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With heavily calcified coronary and peripheral artery lesions, lesion preparation is crucial before stent placement to avoid underexpansion, associated with stent thrombosis or restenosis and patency failure in the long-term. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) technology disrupts superficial and deep calcium by using localized pulsative sonic pressure waves, making it to a promising tool for patients with severe calcification in coronary bed. AIMS The aim of the study is to systematically review and summarize available data regarding the safety and efficacy of IVL for lesion preparation in severely calcified coronary arteries before stenting. METHODS This study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. We systematically searched PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane databases from their inception to February 23, 2023, for studies assessing the characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing IVL before stent implantation. The diameter of the vessel lumen before and after IVL, as well as stent implantation, were analyzed. The occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was assessed using a random-effects model. RESULTS This meta-analysis comprised 38 studies including 2977 patients with heavily calcified coronary lesions. The mean age was 72.2 ± 9.1 years, with an overall IVL clinical success of 93% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 91%-95%, I2 = 0%) and procedural success rate of 97% (95% CI: 95%-98%, I2 = 73.7%), while the in-hospital and 30-days incidence of MACE, myocardial infarction (MI), and death were 8% (95% CI: 6%-11%, I2 = 84.5%), 5% (95% CI: 2%-8%, I2 = 85.6%), and 2% (95% CI: 1%-3%, I2 = 69.3%), respectively. There was a significant increase in the vessel diameter (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.77-3.17, I2 = 96%) and a decrease in diameter stenosis (SMD: -3.44, 95% CI: -4.36 to -2.52, I2 = 97.5%) immediately after IVL application, while it was observed further reduction in diameter stenosis (SMD: -6.57, 95% CI: -7.43 to -5.72, I2 = 95.8%) and increase in the vessel diameter (SMD: 4.37, 95% CI: 3.63-5.12, I2 = 96.7%) and the calculated lumen area (SMD: 3.23, 95% CI: 2.10-4.37, I2 = 98%), after stent implantation. The mean acute luminal gain following IVL and stent implantation was estimated to be 1.27 ± 0.6 and 1.94 ± 1.1 mm, respectively. Periprocedural complications were rare, with just a few cases of perforations, dissection, or no-reflow phenomena recorded. CONCLUSIONS IVL seems to be a safe and effective strategy for lesion preparation in severely calcified lesions before stent implantation in coronary arteries. Future prospective studies are now warranted to compare IVL to other lesion preparation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Sagris
- School of Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Ktenopoulos
- School of Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Dimitriadis
- School of Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Papanikolaou
- School of Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Tzoumas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Dimitrios Terentes-Printzios
- School of Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Synetos
- School of Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Soulaidopoulos
- School of Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Lichtenberg
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Pneumology, GRN Hospital, Weinheim, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin Honton
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Clinique Pasteur, Toulouse, France
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- School of Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Tsioufis
- School of Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- School of Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Gruslova AB, Inanc IH, Cilingiroglu M, Katta N, Milner TE, Feldman MD. Review of intravascular lithotripsy for treating coronary, peripheral artery, and valve calcifications. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2024; 103:295-307. [PMID: 38091341 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.30933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Management of intracoronary calcium (ICC) continues to be a challenge for interventional cardiologists. There have been significant advances in calcium treatment devices. However, there still exists a knowledge gap regarding which devices to choose for the treatment of ICC. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the principles of intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) and clinical data. The technique of IVL will then be compared to alternative calcium treatment devices. Clinical data will be reviewed concerning the treatment of coronary, peripheral artery and valvular calcifications. Controversies to be discussed include how to incorporate IVL into your practice, what is the best approach for treating calcium subtypes, how to approach under-expanded stents, what is the ideal technique for performing IVL, how safe is IVL, whether imaging adds value when performing IVL, and how IVL fits into a treatment program for peripheral arteries and calcified valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra B Gruslova
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ibrahim H Inanc
- Department of Cardiology, Kırıkkale Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cilingiroglu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas in Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nitesh Katta
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Thomas E Milner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marc D Feldman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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3
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Azzalini L, Kearney KE, Lombardi WL. Intravascular Lithotripsy-Facilitated Balloon-Assisted Subintimal Entry for Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Can J Cardiol 2024:S0828-282X(24)00026-6. [PMID: 38244987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Azzalini
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Kathleen E Kearney
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William L Lombardi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Werner GS, Yaginuma K. A case report on intravascular lithotripsy to facilitate retrograde wire passage from the subintimal to the luminal space in a calcified chronic total occlusion. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2023; 7:ytad541. [PMID: 38025134 PMCID: PMC10653667 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytad541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Severe calcifications are a major reason for failures in chronic total coronary occlusions, as they can obstruct the wire passage both in the antegrade and retrograde technique. Case summary The proximal occlusion of the left anterior descending artery in a 75-year-old man presented with a completely concentric calcified ring all along the segment proximal to the occlusion. The antegrade wire could not pass the calcified occlusion, and in a retrograde approach via the right posterior descending artery the retrograde wire was not able to enter the lumen from a subintimal position outside of the calcified ring. Intravascular lithoplasty in the proximal segment led to a crack in this ring to enable the same retrograde wire now to pass into the true lumen with then successful conclusion of the case. Intravascular ultrasound demonstrated the modification of the calcified ring and the passage of the wire with only a very short subintimal pathway. Discussion Intravascular lithoplasty is a new option to modify severely calcified vessel segments to facilitate the reverse controlled antegrade and retrograde tracking approach. In the present case, this helped to avoid a long subintimal pathway and preserved the vessel anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald S Werner
- Medizinische Klinik I, Klinikum Darmstadt GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kenji Yaginuma
- Medizinische Klinik I, Klinikum Darmstadt GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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Mashayekhi KA, Pyxaras SA, Werner GS, Galassi AR, Garbo R, Boudou N, Leibundgut G, Avran A, Bryniarski L, Bufe A, Sianos G, Di Mario C. Contemporary issues of percutaneous coronary intervention in heavily calcified chronic total occlusions: an expert review from the European CTO Club. EUROINTERVENTION 2023; 19:e113-e122. [PMID: 36971414 PMCID: PMC10240733 DOI: 10.4244/eij-d-22-01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe calcification is frequent in coronary chronic total occlusions (CTO), and its presence has been associated with increased procedural complexity and poor long-term outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in an already challenging anatomical setting. The diagnostic characterisation of heavily calcified CTOs using non-invasive and invasive imaging tools can lead to the application of different therapeutic options during CTO PCI, in order to achieve adequate lesion preparation and optimal stent implantation. In this expert review, the European Chronic Total Occlusion Club provides a contemporary, methodological approach, specifically addressing heavily calcified CTOs, suggesting an integration of evidence-based diagnostic methods to tailored, up-to-date percutaneous therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambis A Mashayekhi
- MediClin Heart Center Lahr, Lahr, Germany
- Division of Cardiology and Angiology II, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | | | - Gerald S Werner
- Medizinische Klinik I (Cardiology & Intensive Care), Klinikum Darmstadt GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alfredo R Galassi
- U.O.C. Cardiologia, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza (ProMISE) "G. D'Alessandro", A.O.U. Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Università degli Studi, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Garbo
- Department of Cardiology, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicolas Boudou
- Interventional Cardiology, Clinique Saint Augustin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gregor Leibundgut
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Avran
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Clinique Louis Pasteur, Essey-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Leszek Bryniarski
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, University Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | - Alexander Bufe
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre Niederrhein, Helios Clinics Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Georgios Sianos
- 1st Cardiology Department, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Carlo Di Mario
- Structural Interventional Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Dąbrowski EJ, Święczkowski M, Dudzik JM, Grunwald O, Januszko T, Muszyński P, Pogorzelski P, Tokarewicz J, Południewski M, Kożuch M, Dobrzycki S. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusion-Contemporary Approach and Future Directions. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12113762. [PMID: 37297958 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the aging society, the issue of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) has become a challenge for invasive cardiologists. Despite the lack of clear indications in European and American guidelines, the rates of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for CTO increased over the last years. Well-conducted randomized clinical trials (RCT) and large observational studies brought significant and substantial progress in many CTO blind spots. However, the results regarding the rationale behind revascularization and the long-term benefit of CTO are inconclusive. Knowing the uncertainties regarding PCI CTO, our work sought to sum up and provide a comprehensive review of the latest evidence on percutaneous recanalization of coronary artery chronic total occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Julian Dąbrowski
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A Sklodowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michał Święczkowski
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A Sklodowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Maria Dudzik
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A Sklodowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Oliwia Grunwald
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A Sklodowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Januszko
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A Sklodowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paweł Muszyński
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A Sklodowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Pogorzelski
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A Sklodowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Tokarewicz
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A Sklodowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maciej Południewski
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A Sklodowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Kożuch
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A Sklodowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Dobrzycki
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A Sklodowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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Karacsonyi J, Kostantinis S, Simsek B, Rempakos A, Allana SS, Alaswad K, Krestyaninov O, Khatri J, Poommipanit P, Jaffer FA, Choi J, Patel M, Gorgulu S, Koutouzis M, Tsiafoutis I, Sheikh AM, ElGuindy A, Elbarouni B, Patel T, Jefferson B, Wollmuth JR, Yeh R, Karmpaliotis D, Kirtane AJ, McEntegart MB, Masoumi A, Davies R, Rangan BV, Mastrodemos OC, Doshi D, Sandoval Y, Basir MB, Megaly MS, Ungi I, Abi Rafeh N, Goktekin O, Brilakis ES. Angiographic Features and Clinical Outcomes of Balloon Uncrossable Lesions during Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Pers Med 2023; 13:515. [PMID: 36983697 PMCID: PMC10051461 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Balloon uncrossable lesions are defined as lesions that cannot be crossed with a balloon after successful guidewire crossing. Methods: We analyzed the association between balloon uncrossable lesions and procedural outcomes of 8671 chronic total occlusions (CTOs) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) performed between 2012 and 2022 at 41 centers. Results: The prevalence of balloon uncrossable lesions was 9.2%. The mean patient age was 64.2 ± 10 years and 80% were men. Patients with balloon uncrossable lesions were older (67.3 ± 9 vs. 63.9 ± 10, p < 0.001) and more likely to have prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (40% vs. 25%, p < 0.001) and diabetes mellitus (50% vs. 42%, p < 0.001) compared with patients who had balloon crossable lesions. In-stent restenosis (23% vs. 16%. p < 0.001), moderate/severe calcification (68% vs. 40%, p < 0.001), and moderate/severe proximal vessel tortuosity (36% vs. 25%, p < 0.001) were more common in balloon uncrossable lesions. Procedure time (132 (90, 197) vs. 109 (71, 160) min, p < 0.001) was longer and the air kerma radiation dose (2.55 (1.41, 4.23) vs. 1.97 (1.10, 3.40) min, p < 0.001) was higher in balloon uncrossable lesions, while these lesions displayed lower technical (91% vs. 99%, p < 0.001) and procedural (88% vs. 96%, p < 0.001) success rates and higher major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rates (3.14% vs. 1.49%, p < 0.001). Several techniques were required for balloon uncrossable lesions. Conclusion: In a contemporary, multicenter registry, 9.2% of the successfully crossed CTOs were initially balloon uncrossable. Balloon uncrossable lesions exhibited lower technical and procedural success rates and a higher risk of complications compared with balloon crossable lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Karacsonyi
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
| | - Spyridon Kostantinis
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
| | - Bahadir Simsek
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
| | - Athanasios Rempakos
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
| | - Salman S. Allana
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
| | - Khaldoon Alaswad
- Department of Cardiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Oleg Krestyaninov
- Meshalkin Novosibirsk Research Institute, Novosibirsk 630055, Russia
| | - Jaikirshan Khatri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Paul Poommipanit
- Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44610, USA
| | - Farouc A. Jaffer
- Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James Choi
- Department of Cardiology, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | - Mitul Patel
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of California San Diego, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sevket Gorgulu
- Department of Cardiology, Biruni University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34295, Turkey
| | - Michalis Koutouzis
- First Cardiology Department Athens, Red Cross Hospital of Athens, Athens 11526, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsiafoutis
- First Cardiology Department Athens, Red Cross Hospital of Athens, Athens 11526, Greece
| | - Abdul M. Sheikh
- Interventional Cardiology Department, Wellstar Health System, Marietta, GA 30141, USA
| | - Ahmed ElGuindy
- Aswan Heart Centre, Department of Cardiology, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Aswan 4271185, Egypt
| | - Basem Elbarouni
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Boniface General Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Taral Patel
- Interventional Cardiology, Tristar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Brian Jefferson
- Interventional Cardiology, Tristar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Jason R. Wollmuth
- Interventional Cardiology, Providence Heart institute, Portland, OR 97213, USA
| | - Robert Yeh
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dimitrios Karmpaliotis
- Interventional Cardiology, Morristown Medical Center, Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Ajay J. Kirtane
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Amirali Masoumi
- Interventional Cardiology, Morristown Medical Center, Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Rhian Davies
- Interventional Cardiology, WellSpan York Hospital, York, PA 17403, USA
| | - Bavana V. Rangan
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
| | - Olga C. Mastrodemos
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
| | - Darshan Doshi
- Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yader Sandoval
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
| | - Mir B. Basir
- Department of Cardiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Michael S. Megaly
- Department of Cardiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Imre Ungi
- Division of Invasive Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Center, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nidal Abi Rafeh
- Cardiology, North Oaks Health System, Hammond, LA 70403, USA
| | - Omer Goktekin
- Department of Cardiology, Memorial Bahcelievler Hospital, Istanbul 34676, Turkey
| | - Emmanouil S. Brilakis
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
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