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Carter P, Trettin JL, Lee TH, Chalgren NL, Forrester MJ, Shanks BH, Tessonnier JP, Cochran EW. Bioenabled Platform to Access Polyamides with Built-In Target Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9548-9553. [PMID: 35522967 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diversification of platform chemicals is key to today's petroleum industry. Likewise, the flourishing of tomorrow's biorefineries will rely on molecules with next-generation properties from biomass. Herein, we explore this opportunity with a novel approach to monomers with custom property enhancements. Cyclic diacids with alkyl and aromatic decorations were synthesized from muconic acid by Diels-Alder cycloaddition, and copolymerized with hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid to yield polyamides with built-in hydrophobicity and flame retardancy. Testing shows a 70% reduction in water uptake and doubling of char production while largely retaining other key properties of the parent Nylon-6,6. The present approach can be generalized to access a wide range of performance-advantaged polyamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerana Carter
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.,Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - James L Trettin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Ting-Han Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nickolas L Chalgren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Michael J Forrester
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Brent H Shanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.,Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jean-Philippe Tessonnier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.,Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Eric W Cochran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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The Nature of Active Sites in the Pd/C-Catalyzed Hydrogenation/Hydrodeoxygenation of Benzaldehyde. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogenations and hydrodeoxygenations represent two of the most important reactions in the production of both bulk and fine chemicals. Despite the wide and long use of metal-based catalysts for this reaction, there is still some uncertainty with respect to the properties governing the catalyst activity. Using the hydrogenation of benzaldehyde as a model reaction, in this paper, we disclose the dominant parameters determining catalyst activity of Pd nanoparticles supported on a carbonaceous material (carbon nanoplates, GNP). In particular, several operating parameters of the catalyst synthesis were varied in order to obtain materials with differences in such physico-chemical properties as nanoparticle size, Pd oxidation state and Pd surface exposure. A linear correlation between catalyst activity and the amount of surface Pd(0) atoms was found; this dependence, maintained after catalyst recycling, pointed out the nature of the active site of the Pd/GNP catalyst represented by exposed Pd(0) species.
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Pd–Au Bimetallic Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Muconic Acid to Bio-Adipic Acid. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrogenation reaction of muconic acid, produced from biomass using fermentative processes, to bio-adipic acid is one of the most appealing green emerging chemical process. This reaction can be promoted by catalysts based on a metal belonging to the platinum group, and the use of a second metal can preserve and increase their activity. Pd–Au bimetallic nanoparticle samples supported on high-temperature, heat-treated carbon nanofibers were prepared using the sol immobilization method, changing the Pd–Au molar ratio. These catalysts were characterized by TEM, STEM, and XPS analysis and tested in a batch reactor pressurized with hydrogen, where muconic acid dissolved in water was converted to adipic acid. The synthesized Pd–Au bimetallic catalysts showed higher activity than monometallic Au and Pd material and better stability during the recycling tests. Moreover, the selectivity toward the mono-unsaturated changed by decreasing the Pd/Au molar ratio: the higher the amount of gold, the higher the selectivity toward the intermediates.
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Alijani S, Capelli S, Evangelisti C, Prati L, Villa A, Cattaneo S. Influence of carbon support properties in the hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin as lignin model compound. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang X, Wang P, Zhu L, Chen B. Rhodium(III)-catalyzed chemodivergent annulations between phenyloxazoles and diazos via C–H activation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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6
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Hydrogenation of Trans,Trans-Muconic Acid to Bio-Adipic Acid: Mechanism Identification and Kinetic Modelling. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrogenation of trans,trans-muconic acid was investigated on a Pt/C 5% (wt) catalyst in a batch slurry reactor at constant hydrogen pressure (4 bar) and temperature (323, 333 and 343 K), with the purpose of developing a kinetic model able to predict conversions and product distributions. A dual-site Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson (LHHW) model with hydrogen dissociation provided good fitting of the experimental data. The model parameters were regressed by robust numerical methods to overcome the computational challenges of the model parameters’ collinearity. Different reaction mechanisms were tested; the best model involved two subsequent hydrogenation steps. The first step yielded from trans,trans-muconic acid a monounsaturated intermediate (trans-2-hexenedioic acid), which was further hydrogenated to adipic acid in the second step. The intermediate was subjected to an equilibrium isomerization with cis-2-hexenedioic acid. The activation energy values and the rate constants were calculated for the reactions, providing the first reference for trans,trans-muconic acid hydrogenation.
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Iglesias J, Martínez-Salazar I, Maireles-Torres P, Martin Alonso D, Mariscal R, López Granados M. Advances in catalytic routes for the production of carboxylic acids from biomass: a step forward for sustainable polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5704-5771. [PMID: 32658221 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00177e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Polymers are ubiquitously present in our daily life because they can meet a wide range of needs and fields of applications. This success, based on an irresponsible linear consumption of plastics and the access to cheap oil, is creating serious environmental problems. Two lines of actions are needed to cope with them: to adopt a circular consumption of plastics and to produce renewable carbon-neutral monomers. This review analyses the recent advances in the chemocatalytic processes for producing biomass-derived carboxylic acids. These renewable carboxylic acids are involved in the synthesis of relevant general purpose and specialty polyesters and polyamides; some of them are currently derived from oil, while others can become surrogates of petrochemical polymers due to their excellent performance properties. Polyesters and polyamides are very suitable to be depolymerised to other valuable chemicals or to their constituent monomers, what facilitates the circular reutilisation of these monomers. Different types of carboxylic acids have been included in this review: monocarboxylic acids (like glycolic, lactic, hydroxypropanoic, methyl vinyl glycolic, methyl-4-methoxy-2-hydroxybutanoic, 2,5-dihydroxypent-3-enoic, 2,5,6-trihydroxyhex-3-enoic acids, diphenolic, acrylic and δ-amino levulinic acids), dicarboxylic acids (2,5-furandicarboxylic, maleic, succinic, adipic and terephthalic acids) and sugar acids (like gluconic and glucaric acids). The review evaluates the technology status and the advantages and drawbacks of each route in terms of feedstock, reaction pathways, catalysts and economic and environmental evaluation. The prospects and the new research that should be undertaken to overcome the main problems threatening their economic viability or the weaknesses that prevent their commercial implementation have also been underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iglesias
- Chemical & Environmental Engineering Group, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipan, s/n, Mostoles, Madrid 28933, Spain
| | - I Martínez-Salazar
- EQS Group (Sustainable Energy and Chemistry Group), Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (CSIC), C/Marie Curie, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - P Maireles-Torres
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografia y Mineralogía (Unidad Asociada al ICP-CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - D Martin Alonso
- Glucan Biorenewables LLC, Madison, WI 53719, USA and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - R Mariscal
- EQS Group (Sustainable Energy and Chemistry Group), Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (CSIC), C/Marie Curie, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M López Granados
- EQS Group (Sustainable Energy and Chemistry Group), Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (CSIC), C/Marie Curie, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Capelli S, Motta D, Evangelisti C, Dimitratos N, Prati L, Pirola C, Villa A. Effect of Carbon Support, Capping Agent Amount, and Pd NPs Size for Bio-Adipic Acid Production from Muconic Acid and Sodium Muconate. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030505. [PMID: 32168904 PMCID: PMC7153248 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of support, stabilizing agent, and Pd nanoparticles (NPs) size was studied for sodium muconate and t,t-muconic acid hydrogenation to bio-adipic acid. Three different activated carbons (AC) were used (Norit, KB, and G60) and carbon morphology did not affect the substrate conversion, but it greatly influenced the adipic acid yield. 1% Pd/KB Darco catalyst, which has the highest surface area and Pd surface exposure, and the smallest NPs size displayed the highest activity. Furthermore, the effect of the amount of the protective agent was studied varying metal/protective agent weight ratios in the range of 1/0.00–1/1.20, using KB as the chosen support. For sodium muconate reduction 1% Pd/KB_1.2 catalyst gave the best results in terms of activity (0.73 s−1), conversion, and adipic acid yield (94.8%), while for t,t-muconic acid hydrogenation the best activity result (0.85 s−1) was obtained with 1% Pd/KB_0.0 catalyst. Correlating the results obtained from XPS and TEM analyses with catalytic results, we found that the amount of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) influences mean Pd NPs size, Pd(0)/Pd(II) ratio, and Pd surface exposure. Pd(0)/Pd(II) ratio and Pd NPs size affected adipic acid yield and activity during sodium muconate hydrogenation, respectively, while adipic acid yield was related by exposed Pd amount during t,t-muconic acid hydrogenation. The synthesized catalysts showed higher activity than commercial 5% Pd/AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Capelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.P.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (A.V.); Tel.: +39-025-031-4365 (S.C.); +39-025-031-4361 (A.V.)
| | - Davide Motta
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Claudio Evangelisti
- National Council of the Research, CNR-Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 20124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Nikolaos Dimitratos
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Laura Prati
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Carlo Pirola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.P.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (A.V.); Tel.: +39-025-031-4365 (S.C.); +39-025-031-4361 (A.V.)
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