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Cui Y, He S, Yang J, Gao R, Hu K, Chen X, Xu L, Deng C, Lin C, Peng S, Zhang C. Research Progress of Non-Noble Metal Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Methanation. Molecules 2024; 29:374. [PMID: 38257287 PMCID: PMC10821115 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The extensive utilization of fossil fuels has led to a rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, resulting in various environmental issues. To reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate CO2 emissions, it is important to explore alternative methods of utilizing CO2 and H2 as raw materials to obtain high-value-added chemicals or fuels. One such method is CO2 methanation, which converts CO2 and H2 into methane (CH4), a valuable fuel and raw material for other chemicals. However, CO2 methanation faces challenges in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics. The reaction rate, CO2 conversion, and CH4 yield need to be improved to make the process more efficient. To overcome these challenges, the development of suitable catalysts is essential. Non-noble metal catalysts have gained significant attention due to their high catalytic activity and relatively low cost. In this paper, the thermodynamics and kinetics of the CO2 methanation reaction are discussed. The focus is primarily on reviewing Ni-based, Co-based, and other commonly used catalysts such as Fe-based. The effects of catalyst supports, preparation methods, and promoters on the catalytic performance of the methanation reaction are highlighted. Additionally, the paper summarizes the impact of reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure, space velocity, and H2/CO2 ratio on the catalyst performance. The mechanism of CO2 methanation is also summarized to provide a comprehensive understanding of the process. The objective of this paper is to deepen the understanding of non-noble metal catalysts in CO2 methanation reactions and provide insights for improving catalyst performance. By addressing the limitations of CO2 methanation and exploring the factors influencing catalyst effectiveness, researchers can develop more efficient and cost-effective catalysts for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Cui
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.C.); (S.H.); (C.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Shunyu He
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.C.); (S.H.); (C.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (J.Y.); (K.H.); (X.C.); (L.X.); (C.D.)
| | - Ruxing Gao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.C.); (S.H.); (C.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Kehao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (J.Y.); (K.H.); (X.C.); (L.X.); (C.D.)
| | - Xixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (J.Y.); (K.H.); (X.C.); (L.X.); (C.D.)
| | - Lujing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (J.Y.); (K.H.); (X.C.); (L.X.); (C.D.)
| | - Chao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (J.Y.); (K.H.); (X.C.); (L.X.); (C.D.)
| | - Congji Lin
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.C.); (S.H.); (C.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Shuai Peng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.C.); (S.H.); (C.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Chundong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (J.Y.); (K.H.); (X.C.); (L.X.); (C.D.)
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Buchheiser S, Kistner F, Rhein F, Nirschl H. Spray Flame Synthesis and Multiscale Characterization of Carbon Black-Silica Hetero-Aggregates. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1893. [PMID: 37368323 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries requires constant improvements in the areas of production and recycling to reduce their environmental impact. In this context, this work presents a method for structuring carbon black aggregates by adding colloidal silica via a spray flame with the goal of opening up more choices for polymeric binders. The main focus of this research lies in the multiscale characterization of the aggregate properties via small-angle X-ray scattering, analytical disc centrifugation and electron microscopy. The results show successful formation of sinter-bridges between silica and carbon black leading to an increase in hydrodynamic aggregate diameter from 201 nm to up to 357 nm, with no significant changes in primary particle properties. However, segregation and coalescence of silica particles was identified for higher mass ratios of silica to carbon black, resulting in a reduction in the homogeneity of the hetero-aggregates. This effect was particularly evident for silica particles with larger diameters of 60 nm. Consequently, optimal conditions for hetero-aggregation were identified at mass ratios below 1 and particle sizes around 10 nm, at which homogenous distributions of silica within the carbon black structure were achieved. The results emphasise the general applicability of hetero-aggregation via spray flames with possible applications as battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Buchheiser
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Kistner
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Rhein
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Control of monomeric Vo's versus Vo clusters in ZrO 2-x for solar-light H 2 production from H 2O at high-yield (millimoles gr -1 h -1). Sci Rep 2022; 12:15132. [PMID: 36071088 PMCID: PMC9452565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pristine zirconia, ZrO2, possesses high premise as photocatalyst due to its conduction band energy edge. However, its high energy-gap is prohibitive for photoactivation by solar-light. Currently, it is unclear how solar-active zirconia can be designed to meet the requirements for high photocatalytic performance. Moreover, transferring this design to an industrial-scale process is a forward-looking route. Herein, we have developed a novel Flame Spray Pyrolysis process for generating solar-light active nano-ZrO2−x via engineering of lattice vacancies, Vo. Using solar photons, our optimal nano-ZrO2−x can achieve milestone H2-production yield, > 2400 μmolg−1 h−1 (closest thus, so far, to high photocatalytic water splitting performance benchmarks). Visible light can be also exploited by nano-ZrO2−x at a high yield via a two-photon process. Control of monomeric Vo versus clusters of Vo’s is the key parameter toward Highly-Performing-Photocatalytic ZrO2−x. Thus, the reusable and sustainable ZrO2−x catalyst achieves so far unattainable solar activated photocatalysis, under large scale production.
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Gäßler M, Stahl J, Schowalter M, Pokhrel S, Rosenauer A, Mädler L, Güttel R. The Impact of Support Material of Cobalt‐Based Catalysts Prepared by Double Flame Spray Pyrolysis on CO2 Methanation Dynamics. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Gäßler
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Chemical Engineering GERMANY
| | - Jakob Stahl
- University of Bremen: Universitat Bremen Faculty of Production Engineering GERMANY
| | - Marco Schowalter
- University of Bremen: Universitat Bremen Institute of Solid State Physics GERMANY
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- University of Bremen: Universitat Bremen Faculty of Production Engineering GERMANY
| | - Andreas Rosenauer
- University of Bremen: Universitat Bremen Institute of Solid State Physics GERMANY
| | - Lutz Mädler
- University of Bremen: Universitat Bremen Faculty of Production Engineering GERMANY
| | - Robert Güttel
- Universitat Ulm Institute of Chemical Process Engineering Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm GERMANY
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