1
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Chen TY, Hsiao YW, Baker-Fales M, Cameli F, Dimitrakellis P, Vlachos DG. Microflow chemistry and its electrification for sustainable chemical manufacturing. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10644-10685. [PMID: 36320706 PMCID: PMC9491096 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01684b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainability is vital in solving global societal problems. Still, it requires a holistic view by considering renewable energy and carbon sources, recycling waste streams, environmentally friendly resource extraction and handling, and green manufacturing. Flow chemistry at the microscale can enable continuous sustainable manufacturing by opening up new operating windows, precise residence time control, enhanced mixing and transport, improved yield and productivity, and inherent safety. Furthermore, integrating microfluidic systems with alternative energy sources, such as microwaves and plasmas, offers tremendous promise for electrifying and intensifying modular and distributed chemical processing. This review provides an overview of microflow chemistry, electrification, their integration toward sustainable manufacturing, and their application to biomass upgrade (a select number of other processes are also touched upon). Finally, we identify critical areas for future research, such as matching technology to the scale of the application, techno-economic analysis, and life cycle assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ying Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Yung Wei Hsiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Montgomery Baker-Fales
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Fabio Cameli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Panagiotis Dimitrakellis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware 221 Academy St. Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware 221 Academy St. Newark Delaware 19716 USA
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2
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Tosuwan P, Chen SY, Tateno H, Mochizuki T, Luengnaruemitchai A. An aluminum-grafted SBA-15-catalyzed conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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3
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Sailer-Kronlachner W, Thoma C, Böhmdorfer S, Bacher M, Konnerth J, Rosenau T, Potthast A, Solt P, van Herwijnen HWG. Sulfuric Acid-Catalyzed Dehydratization of Carbohydrates for the Production of Adhesive Precursors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16641-16648. [PMID: 34235336 PMCID: PMC8246703 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates and hexose-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) are platform chemicals for the synthesis of sustainable binders. New, greener approaches aim at the development of production systems, which minimize process steps and avoid organic solvents or other auxiliaries that could interfere with subsequent resin synthesis. In our work, carbohydrate solutions rich in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) were produced using a continuous-flow microreactor and diluted H2SO4 as the catalyst. After optimization of the process conditions (temperature, reaction time, catalyst content), a 5-HMF yield of 49% was obtained at a low reaction time of 0.6 min and a catalyst concentration of 1% at 175 °C and 17 bar pressure. Extensive rehydration of the product was avoided by efficient immediate cooling of the reaction solution. The stability of the reaction system was improved by increasing the inner diameter of the capillary in the flow reactor to 2 mm. Advantageously, the obtained reaction mixtures are used directly as precursors in the development of sustainable binder systems, without the need of additional purification, filtration, or extraction steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Sailer-Kronlachner
- Wood
K plus—Competence Center of Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry,
Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Str. 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
- Institute
of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Material
Science and Process Engineering University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Str. 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
- ,
| | - Catherine Thoma
- Wood
K plus—Competence Center of Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry,
Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Str. 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
- Institute
of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Material
Science and Process Engineering University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Str. 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefan Böhmdorfer
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Konrad
Lorenz-Straße 24/I, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Konrad
Lorenz-Straße 24/I, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Institute
of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Material
Science and Process Engineering University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Str. 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Konrad
Lorenz-Straße 24/I, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Konrad
Lorenz-Straße 24/I, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Pia Solt
- Wood
K plus—Competence Center of Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry,
Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Str. 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Hendrikus W. G. van Herwijnen
- Wood
K plus—Competence Center of Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry,
Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Str. 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
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4
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Modak A, Mankar AR, Pant KK, Bhaumik A. Mesoporous Porphyrin-Silica Nanocomposite as Solid Acid Catalyst for High Yield Synthesis of HMF in Water. Molecules 2021; 26:2519. [PMID: 33925892 PMCID: PMC8123422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid acid catalysts occupy a special class in heterogeneous catalysis for their efficiency in eco-friendly conversion of biomass into demanding chemicals. We synthesized porphyrin containing porous organic polymers (PorPOPs) using colloidal silica as a support. Post-modification with chlorosulfonic acid enabled sulfonic acid functionalization, and the resulting material (PorPOPS) showed excellent activity and durability for the conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) in green solvent water. PorPOPS composite was characterized by N2 sorption, FTIR, TGA, CHNS, FESEM, TEM and XPS techniques, justifying the successful synthesis of organic networks and the grafting of sulfonic acid sites (5 wt%). Furthermore, a high surface area (260 m2/g) and the presence of distinct mesopores of ~15 nm were distinctly different from the porphyrin containing sulfonated porous organic polymer (FePOP-1S). Surprisingly the hybrid PorPOPS showed an excellent yield of HMF (85%) and high selectivity (>90%) in water as compared to microporous pristine-FePOP-1S (yield of HMF = 35%). This research demonstrates the requirement of organic modification on silica surfaces to tailor the activity and selectivity of the catalysts. We foresee that this research may inspire further applications of biomass conversion in water in future environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Modak
- Catalytic Reaction Engineering Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India; (A.M.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Akshay R. Mankar
- Catalytic Reaction Engineering Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India; (A.M.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Kamal Kishore Pant
- Catalytic Reaction Engineering Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India; (A.M.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Asim Bhaumik
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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5
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Chen TY, Desir P, Bracconi M, Saha B, Maestri M, Vlachos DG. Liquid–Liquid Microfluidic Flows for Ultrafast 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural Extraction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ying Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Pierre Desir
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Mauro Bracconi
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes, Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa 34, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Basudeb Saha
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Matteo Maestri
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes, Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa 34, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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6
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Chen TY, Cheng Z, Desir P, Saha B, Vlachos DG. Fast microflow kinetics and acid catalyst deactivation in glucose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00391c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow microreactors operating at short residence times and high temperatures can give high HMF productivity and contribute to process intensification of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ying Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Delaware 19716
- USA
| | - Ziwei Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Delaware 19716
- USA
| | - Pierre Desir
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Delaware 19716
- USA
| | - Basudeb Saha
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation
- Delaware 19716
- USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Delaware 19716
- USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation
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7
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SHIMANOUCHI T, FUJIOKA S, TANIFUJI T, YAMAMOTO K, TERASAKA K, KIMURA Y. Characterization of Water/Organic Biphasic System in Liquid-Liquid Slug Flow under Hydrothermal Conditions: Solvation, Vorticity, and Hydrophobicity. SOLVENT EXTRACTION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT-JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.15261/serdj.28.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatsuya TANIFUJI
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University
| | - Kenta YAMAMOTO
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University
| | | | - Yukitaka KIMURA
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University
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8
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Thoma C, Konnerth J, Sailer‐Kronlachner W, Solt P, Rosenau T, van Herwijnen HWG. Current Situation of the Challenging Scale-Up Development of Hydroxymethylfurfural Production. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3544-3564. [PMID: 32302054 PMCID: PMC7496312 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a high-value platform chemical derived from renewable resources. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to produce HMF also at industrial scale, which still faces some challenges regarding yield as well as sustainable and economic process designs. This critical Review evaluates the industrial process development of sustainable biomass conversion to HMF. Qualitative and quantitative guidelines are defined for the technological assessment of the processes described in patent literature. The formation of side products, difficulties in the separation and purification of HMF as well as catalyst regeneration were identified as major challenges in the HMF production. A first small-scale, commercial HMF production plant with a capacity of 300 tHMF per year has been operating in Switzerland since 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Thoma
- Area Wood Materials TechnologiesWood K Plus—Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbHAltenberger Str. 694040LinzAustria
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable MaterialsDepartment of Material Science and Process EngineeringBOKU- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesKonrad Lorenz Str. 243430TullnAustria
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable MaterialsDepartment of Material Science and Process EngineeringBOKU- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesKonrad Lorenz Str. 243430TullnAustria
| | - Wilfried Sailer‐Kronlachner
- Area Wood Materials TechnologiesWood K Plus—Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbHAltenberger Str. 694040LinzAustria
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable MaterialsDepartment of Material Science and Process EngineeringBOKU- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesKonrad Lorenz Str. 243430TullnAustria
| | - Pia Solt
- Area Wood Materials TechnologiesWood K Plus—Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbHAltenberger Str. 694040LinzAustria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesDepartment of ChemistryBOKU University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
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9
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Gérardy R, Debecker DP, Estager J, Luis P, Monbaliu JCM. Continuous Flow Upgrading of Selected C 2-C 6 Platform Chemicals Derived from Biomass. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7219-7347. [PMID: 32667196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ever increasing industrial production of commodity and specialty chemicals inexorably depletes the finite primary fossil resources available on Earth. The forecast of population growth over the next 3 decades is a very strong incentive for the identification of alternative primary resources other than petro-based ones. In contrast with fossil resources, renewable biomass is a virtually inexhaustible reservoir of chemical building blocks. Shifting the current industrial paradigm from almost exclusively petro-based resources to alternative bio-based raw materials requires more than vibrant political messages; it requires a profound revision of the concepts and technologies on which industrial chemical processes rely. Only a small fraction of molecules extracted from biomass bears significant chemical and commercial potentials to be considered as ubiquitous chemical platforms upon which a new, bio-based industry can thrive. Owing to its inherent assets in terms of unique process experience, scalability, and reduced environmental footprint, flow chemistry arguably has a major role to play in this context. This review covers a selection of C2 to C6 bio-based chemical platforms with existing commercial markets including polyols (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, 1,4-butanediol, xylitol, and sorbitol), furanoids (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and carboxylic acids (lactic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, itaconic acid, and levulinic acid). The aim of this review is to illustrate the various aspects of upgrading bio-based platform molecules toward commodity or specialty chemicals using new process concepts that fall under the umbrella of continuous flow technology and that could change the future perspectives of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Damien P Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julien Estager
- Certech, Rue Jules Bordet 45, Zone Industrielle C, B-7180 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Patricia Luis
- Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Materials & Process Engineering (iMMC-IMAP), UCLouvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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10
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Aigner M, Roth D, Rußkamp J, Klankermayer J, Jupke A. Model‐based equipment design for the biphasic production of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural in a tubular reactor. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Aigner
- Fluid Process Engineering (AVT.FVT)RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Daniel Roth
- Fluid Process Engineering (AVT.FVT)RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Julia Rußkamp
- Fluid Process Engineering (AVT.FVT)RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Jürgen Klankermayer
- Lehr‐ und Forschungsgebiet für Translationale KatalyseRWTH Aachen University, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) Aachen Germany
| | - Andreas Jupke
- Fluid Process Engineering (AVT.FVT)RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
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11
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Ghatta AA, Wilton-Ely JDET, Hallett JP. Rapid, High-Yield Fructose Dehydration to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Mixtures of Water and the Noncoordinating Ionic Liquid [bmim][OTf]. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:4452-4460. [PMID: 31356732 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The noncoordinating ionic liquid [bmim][OTf] (bmim=1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) is an effective and versatile solvent for the high-yield dehydration of fructose to the platform chemical 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) over short reaction times. In contrast to prior studies in which low yields were obtained for this transformation in ionic liquids (ILs) with noncoordinating anions, this contribution reveals that the water content is an essential parameter for an efficient reaction in ILs. Achieving the optimum amount of water can increase the yield dramatically by regulating the acidity of the catalyst and partially suppressing the side reaction caused by self-condensation of HMF. Using acid catalysis in [bmim][OTf] with 3.5 % water content, yields above 80 % can be achieved at 100 °C in only 10 min, even at high (14 %) fructose loading. These results also suggest that [bmim][OTf] represents a superior medium for solvent extraction of HMF compared to halide-based ILs, allowing the option of isolation or further valorization of the HMF formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Al Ghatta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - James D E T Wilton-Ely
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jason P Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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12
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Abdilla‐Santes RM, Guo W, Bruijnincx PCA, Yue J, Deuss PJ, Heeres HJ. High-Yield 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Synthesis from Crude Sugar Beet Juice in a Biphasic Microreactor. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:4304-4312. [PMID: 31313522 PMCID: PMC6790971 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important biobased platform chemical obtainable in high selectivity by the hydrolysis of fructose (FRC). However, FRC is expensive, making the production of HMF at a competitive market price highly challenging. Here, it is shown that sugar beet thick juice, a crude, sucrose-rich intermediate in sugar refining, is an excellent feedstock for HMF synthesis. Unprecedented high selectivities and yields of >90 % for HMF were achieved in a biphasic reactor setup at 150 °C using salted diluted thick juice with H2 SO4 as catalyst and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as a bioderived extraction solvent. The conversion of glucose, obtained by sucrose inversion, could be limited to <10 mol %, allowing its recovery for further use. Interestingly, purified sucrose led to significantly lower HMF selectivity and yields, showing advantages from both an economic and chemical selectivity perspective. This opens new avenues for more cost-effective HMF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria M. Abdilla‐Santes
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of Groningen9747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Brawijaya, MTHaryono 167Malang65145Indonesia
| | - Wenze Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of Groningen9747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jun Yue
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of Groningen9747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of Groningen9747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of Groningen9747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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13
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Hommes A, Heeres HJ, Yue J. Catalytic Transformation of Biomass Derivatives to Value‐Added Chemicals and Fuels in Continuous Flow Microreactors. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Hommes
- Department of Chemical Engineering Engineering and Technology Institute GroningenUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Hero Jan Heeres
- Department of Chemical Engineering Engineering and Technology Institute GroningenUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Jun Yue
- Department of Chemical Engineering Engineering and Technology Institute GroningenUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
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14
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15
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Weingart E, Tschirner S, Teevs L, Prüße U. Conversion of Fructose to HMF in a Continuous Fixed Bed Reactor with Outstanding Selectivity. Molecules 2018; 23:E1802. [PMID: 30037031 PMCID: PMC6099769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a very promising component for bio-based plastics. Efficient synthesis of HMF from biomass is still challenging because of fast degradation of HMF to by-products under formation conditions. Therefore, different studies, conducted mainly in monophasic and biphasic batch systems with and without water addition have been published and are still under investigation. However, to produce HMF at a large scale, a continuous process is preferable. Until now, only a few studies have been published in this context. In this work, it is shown that fluorous alcohol hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) can act as superior reaction solvent for HMF synthesis from fructose in a fixed bed reactor. Very high yields of 76% HMF can be achieved in this system under optimized conditions, whilst the catalyst is very stable over several days. Such high yields are only described elsewhere with high boiling reaction solvents like dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), whereas HFIP with a boiling point of 58 °C is very easy to separate from HMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Weingart
- Thuenen Institute of Agricultural Technology, Bundesallee 47, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Sarah Tschirner
- Thuenen Institute of Agricultural Technology, Bundesallee 47, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Linda Teevs
- Thuenen Institute of Agricultural Technology, Bundesallee 47, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ulf Prüße
- Thuenen Institute of Agricultural Technology, Bundesallee 47, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
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16
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Aarum I, Devle H, Ekeberg D, Horn SJ, Stenstrøm Y. Characterization of Pseudo-Lignin from Steam Exploded Birch. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4924-4931. [PMID: 31458708 PMCID: PMC6641956 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in a more wholesome utilization of biomass as the need for greener chemistry and non-mineral oil-based products increases. Lignin is the largest renewable resource for aromatic chemicals, which is found in all types of lignocellulosic biomass. Steam-explosion of lignocellulosic biomass is a useful pretreatment technique to make the polymeric material more available for processing. However, this heat-based pretreatment is known to result in the formation of pseudo-lignin, a lignin-like polymer made from carbohydrate degradation products. In this work, we have analyzed steam-exploded birch with a varying severity factor (3.1-5.0) by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 2D-NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The main results reveal a consumption of acetic acid at higher temperatures, with the increase of furan components in the pyrolyzate. The IR and NMR spectral data support these results, and there is a reason to believe that the conditions for humin formation are accomplished under steam explosion. Pseudo-lignin seems to be a humin-like compound.
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Simple and selective conversion of fructose into HMF using extractive-reaction process in microreactor. J Flow Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-018-0004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Catalytic transformation of carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethyl furfural over tin phosphate in a water-containing system. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shimanouchi T, Kataoka Y, Tanifuji T, Kimura Y, Fujioka S, Terasaka K. Chemical conversion and liquid-liquid extraction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose by slug flow microreactor. AIChE J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Shimanouchi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka Okayama Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kataoka
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka Okayama Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tanifuji
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka Okayama Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yukitaka Kimura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka Okayama Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Satoko Fujioka
- Dept. of Applied Chemistry; Keio University; 3-14-1, Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Koichi Terasaka
- Dept. of Applied Chemistry; Keio University; 3-14-1, Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
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Dibenedetto A, Aresta M, di Bitonto L, Pastore C. Organic Carbonates: Efficient Extraction Solvents for the Synthesis of HMF in Aqueous Media with Cerium Phosphates as Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:118-125. [PMID: 26676974 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe a process for the selective conversion of C6 -polyols into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in biphasic systems of organic carbonate/water (OC/W), with cerium(IV) phosphates as catalysts. Different reaction parameters such as the OC/W ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time, and temperature, were investigated for the dehydration of fructose. Under the best reaction conditions, a yield of 67.7 % with a selectivity of 93.2 % was achieved at 423 K after 6 h of reaction using [(Ce(PO4)1.5 (H2 O)(H3 O)0.5 (H2 O)0.5)] as the catalyst. A maximum yield of 70 % with the same selectivity was achieved after 12 h. At the end of the reaction, the catalyst was removed by centrifugation, the organic phase was separated from water and evaporated in vacuo (with solvent recovery), and solid 5-HMF was isolated (purity >99 %). The recovery and reuse of the catalyst and the relationship between the structure of the OC and the efficiency of the extraction are discussed. The OC/W system influences the lifetime of the catalysts positively compared to only water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dibenedetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani n. 27, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Michele Aresta
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani n. 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NUS, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | | | - Carlo Pastore
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani n. 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR), National Research Council, Via de Blasio 5, 70132, Bari, Italy
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Seo YH, Han JI. Direct conversion from Jerusalem artichoke to hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) using the Fenton reaction. Food Chem 2014; 151:207-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Javier Pérez-Maqueda, Irene Arenas-Ligioiz, López Ó, Fernández-Bolaños JG. Eco-friendly preparation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from sucrose using ion-exchange resins. Chem Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Dabral S, Nishimura S, Ebitani K. One-pot conversions of raffinose into furfural derivatives and sugar alcohols by using heterogeneous catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:260-267. [PMID: 24193816 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Inedible and/or waste biomass reserves are being strongly focused upon as a suitable new energy and chemical source. Raffinose, which is an indigestible trisaccharide composed of glucose, galactose, and fructose, is found abundantly in beet molasses, sugar cane, and seeds of many leguminous plants. Herein, we demonstrate the one-pot synthesis of furan derivatives and sugar alcohols from raffinose by using heterogeneous acid, base, and/or metal-supported catalysts. The combination of Amberlyst-15 and hydrotalcite (HT) showed a high activity (37% yield) for 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) through continuous hydrolysis, isomerization, and dehydration reactions. In addition, the use of a hydrotalcite-supported ruthenium catalyst (Ru/HT) successfully afforded 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF, 27% yield) from HMF produced by raffinose, directly. Moreover, the hydrogenation of hexoses obtained by raffinose hydrolysis into sugar alcohols (galactitol, mannitol, sorbitol) was also achieved in a high yield (91%) with Amberlyst-15 and Ru/HT catalysts. Thus, we suggest that raffinose has great potential for the synthesis of important industrial intermediates under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Dabral
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, 923-1292 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 761-51-1149; M. Tech, C.S.P.T, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi (DU), University Road, Delhi, 110007 (India)
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25
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Yan Y, Wu Q, Guo X, Lu J, Li ZH, Zhang Y, Tang Y. Condition screening and process investigation of aldose transformation in borate-containing acidic phosphate buffer system under microwave irradiation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02612h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aldose transformation process in borate-containing acidic phosphate buffer system is systematically studied under microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Yan
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Qingbin Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Hua Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Yahong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
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26
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Commercially attractive process for production of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural from high fructose corn syrup. J IND ENG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Denčić I, Noël T, Meuldijk J, de Croon M, Hessel V. Micro reaction technology for valorization of biomolecules using enzymes and metal catalysts. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Denčić
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - Jan Meuldijk
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - Mart de Croon
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
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Wu Q, Yan Y, Zhang Q, Lu J, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Tang Y. Catalytic dehydration of carbohydrates on in situ exfoliatable layered niobic acid in an aqueous system under microwave irradiation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:820-825. [PMID: 23606474 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient microwave-assisted HNb(3)O(8) catalytic process is proposed for the dehydration of carbohydrates in the aqueous phase. A 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) yield of 55.9 % was achieved at a high substrate/catalyst weight ratio of 50 from a 10 wt % fructose solution, which is close to the yield achieved by homogeneous aqueous systems. The critical factor for this performance is the fast in situ exfoliation of layered HNb(3)O(8) with the aid of microwave irradiation, which leads to quasi-homogeneous catalytic behavior. Importantly, the catalytic system is also applicable for the one-pot production of HMF from di- and polysaccharides, such as inulin, through a consecutive hydrolysis-dehydration reaction. Additionally, the unique restacking feature of the exfoliated HNb(3)O(8) ensures the good reusability of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
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MA J, YU W, WANG M, JIA X, LU F, XU J. Advances in selective catalytic transformation of ployols to value-added chemicals. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(11)60501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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van Putten RJ, van der Waal JC, de Jong E, Rasrendra CB, Heeres HJ, de Vries JG. Hydroxymethylfurfural, A Versatile Platform Chemical Made from Renewable Resources. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1499-597. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300182k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2009] [Impact Index Per Article: 182.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert-Jan van Putten
- Avantium Chemicals, Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ed de Jong
- Avantium Chemicals, Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carolus B. Rasrendra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. de Vries
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
- DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, the Netherlands
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Zhou X, Rauchfuss TB. Production of hybrid diesel fuel precursors from carbohydrates and petrochemicals using formic acid as a reactive solvent. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:383-388. [PMID: 23281330 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the one-pot alkylation of mesitylene with carbohydrate-derived 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) as a step toward diesel-range liquids. Using FeCl(3) as a catalyst, HMF is shown to alkylate toluene, xylene, and mesitylene in high yields in CH(2)Cl(2) and MeNO(2) solvents. Efforts to extend this reaction to greener or safer solvents showed that most ether-based solvents are unsatisfactory. Acid catalysts (e.g, p-TsOH) also proved to be ineffective. Using formic acid as a reactive solvent, mesitylene could be alkylated to give mesitylmethylfurfural (MMF) starting from fructose with yields up to approximately 70 %. The reaction of fructose with formic acid in the absence of mesitylene gave rise to low yields of the formate ester of HMF, which indicates the stabilizing effect of replacing the hydroxyl substituent with mesityl. The arene also serves as a second phase into which the product is extracted. Even by using formic acid, the mesitylation of less expensive precursors such as glucose and cellulose proceeded only in modest yields (ca. 20 %). These simpler substrates were found to undergo mesitylation by using hydrogen chloride/formic acid via the intermediate chloromethylfurfural.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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32
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Tian G, Tong X, Wang Y, Yan Y, Xue S. Highly efficient and N-bromosuccinimide-mediated conversion of carbohydrates to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural under mild conditions. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu J, Tang Y, Wu K, Bi C, Cui Q. Conversion of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and its derivatives promoted by inorganic salt in alcohol. Carbohydr Res 2012; 350:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Dutta S, De S, Saha B. A Brief Summary of the Synthesis of Polyester Building-Block Chemicals and Biofuels from 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. Chempluschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Lu J, Yan Y, Zhang Y, Tang Y. Microwave-assisted highly efficient transformation of ketose/aldose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in a simple phosphate buffer system. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21011h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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36
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Caes BR, Raines RT. Conversion of fructose into 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural in sulfolane. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:353-356. [PMID: 21394925 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Caes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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