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Lv X, Zhang G, Wang M, Li G, Deng J, Zhong J. How titanium and iron are integrated into hematite to enhance the photoelectrochemical water oxidation: a review. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1406-1420. [PMID: 36594624 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04969d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematite has been considered as a promising photoanode candidate for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation and has attracted numerous interests in the past decades. However, intrinsic drawbacks drastically lower its photocatalytic activity. Ti-based modifications including Ti-doping, Fe2O3/Fe2TiO5 heterostructures, TiO2 passivation layers, and Ti-containing underlayers have shown great potential in enhancing the PEC conversion efficiency of hematite. Moreover, the combination of Ti-based modifications with various strategies towards more efficient hematite photoanodes has been widely investigated. Nevertheless, a corresponding comprehensive overview, especially with the most recent working mechanisms, is still lacking, limiting further improvement. In this respect, by summarizing the recent progress in Ti-modified hematite photoanodes, this review aims to demonstrate how the integration of titanium and iron atoms into hematite influences the PEC properties by tuning the carrier behaviours. It will provide more cues for the rational design of high-performance hematite photoanodes towards future practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Lv
- Institute for Energy Research, Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Gaoteng Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Menglian Wang
- Institute for Energy Research, Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Guoqing Li
- Institute for Energy Research, Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Jiujun Deng
- Institute for Energy Research, Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Jun Zhong
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Water Splitting with Enhanced Efficiency Using a Nickel-Based Co-Catalyst at a Cupric Oxide Photocathode. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homemade non-critical raw materials such as Ni or NiCu co-catalysts were added at the photocathode of a tandem cell, constituted by photoelectrodes made of earth-abundant materials, to generate green solar hydrogen from photoelectrochemical water splitting. Oxygen evolving at the Ti-and-P-doped hematite/TCO-based photoanode and hydrogen at the cupric oxide/GDL-based photocathode are separated by an anion exchange polymer electrolyte membrane placed between them. The effect of the aforementioned co-catalysts was studied in a complete PEC cell in the presence of the ionomer dispersion and the anionic membrane to evaluate their impact under practical conditions. Notably, different amounts of Ni or NiCu co-catalysts were used to improve the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics and the overall solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of the photoelectrochemical cells. At −0.6 V, in the bias-assisted region, the photocurrent density reaches about 2 mA cm−2 for a cell with 12 µg cm−2 of Ni loading, followed by 1.75 mA cm−2 for the cell configuration based on 8 µg cm−2 of NiCu. For the best-performing cell, enthalpy efficiency at −0.4 V reaches a first maximum value of 2.03%. In contrast, the throughput efficiency, which is a ratio between the power output and the total power input (solar + electric) provided by an external source, calculated at −1.225 V, reaches a maximum of 10.75%. This value is approximately three times higher than the best results obtained in our previous studies without the use of co-catalysts at the photocathode.
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Dry Hydrogen Production in a Tandem Critical Raw Material-Free Water Photoelectrolysis Cell Using a Hydrophobic Gas-Diffusion Backing Layer. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A photoelectrochemical tandem cell (PEC) based on a cathodic hydrophobic gas-diffusion backing layer was developed to produce dry hydrogen from solar driven water splitting. The cell consisted of low cost and non-critical raw materials (CRMs). A relatively high-energy gap (2.1 eV) hematite-based photoanode and a low energy gap (1.2 eV) cupric oxide photocathode were deposited on a fluorine-doped tin oxide glass (FTO) and a hydrophobic carbonaceous substrate, respectively. The cell was illuminated from the anode. The electrolyte separator consisted of a transparent hydrophilic anionic solid polymer membrane allowing higher wavelengths not absorbed by the photoanode to be transmitted to the photocathode. To enhance the oxygen evolution rate, a NiFeOX surface promoter was deposited on the anodic semiconductor surface. To investigate the role of the cathodic backing layer, waterproofing and electrical conductivity properties were studied. Two different porous carbonaceous gas diffusion layers were tested (Spectracarb® and Sigracet®). These were also subjected to additional hydrophobisation procedures. The Sigracet 35BC® showed appropriate ex-situ properties for various wettability grades and it was selected as a cathodic substrate for the PEC. The enthalpic and throughput efficiency characteristics were determined, and the results compared to a conventional FTO glass-based cathode substrate. A throughput efficiency of 2% was achieved for the cell based on the hydrophobic backing layer, under a voltage bias of about 0.6 V, compared to 1% for the conventional cell. For the best configuration, an endurance test was carried out under operative conditions. The cells were electrochemically characterised by linear polarisation tests and impedance spectroscopy measurements. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs were analysed to assess the structure and morphology of the investigated materials.
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Kormányos A, Kecsenovity E, Honarfar A, Pullerits T, Janáky C. Hybrid FeNiOOH/α-Fe 2O 3/Graphene Photoelectrodes with Advanced Water Oxidation Performance. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2002124. [PMID: 32774199 PMCID: PMC7405979 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202002124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the photoelectrochemical behavior of electrodeposited FeNiOOH/Fe2O3/graphene nanohybrid electrodes is investigated, which has precisely controlled structure and composition. The photoelectrode assembly is designed in a bioinspired manner where each component has its own function: Fe2O3 is responsible for the absorption of light, the graphene framework for proper charge carrier transport, while the FeNiOOH overlayer for facile water oxidation. The effect of each component on the photoelectrochemical behavior is studied by linear sweep photovoltammetry, incident photon-to-charge carrier conversion efficiency measurements, and long-term photoelectrolysis. 2.6 times higher photocurrents are obtained for the best-performing FeNiOOH/Fe2O3/graphene system compared to its pristine Fe2O3 counterpart. Transient absorption spectroscopy measurements reveal an increased hole-lifetime in the case of the Fe2O3/graphene samples. Long-term photoelectrolysis measurements in combination with Raman spectroscopy, however, prove that the underlying nanocarbon framework is corroded by the photogenerated holes. This issue is tackled by the electrodeposition of a thin FeNiOOH overlayer, which rapidly accepts the photogenerated holes from Fe2O3, thus eliminating the pathway leading to the corrosion of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kormányos
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of SzegedSzegedH‐6720Hungary
| | - Egon Kecsenovity
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of SzegedSzegedH‐6720Hungary
| | - Alireza Honarfar
- Chemical Physics and NanoLundLund UniversityBox 124Lund22100Sweden
| | - Tönu Pullerits
- Chemical Physics and NanoLundLund UniversityBox 124Lund22100Sweden
| | - Csaba Janáky
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of SzegedSzegedH‐6720Hungary
- ELI‐ALPSELI‐HU Non‐Profit Ltd.Wolfgang Sandner utca 3SzegedH‐6728Hungary
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5
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Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting at Hematite Photoanodes by Effect of a NiFe-Oxide co-Catalyst. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tandem photoelectrochemical cells (PECs), made up of a solid electrolyte membrane between two low-cost photoelectrodes, were investigated to produce “green” hydrogen by exploiting renewable solar energy. The assembly of the PEC consisted of an anionic solid polymer electrolyte membrane (gas separator) clamped between an n-type Fe2O3 photoanode and a p-type CuO photocathode. The semiconductors were deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) transparent substrates and the cell was investigated with the hematite surface directly exposed to a solar simulator. Ionomer dispersions obtained from the dissolution of commercial polymers in the appropriate solvents were employed as an ionic interface with the photoelectrodes. Thus, the overall photoelectrochemical water splitting occurred in two membrane-separated compartments, i.e., the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode. A cost-effective NiFeOx co-catalyst was deposited on the hematite photoanode surface and investigated as a surface catalytic enhancer in order to improve the OER kinetics, this reaction being the rate-determining step of the entire process. The co-catalyst was compared with other well-known OER electrocatalysts such as La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8CoO3 (LSFCO) perovskite and IrRuOx. The Ni-Fe oxide was the most promising co-catalyst for the oxygen evolution in the anionic environment in terms of an enhanced PEC photocurrent and efficiency. The materials were physico-chemically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Monllor-Satoca D, Díez-García MI, Lana-Villarreal T, Gómez R. Photoelectrocatalytic production of solar fuels with semiconductor oxides: materials, activity and modeling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12272-12289. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04387g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal oxides keep on being excellent candidates as electrode materials for the photoelectrochemical conversion of solar energy into chemical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Monllor-Satoca
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica
- Universitat d'Alacant
- Alicante
- Spain
| | - María Isabel Díez-García
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica
- Universitat d'Alacant
- Alicante
- Spain
| | - Teresa Lana-Villarreal
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica
- Universitat d'Alacant
- Alicante
- Spain
| | - Roberto Gómez
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica
- Universitat d'Alacant
- Alicante
- Spain
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Ali A, Ammar M, Ali M, Yahya Z, Javaid MY, Hassan SU, Ahmed T. Mo-doped ZnO nanoflakes on Ni-foam for asymmetric supercapacitor applications. RSC Adv 2019; 9:27432-27438. [PMID: 35529239 PMCID: PMC9070622 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mo:ZnO nanoflakes were synthesized by single-step hydrothermal route to achieve superior electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology
- Government College University
- Faisalabad 38000
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ammar
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology
- Government College University
- Faisalabad 38000
- Pakistan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Muddassir Ali
- Department of Energy Engineering
- Faculty of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
- University of Engineering and Technology
- Taxila 47080
- Pakistan
| | - Zaid Yahya
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology
- Government College University
- Faisalabad 38000
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasar Javaid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
- Government College University
- Faisalabad 38000
- Pakistan
| | | | - Toheed Ahmed
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Government College University
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8
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Sharma P, Jang J, Lee JS. Key Strategies to Advance the Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Performance of α‐Fe2O3Photoanode. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Wook Jang
- Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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Díaz-García AK, Gómez R. Improvement of sol-gel prepared tungsten trioxide photoanodes upon doping with ytterbium. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Cots A, Bonete P, Sebastián D, Baglio V, Aricò AS, Gómez R. Toward Tandem Solar Cells for Water Splitting Using Polymer Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25393-25400. [PMID: 30024728 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tandem photoelectrochemical cells, formed by two photoelectrodes with complementary light absorption, have been proposed to be a viable approach for obtaining clean hydrogen. This requires the development of new designs that allow for upscaling, which would be favored by the use of transparent polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) instead of conventional liquid electrolytes. This article focuses on the photoelectrochemical performance of a water-splitting tandem cell based on a phosphorus-modified α-Fe2O3 photoanode and on an iron-modified CuO photocathode, with the employment of an alkaline PEM. Such a photoelectrochemical cell works even in the absence of bias, although significant effort should be directed to the optimization of the photoelectrode/PEM interface. In addition, the results reveal that the employment of polymer electrolytes increases the stability of the device, especially in the case of the photocathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Cots
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica , Universitat d'Alacant , Apartat 99 , E-03080 Alicante , Spain
| | - Pedro Bonete
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica , Universitat d'Alacant , Apartat 99 , E-03080 Alicante , Spain
| | - David Sebastián
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Instituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l'Energia "Nicola Giordano", CNR-ITAE , Via Salita Santa Lucia sopra Contesse 5 , 98126 Messina , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baglio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Instituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l'Energia "Nicola Giordano", CNR-ITAE , Via Salita Santa Lucia sopra Contesse 5 , 98126 Messina , Italy
| | - Antonino S Aricò
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Instituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l'Energia "Nicola Giordano", CNR-ITAE , Via Salita Santa Lucia sopra Contesse 5 , 98126 Messina , Italy
| | - Roberto Gómez
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica , Universitat d'Alacant , Apartat 99 , E-03080 Alicante , Spain
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11
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Chen S, Hossain MN, Chen A. Significant Enhancement of the Photoelectrochemical Activity of CuWO4
by using a Cobalt Phosphate Nanoscale Thin Film. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Guelph; 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
- Department of Chemistry; Lakehead University; 955 Oliver road, Thunder Bay Ontario Canada P7B 5E1
| | - M. Nur Hossain
- Department of Chemistry; Lakehead University; 955 Oliver road, Thunder Bay Ontario Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Guelph; 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
- Department of Chemistry; Lakehead University; 955 Oliver road, Thunder Bay Ontario Canada P7B 5E1
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12
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Díez-García MI, Gómez R. Metal Doping to Enhance the Photoelectrochemical Behavior of LaFeO 3 Photocathodes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:2457-2463. [PMID: 28317341 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of tandem devices for water photosplitting requires the preparation of photocathodic materials based on earth-abundant elements that show long-term stability in aqueous electrolytes. Ternary metal oxides seem to be a viable option, among which perovskites stand out. In this context, transparent and compact LaFeO3 thin-film electrodes have been prepared by a sol-gel process, both undoped and doped with metals (M) such as Mg or Zn. Pristine electrodes support the development of cathodic photocurrents in 0.1 m NaOH aqueous solutions, particularly in the presence of oxygen, with an onset potential as high as 1.4 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Doping with Mg or Zn leads to an important enhancement of the photocurrent, which peaks for a stoichiometry of LaFe0.95 M0.05 O3 with a sixfold enhancement with respect to the pristine material. Such an improvement is attributed to an increase in both the density and mobility of the majority carriers, although a contribution of surface passivation cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Díez-García
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica, Universitat d'Alacant, Apartat 99, E-, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Roberto Gómez
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica, Universitat d'Alacant, Apartat 99, E-, 03080, Alicante, Spain
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Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Water Photo-Electrolysis. MEMBRANES 2017; 7:membranes7020025. [PMID: 28468242 PMCID: PMC5489859 DOI: 10.3390/membranes7020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Water-fed photo-electrolysis cells equipped with perfluorosulfonic acid (Nafion® 115) and quaternary ammonium-based (Fumatech® FAA3) ion exchange membranes as separator for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions were investigated. Protonic or anionic ionomer dispersions were deposited on the electrodes to extend the interface with the electrolyte. The photo-anode consisted of a large band-gap Ti-oxide semiconductor. The effect of membrane characteristics on the photo-electrochemical conversion of solar energy was investigated for photo-voltage-driven electrolysis cells. Photo-electrolysis cells were also studied for operation under electrical bias-assisted mode. The pH of the membrane/ionomer had a paramount effect on the photo-electrolytic conversion. The anionic membrane showed enhanced performance compared to the Nafion®-based cell when just TiO2 anatase was used as photo-anode. This was associated with better oxygen evolution kinetics in alkaline conditions compared to acidic environment. However, oxygen evolution kinetics in acidic conditions were significantly enhanced by using a Ti sub-oxide as surface promoter in order to facilitate the adsorption of OH species as precursors of oxygen evolution. However, the same surface promoter appeared to inhibit oxygen evolution in an alkaline environment probably as a consequence of the strong adsorption of OH species on the surface under such conditions. These results show that a proper combination of photo-anode and polymer electrolyte membrane is essential to maximize photo-electrolytic conversion.
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Cibrev D, Tallarida M, Das C, Lana-Villarreal T, Schmeisser D, Gómez R. New insights into water photooxidation on reductively pretreated hematite photoanodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21807-21817. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03958a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoactivity enhancement of hematite nanorod electrodes upon a reductive pretreatment can be explained on the basis of morphological and electronic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Cibrev
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d’Electroquímica
- Universitat d’Alacant
- Alicante
- Spain
| | - Massimo Tallarida
- Applied Physics-Sensors
- Brandenburg University of Technology
- Cottbus
- Germany
| | - Chittaranjan Das
- Applied Physics-Sensors
- Brandenburg University of Technology
- Cottbus
- Germany
| | - Teresa Lana-Villarreal
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d’Electroquímica
- Universitat d’Alacant
- Alicante
- Spain
| | - Dieter Schmeisser
- Applied Physics-Sensors
- Brandenburg University of Technology
- Cottbus
- Germany
| | - Roberto Gómez
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d’Electroquímica
- Universitat d’Alacant
- Alicante
- Spain
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