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Pichugov R, Loktionov P, Verakso D, Pustovalova A, Chikin D, Antipov A. Sensitivity of Capacity Fade in Vanadium Redox Flow Battery to Electrolyte Impurity Content. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400372. [PMID: 39431899 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
The gradual capacity decrease of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) over long-term charge-discharge cycling is determined by electrolyte degradation. While it was initially believed that this degradation was solely caused by crossover, recent research suggests that oxidative imbalance induced by hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) also plays a significant role. In this work by using vanadium pentoxides with different impurities content, we prepared three grades of vanadium electrolyte. By measuring electrochemical properties on carbon felt electrode in three-electrode cell and VRFB membrane-electrode assembly we evaluate the influence of impurity content on battery polarization and rate of side reactions which is indicated by the increase of average oxidation state (AOS) during charge-discharge tests and varies from 0.061 to 0.027 day-1 for electrolytes made from 99.1 and 99.9 wt % V2O5. We found that increase of AOS correlates with the increase of open-circuit voltage of VRFB in the discharged state ranging from 9.6 to 14.9 mV day-1 for highest and lowest electrolyte purity levels, respectively. While AOS increase is significant, it does not solely determine capacity fade. It is demonstrated that the presence of vanadium crossover decreases capacity fade, i. e. levels the contribution of side reactions on capacity drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pichugov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Loktionov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
| | - Darya Verakso
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla Pustovalova
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Chikin
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly Antipov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Qiao L, Fang M, Guo J, Ma X. A nitrogen‐doped carbon felt as an electrode material for vanadium flow battery. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiao
- Dalian Maritime University College of transportation engineering CHINA
| | - Maolin Fang
- Dalian Maritime University College of transportation engineering CHINA
| | - Jiemin Guo
- Dalian Maritime University College of transportation engineering CHINA
| | - Xiangkun Ma
- Dalian Maritime University College of transportation engineering Linghai road No.1 116026 Dalian CHINA
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3
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Popat Y, Trudgeon D, Zhang C, Walsh FC, Connor P, Li X. Carbon Materials as Positive Electrodes in Bromine-Based Flow Batteries. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100441. [PMID: 35023636 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bromine based redox flow batteries (RFBs) can provide sustainable energy storage due to the abundance of bromine. Such devices pair Br2 /Br- at the positive electrode with complementary redox couples at the negative electrode. Due to the highly corrosive nature of bromine, electrode materials need to be corrosion resistant and durable. The positive electrode requires good electrochemical activity and reversibility for the Br2 /Br- couple. Carbon materials enjoy the advantages of low cost, excellent electrical conductivity, chemical resistance, wide operational potential ranges, modifiable surface properties, and high surface area. Here carbon based materials for bromine electrodes are reviewed, with a focus on application in zinc-bromine, hydrogen-bromine, and polysulphide-bromine RFB systems, aiming to provide an overview of carbon materials to be used for design and development of bromine electrodes with improved performance. Aspects deserving further R&D are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaksh Popat
- Renewable Energy group, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - David Trudgeon
- Renewable Energy group, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Caiping Zhang
- National Active Distribution Network Technology Research Centre, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China
| | - Frank C Walsh
- Electrochemical Engineering Laboratory, Energy Technology Research Group, Engineering Sciences and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Connor
- Renewable Energy group, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Renewable Energy group, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
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4
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Radinger H. 2021: A Surface Odyssey. Role of Oxygen Functional Groups on Activated Carbon-Based Electrodes in Vanadium Flow Batteries. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2498-2505. [PMID: 34643328 PMCID: PMC9297873 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The market breakthrough of vanadium flow batteries is hampered by their low power density, which depends heavily on the catalytic activity of the graphite‐based electrodes used. Researchers try to increase their performance by thermal, chemical, or electrochemical treatments but find no common activity descriptors. No consistent results exist for the so‐called oxygen functional groups, which seem to catalyze mainly the VIII/VII but rarely the VVO2+/VIVO2+ redox reaction. Some studies suggest that the activity is related to graphitic lattice defects which often contain oxygen and are therefore held responsible for inconsistent conclusions. Activation of electrodes does not change one property at a time, but rather surface chemistry and microstructure simultaneously, and the choice of starting material is crucial for subsequent observations. In this contribution, the literature on the catalytic and physicochemical properties of activated carbon‐based electrodes is analyzed and evaluated. In addition, an outlook on possible future investigations is given to avoid the propagation of contradictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Radinger
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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5
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McArdle S, Landon-Lane L, Marshall AT. Using single fibre electrodes to determine the spatial variability of rate constants across carbon felt electrodes. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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6
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Shanahan B, Seteiz K, Heizmann PA, Koch S, Büttner J, Ouardi S, Vierrath S, Fischer A, Breitwieser M. Rapid wet-chemical oxidative activation of graphite felt electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32095-32105. [PMID: 35495532 PMCID: PMC9042029 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05808h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To boost the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries, modification of the classically used felt electrodes is required to enable higher cycling performance and longer life cycles. Alternative approaches to the standard thermal oxidation procedure such as wet chemical oxidation are promising to reduce the thermal budget and thus the cost of the activation procedure. In this work we report a rapid 1 hour activation procedure in an acidified KMnO4 solution. We show that the reported modification process of the felt electrodes results in an increase in surface area, density of oxygenated surface functionalities as well as electrolyte wettability, as demonstrated by N2-physisorption, XPS, Raman spectroscopy as well as contact angle measurements. The activation process enables battery cycling at remarkably high current densities up to 400 mA cm−2. Stable cycling at 400 mA cm−2 over 30 cycles confirms promising stability of the reported activation procedure. Schematic diagram of the K-GF fabrication process. Step 1: deposition of MnOx layers onto the P-GF electrode surface using acidified KMnO4 solutions. Step 2: removal of MnOx layers using an acidified H2O2 solution to produce the K-GF electrode.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Shanahan
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, Laboratory for MEMS applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Khaled Seteiz
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, Laboratory for MEMS applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Philipp A Heizmann
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, Laboratory for MEMS applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany .,FIT, University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Susanne Koch
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, Laboratory for MEMS applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany .,Hahn-Schickard Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Jan Büttner
- FIT, University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany .,Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Alberstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany.,Cluster of Excellence livMatS, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Siham Ouardi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Severin Vierrath
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, Laboratory for MEMS applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany .,FIT, University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany .,Hahn-Schickard Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Anna Fischer
- FIT, University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany .,Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Alberstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany.,Cluster of Excellence livMatS, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany.,FMF-Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Matthias Breitwieser
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, Laboratory for MEMS applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany .,Hahn-Schickard Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany
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Schnucklake M, Kaßner L, Mehring M, Roth C. Porous carbon-carbon composite electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries synthesized by twin polymerization. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41926-41935. [PMID: 35516555 PMCID: PMC9057876 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07741k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly porous carbon–carbon composite electrodes have been synthesized by surface twin polymerization on a macroporous polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based substrate. For this purpose the compound 2,2′-spirobi[benzo-4H-1,3,2-dioxasiline] (Spiro), being a molecular precursor for phenolic resin and silica, was polymerized onto PAN-based felts with subsequent thermal transformation of the hybrid material-coated felt into silica-containing carbon. The following etching step led to high surface carbon–carbon composite materials, where each carbon component served a different function in the battery electrode: the carbon fiber substrate possesses a high electron conductivity, while the amorphous carbon coating provides the catalytic function. For characterization of the composite materials with respect to structure, porosity and pore size distribution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as nitrogen sorption measurements (BET) were performed. The electrochemical performance of the carbon felts (CF) for application in all-vanadium redox flow batteries was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compared to the pristine PAN-based felt the composite electrodes show significantly enhanced surface areas (up to 35 times higher), which increases the amount of vanadium ions that could be adsorbed onto the surface and thus contributes to an increased performance. Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical evaluation of composite electrodes – synthesized via twin polymerization – for utilization in vanadium redox flow batteries.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Schnucklake
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Lysann Kaßner
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Institut für Chemie, Professur Koordinationschemie D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Michael Mehring
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Institut für Chemie, Professur Koordinationschemie D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Christina Roth
- Electrochemical Process Engineering, Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 D-95447 Bayreuth Germany
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8
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Validation of 1D porous electrode theory using steady-State measurements of flooded electrodes at variable electrolyte compositions. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Eifert L, Bevilacqua N, Köble K, Fahy K, Xiao L, Li M, Duan K, Bazylak A, Sui P, Zeis R. Synchrotron X-ray Radiography and Tomography of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries-Cell Design, Electrolyte Flow Geometry, and Gas Bubble Formation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3154-3165. [PMID: 32286001 PMCID: PMC7317554 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The wetting behavior and affinity to side reactions of carbon-based electrodes in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are highly dependent on the physical and chemical surface structures of the material, as well as on the cell design itself. To investigate these properties, a new cell design was proposed to facilitate synchrotron X-ray imaging. Three different flow geometries were studied to understand the impact on the flow dynamics, and the formation of hydrogen bubbles. By electrolyte injection experiments, it was shown that the maximum saturation of carbon felt was achieved by a flat flow field after the first injection and by a serpentine flow field after continuous flow. Furthermore, the average saturation of the carbon felt was correlated to the cyclic voltammetry current response, and the hydrogen gas evolution was visualized in 3D by X-ray tomography. The capabilities of this cell design and experiments were outlined, which are essential for the evaluation and optimization of cell components of VRFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Eifert
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHelmholtz Institute UlmHelmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Nico Bevilacqua
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHelmholtz Institute UlmHelmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Kerstin Köble
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHelmholtz Institute UlmHelmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Kieran Fahy
- Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials (TEAM) LaboratoryDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial EngineeringUniversity of TorontoInstitute for Sustainable EnergyFaculty of Applied Science & EngineeringUniversity of Toronto5 King's College RoadTorontoOntarioM5S 3G8Canada
| | - Liusheng Xiao
- School of Automotive EngineeringWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- School of Automotive EngineeringWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070P.R. China
| | - Kangjun Duan
- School of Automotive EngineeringWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070P.R. China
| | - Aimy Bazylak
- Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials (TEAM) LaboratoryDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial EngineeringUniversity of TorontoInstitute for Sustainable EnergyFaculty of Applied Science & EngineeringUniversity of Toronto5 King's College RoadTorontoOntarioM5S 3G8Canada
| | - Pang‐Chieh Sui
- School of Automotive EngineeringWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070P.R. China
| | - Roswitha Zeis
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHelmholtz Institute UlmHelmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute of Physical ChemistryFritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
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10
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Schneider J, Tichter T, Khadke P, Zeis R, Roth C. Deconvolution of electrochemical impedance data for the monitoring of electrode degradation in VRFB. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Effect of Operating Temperature on Individual Half-Cell Reactions in All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. BATTERIES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/batteries4040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systematic steady-state measurements were performed in order to investigate the effect of operating temperature on the individual half-cell reactions in all vanadium redox flow cells. Results confirm that the kinetic losses are dominated by the negative half-cell reaction. Steady-state polarization and AC impedance measurements allowed for extraction of kinetic parameters (exchange current densities, activation energy) of the corresponding half-cell reaction.
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