Effect of Electrolyte Ions on the Stability of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide‐Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase

High electrolyte concentration effect on enzymatic oxygen reduction

The nature, the composition and the concentration of electrolytes is essential for electrocatalysis involving redox enzymes. Here, we discuss the effect of various electrolyte compositions with increasing ionic strengths on the stability and activity towards O₂ reduction of the bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria (Mv BOD). Different salts, Na₂SO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, NaCl, NaClO₄, added to a phosphate buffer (PB) were evaluated with concentrations ranging from 100 mM up to 1.7 M. On functionalized carbon nanotube-modified electrodes, it was shown that the catalytic current progressively decreased with increasing salt concentrations. The process was reversible suggesting it was not related to enzyme leakage. The enzyme was then immobilized on gold electrodes modified by self-assembling of thiols. When the enzyme was simply adsorbed, the catalytic current decreased in a reversible way, thus behaving similarly as on carbon nanotubes. Enzyme mobility at the interface induced by a modification in the interactions between the protein and the electrode upon salt addition may account for this behavior. When the enzyme was covalently attached, the catalytic current increased. Enzyme compaction is proposed to be at the origin of such catalytic current increase because of shorter distances between the first copper site electron acceptor and the electrode.

From Enzyme Stability to Enzymatic Bioelectrode Stabilization Processes

Bioelectrocatalysis using redox enzymes appears as a sustainable way for biosensing, electricity production, or biosynthesis of fine products. Despite advances in the knowledge of parameters that drive the efficiency of enzymatic electrocatalysis, the weak stability of bioelectrodes prevents large scale development of bioelectrocatalysis. In this review, starting from the understanding of the parameters that drive protein instability, we will discuss the main strategies available to improve all enzyme stability, including use of chemicals, protein engineering and immobilization. Considering in a second step the additional requirements for use of redox enzymes, we will evaluate how far these general strategies can be applied to bioelectrocatalysis.

Complexes of glucose oxidase with chitosan and dextran possessing enhanced stability

In this study, the different mole ratios of glucose oxidase/chitosan/dextran-aldehyde and glucose oxidase/chitosan/dextran-sulfate complexes were synthesized. The modification of glucose oxidase by non-covalent complexation with dextran and chitosan in different molar ratios was studied in order to increase the enzyme activity. The enzyme/polymer complexes obtained were investigated by UV spectrophotometer and dynamic light scattering. Activity determination of synthesized complexes and free enzyme were performed at a temperature range. The best results were obtained by C_chitosan/C_{dextran-aldehyde} = 10/1 ratio and C_chitosan/C_{dextran-sulfate} = 1/5 ratio that were used in thermal stability, shelf life, salt stress, and ethanol effect experiments. The results demonstrated that both complexes were thermally stable at 60 °C and had superior storage stability compared to the free glucose oxidase. Complexes showed higher enzymatic activity than free enzyme in the organic solvent environment using 10% ethanol. The complexes were resistant to salt stress containing 0.1 M NaCl or CaCl₂. The particle size distribution results of the triple complex evaluated the complexation of the chitosan, dextran derivative, and glucose oxidase. The average size of the triple complex in diameter was found to be 325.8 ± 9.3 nm. Overall findings suggest that the complexes of glucose oxidase, chitosan, and dextran showed significant enhancement in the enzyme activity.

Cellulose nanofiber-based electrode as a component of an enzyme-catalyzed biofuel cell

Many types of flexible, wearable, and disposable electronic devices have been developed as chemical and physical sensors, and many solar cells contain plastics. However, because of environmental pollution caused by microplastics, plastic use is being reduced worldwide. We have developed an enzyme-catalyzed biofuel cell utilizing cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as an electrode component. The electrode was made conductive by mixing multi-walled carbon nanotubes with the CNF. This prepared biofuel cell was wearable, flexible, hygroscopic, biodegradable, eco-friendly, and readily disposable like paper. The CNF-based enzyme-catalyzed biofuel cell contained a flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase bioanode and laccase biocathode. The maximum voltage and maximum current density of the biofuel cell were 434 mV and 176 μA cm⁻², respectively, at room temperature (15–18 °C). The maximum power output was 27 μW cm⁻², which was converted to 483 (±13) μW cm⁻³.

Cellulose nanofiber-based biofuel cell with flexible, biodegradable, eco-friendly.