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Chung TH, Dhillon SK, Shin C, Pant D, Dhar BR. Microbial electrosynthesis technology for CO 2 mitigation, biomethane production, and ex-situ biogas upgrading. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 77:108474. [PMID: 39521393 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Currently, global annual CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption are extremely high, surpassing tens of billions of tons, yet our capacity to capture and utilize CO2 remains below a small fraction of the amount generated. Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) systems, an integration of microbial metabolism with electrochemistry, have emerged as a highly efficient and promising bio-based carbon-capture-and-utilization technology over other conventional techniques. MES is a unique technology for lowering the atmospheric CO2 as well as CO2 in the biogas, and also simultaneously convert them to renewable bioenergy, such as biomethane. As such, MES techniques could be applied for biogas upgrading to generate high purity biomethane, which has the potential to meet natural gas standards. This article offers a detailed overview and assessment of the latest advancements in MES for biomethane production and biogas upgrading, in terms of selecting optimal methane production pathways and associated electron transfer processes, different electrode materials and types, inoculum sources and microbial communities, ion-exchange membrane, externally applied energy level, operating temperature and pH, mode of operation, CO2 delivery method, selection of inorganic carbon source and its concentration, start-up time, and system pressure. It also highlights the current MES challenges associated with upscaling, design and configuration, long-term stability, energy demand, techno-economics, achieving net negative carbon emission, and other operational issues. Moreover, we provide a summary of current and future opportunities to integrate MES with other unique biosystems, such as methanotrophic bioreactors, and incorporate quorum sensing, 3D printing, and machine learning to further develop MES as a better biomethane-producer and biogas upgrading technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Chung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simran Kaur Dhillon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chungheon Shin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Codiga Resource Recovery Center (CR2C), Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Deepak Pant
- Electrochemistry Excellence Centre, Materials & Chemistry Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Bipro Ranjan Dhar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Liu G, Hu N, Huang J, Tu Q, Xu F. Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical and Dynamic Thermomechanical Properties of Polyether Ether Ketone Based on Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:3007. [PMID: 39518217 PMCID: PMC11548497 DOI: 10.3390/polym16213007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2024] [Revised: 10/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, the mechanical and dynamic thermomechanical properties of PEEK based on FDM are experimentally investigated and evaluated comprehensively. The tensile failure mechanism of PEEK prepared by FDM and extrusion modeling (EM) was analyzed by fracture morphology observation. By conducting a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test, the crystallinity of PEEK prepared by FDM and EM was measured. The dynamic thermomechanical properties of PEEK were tested and analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). For FDM-prepared PEEK samples, the yield strength and elongation were 98.3 ± 0.49 MPa and 22.86 ± 2.12%, respectively. Compared with the yield strength of PEEK prepared by EM, the yield strength of PEEK prepared by FDM increased by 65.38%. The crystallinity of FDM-prepared and EM-prepared samples was calculated as 34.81% and 31.55%, respectively. Different processing methods resulted in differences in the microscopic morphology and crystallinity of two types of PEEK parts, leading to differences in mechanical properties. The internal micropores generated during the FDM processing of PEEK significantly reduced the elongation. Moreover, according to the DMA results, the glass transition activation energy of PEEK was obtained as ΔE = 685.07 kJ/mol based on the Arrhenius equation. Due to the excellent mechanical properties of PEEK prepared by FDM processing, it is promising for high-performance polymer applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (N.H.); (J.H.); (Q.T.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (N.H.); (J.H.); (Q.T.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (N.H.); (J.H.); (Q.T.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiyong Tu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (N.H.); (J.H.); (Q.T.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fengxiang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (N.H.); (J.H.); (Q.T.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Yang J, Peng Z, Tang W, Lv P, Wang Q. Enhanced Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Performance with New Amphoteric Ion Exchange Membranes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400477. [PMID: 39254528 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) depend on the separator membrane for their efficiency and cycle life. Herein, two amphoteric ion exchange membranes are synthesized, based on sulfonic acid group-grafted poly(p-terphenyl piperidinium), for VRFBs. Using ether-free poly(p-terphenyl piperidine) (PTP) as the polymer matrix, and sodium 2-bromoethanesulphonate (ES) and 1,4-butane sultone (BS) as grafting agents, We achieve quaternization of PTP through an environmentally friendly process without alkaline catalysts. PTP-ES and PTP-BS membranes exhibit low area resistance, high H+ permeability, and significantly reduced vanadium ion permeability, leading to exceptional ion selectivity, which is 3.06 × 106 S min cm-3 and 4.34 × 106 S min cm-3, respectively, three orders of magnitude higher than that of Nafion115 (0.27 × 104 S min cm-3). The VRFB with PTP-BS achieves a self-discharge duration of 190 h, compared to 86 h for Nafion 115. Additionally, under current densities of 40-160 mA cm-2, PTP-BS shows coulombic efficiencies of 98.1-99.1% and energy efficiencies of 92.0-82.1%, outperforming Nafion 115. The VRFB with PTP-BS also demonstrates excellent cycle stability and discharge capacity retention over 300 cycles at 100 mA cm-2. Therefore, the amphoteric PTP-BS membrane shows remarkable performance, offering significant potential for VRFB applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshuai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, SE-221, Sweden
| | - Zhen Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Weiqin Tang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Peiru Lv
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
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Sha’rani SS, Nasef MM, Jusoh NWC, Isa EDM, Ali RR. A highly-selective layer-by-layer membrane modified with polyethylenimine and graphene oxide for vanadium redox flow battery. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2300697. [PMID: 38249722 PMCID: PMC10798294 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2300697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A selective composite membrane for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) was successfully prepared by layer-by-layer (LbL) technique using a perfluorosulfonic sulfonic acid or Nafion 117 (N117). The composite membrane referred as N117-(PEI/GO)n, was obtained by depositing alternating layers of positively charged polyethylenimine (PEI) and negatively charged graphene oxide (GO) as polyelectrolytes. The physicochemical properties and performance of the pristine and composite membranes were investigated. The membrane showed an enhancement in proton conductivity and simultaneously exhibited a notable 90% reduction in vanadium permeability. This, in turn, results in a well-balanced ratio of proton conductivity to vanadium permeability, leading to high selectivity. The highest selectivity of the LbL membranes was found to be 19.2 × 104 S.min/cm3, which is 13 times higher than the N117 membrane (n = 0). This was translated into an improvement in the battery performance, with the n = 1 membrane showing a 4-6% improvement in coulombic efficiency and a 7-15% improvement in voltage efficiency at current densities ranging from 40 to 80 mA/cm2. Furthermore, the membrane displays stable operation over a long-term stability at around 88% at a current density of 40 mA/cm2, making it an attractive option for VRFB applications using the LbL technique. The use of PEI/GO bilayers maintains high proton conductivity and VE of the battery, opening up possibilities for further optimization and improvement of VRFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidatul Sophia Sha’rani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurfatehah Wahyuny Che Jusoh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eleen Dayana Mohamed Isa
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roshafima Rasit Ali
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Li J, Xu F, Chen W, Han Y, Lin B. Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Bis-Imidazolium and Imidazolium-Functionalized Poly(phenylene oxide) for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:16506-16512. [PMID: 37179649 PMCID: PMC10173422 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the Nafion membrane has a high energy efficiency, long service life, and operational flexibility when applied for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) applications, its applications are limited due to its high vanadium permeability. In this study, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) based on poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) with imidazolium and bis-imidazolium cations were prepared and used in VRFBs. PPO with long-pendant alkyl-side-chain bis-imidazolium cations (BImPPO) exhibits higher conductivity than the imidazolium-functionalized PPO with short chains (ImPPO). ImPPO and BImPPO have a lower vanadium permeability (3.2 × 10-9 and 2.9 × 10-9 cm2 s-1) than Nafion 212 (8.8 × 10-9 cm2 s-1) because the imidazolium cations are susceptible to the Donnan effect. Furthermore, under the current density of 140 mA cm-2, the VRFBs assembled with ImPPO- and BImPPO-based AEMs exhibited a Coulombic efficiency of 98.5% and 99.8%, respectively, both of which were higher than that of the Nafion212 membrane (95.8%). Bis-imidazolium cations with long-pendant alkyl side chains contribute to hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase separation in the membranes, thus improving the conductivity of membranes and the performance of VRFBs. The VRFB assembled with BImPPO exhibited a higher voltage efficiency (83.5%) at 140 mA cm-2 than that of ImPPO (77.2%). These results of the present study suggest that the BImPPO membranes are suitable for VRFB applications.
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Surface modification, counter-ion exchange effect on thermally annealed sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) membranes for vanadium redox flow battery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Anionic conductive group tunable amphoteric polybenzimidazole ion conductive membrane for vanadium redox flow battery. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Jiang S, Wang H, Li L, Zhao C, Sheng J, Shi H. Improvement of proton conductivity and efficiency of SPEEK-based composite membrane influenced by dual-sulfonated flexible comb-like polymers for vanadium flow battery. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ahn Y, Kim D. High energy efficiency and stability of vanadium redox flow battery using pore-filled anion exchange membranes with ultra-low V4+ permeation. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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A Chemistry and Microstructure Perspective on Ion‐Conducting Membranes for Redox Flow Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Thiam BG, El Magri A, Vaudreuil S. An overview on the progress and development of modified sulfonated polyether ether ketone membranes for vanadium redox flow battery applications. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083211049317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) are among the most promising approaches to efficiently store renewable energies. In such battery type, Nafion is commonly used as membrane material but suffers from high vanadium crossover and cost. These drawbacks negatively influence the widespread commercial application of VRFBs. Alternative membrane materials with high performance and low cost are thus being developed to address these shortfalls. Among those, possible materials for the VRFB membrane is sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK), which recently attracted considerable attention due to its low cost, combined with mechanical and chemical stability, and ease of preparation. This review summarizes the research activities related to the development of SPEEK-based membranes for VRFB applications and gives an overview of the properties of PEEK and its sulfonated form. A critical analysis on the challenges of SPEEK-based membranes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baye Gueye Thiam
- Euromed Polytechnic School, Euromed Research Center, Euromed University of Fes, Fès-Morocco
| | - Anouar El Magri
- Euromed Polytechnic School, Euromed Research Center, Euromed University of Fes, Fès-Morocco
| | - Sébastien Vaudreuil
- Euromed Polytechnic School, Euromed Research Center, Euromed University of Fes, Fès-Morocco
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Sun P, Lu P, Xu J, Ma Q, Zhang W, Shah AA, Su H, Yang W, Xu Q. The influence and control of ultrasonic on the transport and electrochemical properties of redox couple ions in deep eutectic solvent (DES) for redox flow battery application. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xiong P, Zhang L, Chen Y, Peng S, Yu G. A Chemistry and Microstructure Perspective on Ion-Conducting Membranes for Redox Flow Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24770-24798. [PMID: 34165884 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are among the most promising grid-scale energy storage technologies. However, the development of RFBs with high round-trip efficiency, high rate capability, and long cycle life for practical applications is highly restricted by the lack of appropriate ion-conducting membranes. Promising RFB membranes should separate positive and negative species completely and conduct balancing ions smoothly. Specific systems must meet additional requirements, such as high chemical stability in corrosive electrolytes, good resistance to organic solvents in nonaqueous systems, and excellent mechanical strength and flexibility. These rigorous requirements put high demands on the membrane design, essentially the chemistry and microstructure associated with ion transport channels. In this Review, we summarize the design rationale of recently reported RFB membranes at the molecular level, with an emphasis on new chemistry, novel microstructures, and innovative fabrication strategies. Future challenges and potential research opportunities within this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineer Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Leyuan Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yuyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineer Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Sangshan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineer Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Wang G, Zhang M, He Z, Zhang J, Chen J, Wang R, Teng A, Dai Y. Novel amphoteric ion exchange membranes by blending sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) with ammonium polyphosphate for vanadium redox flow battery applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | | | - Zhenhua He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jinwei Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Aijun Teng
- Ansteel Beijing Research Institute Co., Ltd Beijing China
| | - Yu Dai
- Ansteel Beijing Research Institute Co., Ltd Beijing China
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Zhang H, Li Z, Hu L, Gao L, Di M, Du Y, Yan X, Dai Y, Ruan X, He G. Covalent/ionic co-crosslinking constructing ultra-densely functionalized ether-free poly(biphenylene piperidinium) amphoteric membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dong Z, Di M, Hu L, Gao L, Yan X, Ruan X, Wu X, He G. Hydrophilic/hydrophobic-bi-comb-shaped amphoteric membrane for vanadium redox flow battery. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A new long-side-chain sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) /polybenzimidazole (PBI) amphoteric membrane for vanadium redox flow battery. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Long J, Yang H, Wang Y, Xu W, Liu J, Luo H, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Branched Sulfonated Polyimide/Sulfonated Methylcellulose Composite Membranes with Remarkable Proton Conductivity and Selectivity for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Hongyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Huan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Jinchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
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