Metal‐Organic Framework Derived Ni 2 P/C Hollow Microspheres as Battery‐Type Electrodes for Battery‐Supercapacitor Hybrids

MOF-Derived Transition Metal Phosphides for Supercapacitors

Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) in supercapacitors (SCs) applications are increasingly attracting attention because of their exceptional electrochemical performance. MOF-derived TMPs, possess high specific surface areas, rich pore structure, and controllable chemical compositions, offering promising opportunities for supercapacitor applications. There is a wide variety of MOF-derived TMPs, and they exhibit different properties in SCs. This work mainly categorizes MOF-derived TMPs (FexP, CoxP, NixP, NixCoyP, CuxP), and then outlines the latest research advancements regarding their use as electrode materials in SCs, including the latest results of synthesis methods and structural modulation. Subsequently, the applications of MOF-derived TMPs as electrode materials in SCs are discussed. At the end, perspectives of future developments and key challenges in the applications of MOF-derived TMPs in SCs are highlighted, with the aim of providing guidance for future research.

Status review of nickel phosphides for hybrid supercapacitors

Transition metal phosphides are a new class of materials that have attracted enormous attention as a potential electrode for supercapacitors (SCs) compared to metal oxides/hydroxides and metal sulfides due to their strong redox-active behaviour, good electrical conductivity, layered structure, low cost, and high chemical and thermal stability. Recently, several efforts have been made to develop nickel phosphides (Ni_xP_y) (NPs) for high-performance SCs. The electrochemical properties of NPs can be easily tuned by several innovative approaches, such as heteroatom doping, defect engineering, and developing a hollow architecture. The prospects of NPs as a positive electrode in hybrid SCs are summarized to understand the material's practical relevance. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are provided for the development of high-performance NPs for SCs. The thorough elucidation of the structure-property-performance relationship offers a guide for developing NP-based next-generation energy-storage devices.

Hierarchical flower-like architecture of nickel phosphide anchored with nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots and cobalt oxide for advanced hybrid supercapacitors

The exploitation of hybrid supercapacitors with excellent electrochemical properties is of great significance for energy storage systems. Herein, a three-dimensional hierarchical flower-like architecture of nickel phosphide (Ni₂P) decorated with nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) and cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) is constructed by an effective two-step hydrothermal strategy followed by in situ phosphorization process. Introducing N-CQDs with superior electrochemical characteristics can not only induce the formation of N-CQDs deposited nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)₂) flower-like architecture but also significantly enhance the electrochemical features of Ni(OH)₂ nanosheets. After combination with Co₃O₄ nanoparticles and phosphorization treatment, an advanced cathode of Ni₂P/Co₃O₄/N-CQDs with enriched surface phosphate ions is obtained, which possesses an ultra-high capacity of 1044 C g^-1 (2088 F g^-1) at 1 A g^-1 with a splendid rate capacity of 876 C g^-1 (1752 F g^-1) at 20 A g^-1. Moreover, a device assembled by Ni₂P/Co₃O₄/N-CQDs hierarchical flower-like architecture and p-phenylenediamine functionalized reduced graphene oxide (PPD/rGO) nanosheets depicts a commendable energy density of 53.5 Wh kg^-1 at 772.9 W kg^-1. This work provides a novel hierarchical multi-component electrode material with decent electrochemical capacities for hybrid supercapacitors, which has a broad prospect in energy storage devices.

Synthesis of Co3 O4 /Carbon Heteroaerogels with Ultrahigh Capacitance via Polyethyleneimine Intercalation of Co2 BIM4 Nanosheets

The development of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based supercapacitors have attracted intense concentration in recent years due to their regularly arranged porous and tunable pore sizes. However, the performance of the MOFs-derived supercapacitors is also low because of their poor electrical conductivity and rarely accessible active sites. In the present work, we developed a Co-MOF (namely Co₂ BIM₄ , BIM=benzimidazole) nanosheets derived Co₃ O₄ /nitrogen-doped carbon (Co₂ BIM₄ -Co₃ O₄ /NC) heteroaerogel as a novel supercapacitor electrode. The 3D Co₂ BIM₄ -Co₃ O₄ /NC heteroaerogels were obtained by directly intercalating polyethyleneimine (PEI) into the interlayers of Co₂ BIM₄ nanosheets and following by carbonizing the resulting Co₂ BIM₄ /PEI composite. The Co₂ BIM₄ -Co₃ O₄ /NC electrode possessed 3D conductive framework with an overlapped hetero-interface and expanded interlayers, leading to fast and stable charge transfer/diffusion and an enhanced pseudocapacitance performance. Therefore, the Co₂ BIM₄ -Co₃ O₄ /NC electrode showed ultrahigh capacitance of 2568 F g^-1 at 1 A g^-1 , 1747 F g^-1 at 10 A g^-1 , and excellent long cycling time with a capacitance preservation of 92.7 % following 10000 cycles at 10 A g^-1 , which is very promising for applications in supercapacitors and other energy storage devices.

Porous SnO2/C Nanofiber Anodes and LiFePO4/C Nanofiber Cathodes with a Wrinkle Structure for Stretchable Lithium Polymer Batteries with High Electrochemical Performance

Stretchable lithium batteries have attracted considerable attention as components in future electronic devices, such as wearable devices, sensors, and body-attachment healthcare devices. However, several challenges still exist in the bid to obtain excellent electrochemical properties for stretchable batteries. Here, a unique stretchable lithium full-cell battery is designed using 1D nanofiber active materials, stretchable gel polymer electrolyte, and wrinkle structure electrodes. A SnO2/C nanofiber anode and a LiFePO4/C nanofiber cathode introduce meso- and micropores for lithium-ion diffusion and electrolyte penetration. The stretchable full-cell consists of an elastic poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) wrapping film, SnO2/C and LiFePO4/C nanofiber electrodes with a wrinkle structure fixed on the PDMS wrapping film by an adhesive polymer, and a gel polymer electrolyte. The specific capacity of the stretchable full-battery is maintained at 128.3 mAh g-1 (capacity retention of 92%) even after a 30% strain, as compared with 136.8 mAh g-1 before strain. The energy densities are 458.8 Wh kg-1 in the released state and 423.4 Wh kg-1 in the stretched state (based on the electrode), respectively. The high capacity and stability in the stretched state demonstrate the potential of the stretchable battery to overcome its limitations.