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Ware SD, Zhang W, Guan W, Lin S, See KA. A guide to troubleshooting metal sacrificial anodes for organic electrosynthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5814-5831. [PMID: 38665512 PMCID: PMC11041367 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of reductive electrosynthetic reactions is often enabled by the oxidation of a sacrificial metal anode, which charge-balances the reductive reaction of interest occurring at the cathode. The metal oxidation is frequently assumed to be straightforward and innocent relative to the chemistry of interest, but several processes can interfere with ideal sacrificial anode behavior, thereby limiting the success of reductive electrosynthetic reactions. These issues are compounded by a lack of reported observations and characterization of the anodes themselves, even when a failure at the anode is observed. Here, we weave lessons from electrochemistry, interfacial characterization, and organic synthesis to share strategies for overcoming issues related to sacrificial anodes in electrosynthesis. We highlight common but underexplored challenges with sacrificial anodes that cause reactions to fail, including detrimental side reactions between the anode or its cations and the components of the organic reaction, passivation of the anode surface by an insulating native surface film, accumulation of insulating byproducts at the anode surface during the reaction, and competitive reduction of sacrificial metal cations at the cathode. For each case, we propose experiments to diagnose and characterize the anode and explore troubleshooting strategies to overcome the challenge. We conclude by highlighting open questions in the field of sacrificial-anode-driven electrosynthesis and by indicating alternatives to traditional sacrificial anodes that could streamline reaction optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler D Ware
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Wendy Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Weiyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Kimberly A See
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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2
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Izzi M, Chiara Sportelli M, Anna Picca R, Cioffi N. Electrochemical Synthesis and Analytical Characterization of Hybrid Zinc/Calcium Antimicrobial Nano‐Oxides for Cultural Heritage Applications. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Izzi
- Chemistry Department University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
- Chemistry Dept. of University of Bari CSGI (Center for Colloid and Surface Science) Via E. Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Sportelli
- Chemistry Department University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
- Chemistry Dept. of University of Bari CSGI (Center for Colloid and Surface Science) Via E. Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
| | - Rosaria Anna Picca
- Chemistry Department University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
- Chemistry Dept. of University of Bari CSGI (Center for Colloid and Surface Science) Via E. Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
| | - Nicola Cioffi
- Chemistry Department University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
- Chemistry Dept. of University of Bari CSGI (Center for Colloid and Surface Science) Via E. Orabona 4 Bari 70125 Italy
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3
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Vieira MM, Lemineur JF, Médard J, Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Noël JM. Nanoimpact Electrochemistry to Quantify the Transformation and Electrocatalytic Activity of Ni(OH) 2 Nanoparticles: Toward the Size-Activity Relationship at High Throughput. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5468-5473. [PMID: 35687372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fast establishment of structure-reactivity relationships is crucial to identifying the most appropriate nanoparticles (NPs) for a given application. This requires the development of methodologies allowing, simultaneously, the unraveling of the NPs geometry and the screening of their reactivity. Herein, nanoimpact electrochemistry (NIE) allows for quantifying the transformation and measuring the electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of >100 Ni(OH)2 NPs of a wide range of size (NP radii from 25 to 100 nm). This is achieved by scanning electrochemical microscopy in a generation/collection-like mode, with one electrode being used to electrogenerate by local precipitation colloidal Ni(OH)2 NPs and the second one being used to collect them by NIE. It allows (i) quantifying the reductive and oxidative conversion of the Ni(OH)2 NPs and (ii) separating the electrochemical conversion and the OER electrocatalysis, leading to the evaluation of a structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jérôme Médard
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
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4
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Electrochemical Synthesis-Dependent Photoelectrochemical Properties of Tungsten Oxide Powders. CHEMENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering6020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, facile, and environmentally benign strategy to electrochemical oxidation of metallic tungsten under pulse alternating current in an aqueous electrolyte solution was reported. Particle size, morphology, and electronic structure of the obtained WO3 nanopowders showed strong dependence on electrolyte composition (nitric, sulfuric, and oxalic acid). The use of oxalic acid as an electrolyte provides a gram-scale synthesis of WO3 nanopowders with tungsten electrochemical oxidation rate of up to 0.31 g·cm−2·h−1 that is much higher compared to the strong acids. The materials were examined as photoanodes in photoelectrochemical reforming of organic substances under solar light. WO3 synthesized in oxalic acid is shown to exhibit excellent activity towards the photoelectrochemical reforming of glucose and ethylene glycol, with photocurrents that are nearly equal to those achieved in the presence of simple alcohol such as ethanol. This work demonstrates the promise of pulse alternating current electrosynthesis in oxalic acid as an efficient and sustainable method to produce WO3 nanopowders for photoelectrochemical applications.
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"Green" Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Sonoelectrochemical and Sonogalvanic Replacement Methods. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2021; 2021:9830644. [PMID: 34876893 PMCID: PMC8645394 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9830644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main features of the “green” synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) by the sonoelectrochemical methods are manufacturability, environmental friendliness, and the possibility of controlling the geometry of the forming particles. The electrochemical reduction technique allows efficiently designing the metal nanoparticles and provides the control of the content of components of bimetallic nanoparticles, as well as minimizing the number of precursors in working solutions. Due to the generation of turbulence, microjets, and shock waves, ultrasound increases mass transfer and formation of radicals in aqueous solutions and, accordingly, accelerates the processes of nucleation and growth of MNPs. Therefore, this hybrid method, which combines electrolysis and ultrasound, has attracted the interest of researchers in the last two decades as one of the most promising techniques. The present work presents a short analysis of the reference literature on sonoelectrochemical synthesis of metallic and bimetallic nanoparticles. The main factors influencing the geometry of nanoparticles and their size distribution are analyzed. The use of pulsed ultrasound and pulsed current supply during sonoelectrochemical synthesis is especially effective in designing MNPs. Emphasis is placed on the role of surfactants in the formation of MNPs and sacrificial anodes in providing the algorithm: “anodic dissolution-electrochemical reduction of metal-nucleation and formation of МNPs.” It is noted that ultrasound allows synthesizing the MNPs and M1M2NPs during the galvanic replacement, and an analogy of the formation of nanoparticles by sonogalvanic replacement and sonoelectrochemical method is shown.
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6
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Iodine adlayer mediated gold electrooxidation in bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide-based ionic liquids. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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7
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Operando analysis of the electrosynthesis of Ag2O nanocubes by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Electrodecoration and Characterization of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Bioactive Synergistic Nanocopper: Magnetic Hyperthermia-Induced Ionic Release for Anti-Biofilm Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020119. [PMID: 33513680 PMCID: PMC7911805 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The urgency for the availability of new antibacterial/disinfectant agents has become a worldwide priority. At the same time, along with the extensive use of other metal nanoparticles (NPs), the investigation of magnetic NPs (MNPs) in antibacterial studies has turned out to be an increasingly attractive research field. In this context, we present the preparation and characterization of superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs, electrodecorated with antimicrobial copper NPs, able to modulate the release of bioactive species not only by the NP’s stabilizer, but also through the application of a suitable magnetic field. Antimicrobial synergistic CuNPs stabilized by benzalkonium chloride have been used in the current study. We demonstrate the successful preparation of Cu@Fe3O4 MNPs composites through morphological and spectroscopic results. Additionally, an extensive magnetic characterization is reported, along with hyperthermia-induced copper ionic release. On the basis of our results, we propose a new generation of antimicrobial magnetic nanomaterials, whose bioactivity can be also tuned by the application of a magnetic field.
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Jin SE, Jin HE. Antimicrobial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nano/Microparticles and Their Combinations against Pathogenic Microorganisms for Biomedical Applications: From Physicochemical Characteristics to Pharmacological Aspects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:263. [PMID: 33498491 PMCID: PMC7922830 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nano/microparticles (NPs/MPs) have been studied as antibiotics to enhance antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and viruses with or without antibiotic resistance. They have unique physicochemical characteristics that can affect biological and toxicological responses in microorganisms. Metal ion release, particle adsorption, and reactive oxygen species generation are the main mechanisms underlying their antimicrobial action. In this review, we describe the physicochemical characteristics of ZnO NPs/MPs related to biological and toxicological effects and discuss the recent findings of the antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs/MPs and their combinations with other materials against pathogenic microorganisms. Current biomedical applications of ZnO NPs/MPs and combinations with other materials are also presented. This review will provide the better understanding of ZnO NPs/MPs as antibiotic alternatives and aid in further development of antibiotic agents for industrial and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Eon Jin
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Hyo-Eon Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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10
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Zappi D, Ramma MM, Scognamiglio V, Antonacci A, Varani G, Giardi MT. High-Tech and Nature-Made Nanocomposites and Their Applications in the Field of Sensors and Biosensors for Gas Detection. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10110176. [PMID: 33203038 PMCID: PMC7696430 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gas sensors have been object of increasing attention by the scientific community in recent years. For the development of the sensing element, two major trends seem to have appeared. On one hand, the possibility of creating complex structures at the nanoscale level has given rise to ever more sensitive sensors based on metal oxides and metal-polymer combinations. On the other hand, gas biosensors have started to be developed, thanks to their intrinsic ability to be selective for the target analyte. In this review, we analyze the recent progress in both areas and underline their strength, current problems, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zappi
- Istituto di Cristallografia, CNR Area Della Ricerca di Roma, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo Rome, Italy; (D.Z.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Matiss Martins Ramma
- Biosensor Srl, Via Degli Olmetti 44, 00060 Formello Rome, Italy; (M.M.R.); (G.V.)
| | - Viviana Scognamiglio
- Istituto di Cristallografia, CNR Area Della Ricerca di Roma, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo Rome, Italy; (D.Z.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Amina Antonacci
- Istituto di Cristallografia, CNR Area Della Ricerca di Roma, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo Rome, Italy; (D.Z.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Gabriele Varani
- Biosensor Srl, Via Degli Olmetti 44, 00060 Formello Rome, Italy; (M.M.R.); (G.V.)
| | - Maria Teresa Giardi
- Istituto di Cristallografia, CNR Area Della Ricerca di Roma, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo Rome, Italy; (D.Z.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Biosensor Srl, Via Degli Olmetti 44, 00060 Formello Rome, Italy; (M.M.R.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Izzi M, Sportelli MC, Tursellino L, Palazzo G, Picca RA, Cioffi N, López Lorente ÁI. Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Stainless Steel as Solid Reductant: A Critical Overview. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040622. [PMID: 32230948 PMCID: PMC7221709 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were produced using stainless steel as a solid reductant to assist the synthesis of metal NPs, using HAuCl4 as a precursor. This method is very easy, quick, and cost-effective, allowing the synthesis of highly stable NPs without additional capping agents. However, the reaction mechanism is still under debate. In order to contribute to the investigation of the synthesis of AuNPs using stainless steel, different experimental conditions were tested. Cl− concentration, pH of the precursor solution, as well as stainless steel composition were systematically changed. The syntheses were performed recording the open circuit potential to potentiometrically explore the electrochemical properties of the system, under operando conditions. Spectroscopic and morphological characterizations were carried out along with potentiometric monitoring, aiming at correlating the synthesis parameters with the AuNPs characteristics. As a result, an overview of the process features, and of its most reasonable mechanism were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Izzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.I.); (M.C.S.); (L.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria C. Sportelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.I.); (M.C.S.); (L.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Luciana Tursellino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.I.); (M.C.S.); (L.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Gerardo Palazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.I.); (M.C.S.); (L.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Rosaria A. Picca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.I.); (M.C.S.); (L.T.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.P.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicola Cioffi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.I.); (M.C.S.); (L.T.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.P.); (N.C.)
| | - Ángela I. López Lorente
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUIQFN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain;
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12
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ZnO Nanostructures with Antibacterial Properties Prepared by a Green Electrochemical-Thermal Approach. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030473. [PMID: 32150997 PMCID: PMC7153254 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures are widely applied materials, and are also capable of antimicrobial action. They can be obtained by several methods, which include physical and chemical approaches. Considering the recent rise of green and low-cost synthetic routes for nanomaterial development, electrochemical techniques represent a valid alternative to biogenic synthesis. Following a hybrid electrochemical-thermal method modified by our group, here we report on the aqueous electrosynthesis of ZnO nanomaterials based on the use of alternative stabilizers. We tested both benzyl-hexadecyl-dimetylammonium chloride (BAC) and poly-diallyl-(dimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA). Transmission electron microscopy images showed the formation of rod-like and flower-like structures with a variable aspect-ratio. The combination of UV–Vis, FTIR and XPS spectroscopies allowed for the univocal assessment of the material composition as a function of different thermal treatments. In fact, the latter guaranteed the complete conversion of the as-prepared colloidal materials into stoichiometric ZnO species without excessive morphological modification. The antimicrobial efficacy of both materials was tested against Bacillus subtilis as a Gram-positive model microorganism.
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