1
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Zhang W, Chen Z, Zhang Z. Photo-Deactivation Strategy for Switchable ATRP with the Assistance of Molecular Switches. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400162. [PMID: 38719215 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Light irradiation is an external stimulus, rapidly developed in switchable atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) via photo-activation methods in recent years. Herein, a photo-deactivation strategy is introduced to regulate ATRP with the assistance of photoswitchable hexaarylbiimidozole (HABI). Under visible light irradiation and in the presence of HABI, ATRP is greatly decelerated or quenched depending on the concentration of HABI. Interestingly, with visible light off, ATRP can proceed smoothly and follow a first-order kinetics. Moreover, photo-switchable ATRP alternatively with light off and on is demonstrated. Besides, the mechanism of photo-deactivation ATRP involving radical quenching is proposed in the presence of HABI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Frontier Material Physics and Devices, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials Science of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhuan Chen
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials Science of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials Science of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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2
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Ding T, Liu R, Yan X, Zhang Z, Xiong F, Li X, Wu Z. An electrochemically mediated ATRP synthesis of lignin-g-PDMAPS UCST-thermoresponsive polymer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124458. [PMID: 37076067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
It is a promising idea to graft zwitterionic polymers onto lignin and prepare lignin-grafted-poly [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide (Lignin-g-PDMAPS) thermosensitive polymer with the upper critical solution temperature (UCST). In this paper, an electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) method was used to prepare Lignin-g-PDMAPS. The structure and property of the Lignin-g-PDMAPS polymer were characterized by the fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Furthermore, the effect of catalyst structure, applied potential, amount of Lignin-Br, Lignin-g-PDMAPS concentration, NaCl concentration on UCST of Lignin-g-PDMAPS were investigated. It was worth noting that polymerization was well controlled when the ligand was tris (2-aminoethyl) amine (Me6TREN), applied potential was -0.38 V and the amount of Lignin-Br was 100 mg. And the UCST of the Lignin-g-PDMAPS aqueous solution (1 mg/ml) was 51.47 °C, the molecular weight was 8987 g/mol, and the particle size was 318 nm. It was also found that the UCST increased and the particle size decreased with the Lignin-g-PDMAPS polymer concentration increased, and the UCST decreased and the particle size increased with the NaCl concentration increases. This work investigated UCST-thermoresponsive polymer which possessed lignin main chain combining the zwitterionic side chain, and provided a new way for development of lignin based UCST-thermoresponsive materials and medical carrier materials, in addition to expand the scope of eATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Xiaofan Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Zuoyu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Fuquan Xiong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Xingong Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Zhiping Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
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3
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Scaling-Up an Aqueous Self-Degassing Electrochemically Mediated ATRP in Dispersion for the Preparation of Cellulose-Polymer Composites and Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224981. [PMID: 36433108 PMCID: PMC9692721 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) is developed in dispersion conditions to assist the preparation of cellulose-based films. Self-degassing conditions are achieved by the addition of sodium pyruvate (SP) as a ROS scavenger, while an aluminum counter electrode provides a simplified and more cost-effective electrochemical setup. Different polyacrylamides were grown on a model cellulose substrate which was previously esterified with 2-bromoisobutyrate (-BriB), serving as initiator groups. Small-scale polymerizations (15 mL) provided optimized conditions to pursue the scale-up up to 1000 mL (scale-up factor ~67). Cellulose-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) was then chosen to prepare the tunable, thermoresponsive, solvent-free, and flexible films through a dissolution/regeneration method. The produced films were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
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4
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Luo J, Chavez M, Durante C, Gennaro A, Isse AA, Fantin M. Improvement of electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization: Use of aluminum as a sacrificial anode in water. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Olszewski M, Jeong J, Szczepaniak G, Li S, Enciso A, Murata H, Averick S, Kapil K, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Sulfoxide-Containing Polyacrylamides Prepared by PICAR ATRP for Biohybrid Materials. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1091-1096. [PMID: 35998359 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble and biocompatible polymers are of interest in biomedicine as the search for alternatives to PEG-based materials becomes more important. In this work, the synthesis of a new sulfoxide-containing monomer, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylamide (MSEAM), is reported. Well-defined polymers were prepared by photoinduced initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (PICAR ATRP). The polymerizations were performed in water under biologically relevant conditions in a small volume without degassing the reaction mixture. DNA-PMSEAM and protein-PMSEAM hybrids were also synthesized. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PMSEAM was estimated to be approximately 170 °C by extrapolating the LCST for a series of copolymers with variable content of N-isopropylacrylamide. The cytotoxicity studies showed excellent biocompatibility of PMSEAM, even at concentrations up to 2.5 mg/mL. Furthermore, the MSEAM monomer exhibited relatively lower toxicity than similar (meth)acrylate-based monomers at comparable concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jaepil Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sipei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan Enciso
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Saadyah Averick
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab, Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | - Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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6
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Dworakowska S, Lorandi F, Gorczyński A, Matyjaszewski K. Toward Green Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Current Status and Future Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106076. [PMID: 35175001 PMCID: PMC9259732 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) have revolutionized synthetic polymer chemistry. Nowadays, RDRPs facilitate design and preparation of materials with controlled architecture, composition, and functionality. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has evolved beyond traditional polymer field, enabling synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids, bioconjugates, advanced polymers for electronics, energy, and environmentally relevant polymeric materials for broad applications in various fields. This review focuses on the relation between ATRP technology and the 12 principles of green chemistry, which are paramount guidelines in sustainable research and implementation. The green features of ATRP are presented, discussing the environmental and/or health issues and the challenges that remain to be overcome. Key discoveries and recent developments in green ATRP are highlighted, while providing a perspective for future opportunities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dworakowska
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of TechnologyWarszawska 24Cracow31‐155Poland
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padovavia Marzolo 9Padova35131Italy
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8Poznań61‐614Poland
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7
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Ribeiro JP, Mendonça PV, Santo D, De Bon F, Faneca H, Guliashvili T, Coelho JF, Serra AC. Expanding the use of affordable CuSO4·5H2O in ATRP techniques in homogeneous media. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Zhao B, Pashley-Johnson F, Jones BA, Wilson P. Aqueous electrochemically-triggered atom transfer radical polymerization. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5741-5749. [PMID: 35694359 PMCID: PMC9116290 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01832b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simplified electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization (seATRP) using CuII–N-propyl pyridineimine complexes (CuII(NPPI)2) is reported for the first time. In aqueous solution, using oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA), standard electrolysis conditions yield POEGMA with good control over molecular weight distribution (Đm < 1.35). Interestingly, the polymerizations are not under complete electrochemical control, as monomer conversion continues when electrolysis is halted. Alternatively, it is shown that the extent and rate of polymerization depends upon an initial period of electrolysis. Thus, it is proposed that seATRP using CuII(NPPI)2 follows an electrochemically-triggered, rather than electrochemically mediated, ATRP mechanism, which distinguishes them from other CuIIL complexes that have been previously reported in the literature. Simplified electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization (seATRP) using CuII-pyridineimine complexes is reported and follows a previously unreported electrochemically triggered mechanism.![]()
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9
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Flejszar M, Chmielarz P, Gießl M, Wolski K, Smenda J, Zapotoczny S, Cölfen H. A new opportunity for the preparation of PEEK-based bone implant materials: From SARA ATRP to photo-ATRP. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Mohammed M, Jones B, Wilson P. Current-controlled ‘plug-and-play’ electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization of acrylamides in water. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00412g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerisation (eATRP) can be challenging due to deleterious side reactions leading to the loss of the ω-chain end, increased rates of activation (k¬act) leading to...
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11
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Abstract
Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) of styrene was studied in detail by using CuBr2/TPMA (TPMA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) as a catalyst. Redox properties of various Cu(II) species were investigated in CH3CN, dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) both in the absence and presence of 50% (v/v) styrene. This investigation together with preliminary eATRP experiments at 80 °C indicated DMF as the best solvent. The effects of catalyst, monomer, and initiator concentrations were also examined. The livingness of the polymerization was studied by chain extension and electrochemical temporal control of polymerization.
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12
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Zhao B, Mohammed M, A Jones B, Wilson P. Plug-and-play aqueous electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3897-3900. [PMID: 33871536 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01312b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A simplified 'plug-and-play' approach to aqueous electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) has been developed. Well-controlled polymerization of PEGA480 (Đm = 1.17-1.31) is reported under potentiostatic (3-electrodes, undivided cell) and galvanostatic (2-electrodes, 6-steps) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Mahir Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Bryn A Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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13
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De Bon F, Abreu CMR, Serra AC, Gennaro A, Coelho JFJ, Isse AA. Catalytic Halogen Exchange in Supplementary Activator and Reducing Agent Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for the Synthesis of Block Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000532. [PMID: 33289265 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of block copolymers (BCPs) by catalytic halogen exchange (cHE) is reported, using supplemental activator and reducing agent Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (SARA ATRP). The cHE mechanism is based on the use of a small amount of a copper catalyst in the presence of a suitable excess of halide ions, for the synthesis of block copolymers from macroinitiators with monomers of mismatching reactivity. cHE overcomes the problem of inefficient initiation in block copolymerizations in which the second monomer provides dormant species that are more reactive than the initiator. Model macroinitiators with low dispersity are prepared and extended to afford well-defined block copolymers of various compositions. Combined cHE/SARA ATRP is therefore a simple and potent polymerization tool for the copolymerization of a wide range of monomers allowing the production of tailored block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Carlos M R Abreu
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Arménio C Serra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Abdirisak A Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
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14
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Flejszar M, Chmielarz P, Wolski K, Grześ G, Zapotoczny S. Polymer Brushes via Surface-Initiated Electrochemically Mediated ATRP: Role of a Sacrificial Initiator in Polymerization of Acrylates on Silicon Substrates. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163559. [PMID: 32806681 PMCID: PMC7475859 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Silicon wafers as semiconductors are essential components of integrated circuits in electronic devices. For this reason, modification of the silicon surface is an important factor in the manufacturing of new hybrid materials applied in micro- and nanoelectronics. Herein, copolymer brushes of hydrophilic poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) and hydrophobic poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) were grafted from silicon wafers via simplified electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (seATRP) according to a surface-initiated approach. The syntheses of PHEA-b-PtBA copolymers were carried out with diminished catalytic complex concentration (successively 25 and 6 ppm of Cu). In order to optimize the reaction condition, the effect of the addition of a supporting electrolyte was investigated. A controlled increase in PHEA brush thickness was confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Various other parameters including contact angles and free surface energy (FSE) for the modified silicon wafer were presented. Furthermore, the effect of the presence of a sacrificial initiator in solution on the thickness of the grafted brushes was reported. Successfully fabricated inorganic–organic hybrid nanomaterials show potential application in biomedicine and microelectronics devices, e.g., biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Flejszar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-17-865-1809
| | - Karol Wolski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (K.W.); (G.G.); (S.Z.)
| | - Gabriela Grześ
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (K.W.); (G.G.); (S.Z.)
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (K.W.); (G.G.); (S.Z.)
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15
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Szczepaniak G, Łagodzińska M, Dadashi-Silab S, Gorczyński A, Matyjaszewski K. Fully oxygen-tolerant atom transfer radical polymerization triggered by sodium pyruvate. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8809-8816. [PMID: 34123134 PMCID: PMC8163335 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03179h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization) is one of the most robust reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) systems. However, the limited oxygen tolerance of conventional ATRP impedes its practical use in an ambient atmosphere. In this work, we developed a fully oxygen-tolerant PICAR (photoinduced initiators for continuous activator regeneration) ATRP process occurring in both water and organic solvents in an open reaction vessel. Continuous regeneration of the oxidized form of the copper catalyst with sodium pyruvate through UV excitation allowed the chemical removal of oxygen from the reaction mixture while maintaining a well-controlled polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) or methyl acrylate (MA) monomers. The polymerizations of NIPAM were conducted with 250 ppm (with respect to the monomer) or lower concentrations of CuBr2 and a tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine ligand. The polymers were synthesized to nearly quantitative monomer conversions (>99%), high molecular weights (M n > 270 000), and low dispersities (1.16 < Đ < 1.44) in less than 30 min under biologically relevant conditions. The reported method provided a well-controlled ATRP (Đ = 1.16) of MA in dimethyl sulfoxide despite oxygen diffusion from the atmosphere into the reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Matylda Łagodzińska
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX13QZ UK
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
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