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Jouclas R, Laine S, Eliseeva SV, Mandel J, Szeremeta F, Retailleau P, He J, Gallard JF, Pallier A, Bonnet CS, Petoud S, Durand P, Tóth É. Lanthanide-Based Probes for Imaging Detection of Enzyme Activities by NIR Luminescence, T1- and ParaCEST MRI. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317728. [PMID: 38376889 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Applying a single molecular probe to monitor enzymatic activities in multiple, complementary imaging modalities is highly desirable to ascertain detection and to avoid the complexity associated with the use of agents of different chemical entities. We demonstrate here the versatility of lanthanide (Ln3+) complexes with respect to their optical and magnetic properties and their potential for enzymatic detection in NIR luminescence, CEST and T1 MR imaging, controlled by the nature of the Ln3+ ion, while using a unique chelator. Based on X-ray structural, photophysical, and solution NMR investigations of a family of Ln3+ DO3A-pyridine model complexes, we could rationalize the luminescence (Eu3+, Yb3+), CEST (Yb3+) and relaxation (Gd3+) properties and their variations between carbamate and amine derivatives. This allowed the design ofL n L G a l 5 ${{{\bf L n L}}_{{\bf G a l}}^{5}}$ probes which undergo enzyme-mediated changes detectable in NIR luminescence, CEST and T1-weighted MRI, respectively governed by variations in their absorption energy, in their exchanging proton pool and in their size, thus relaxation efficacy. We demonstrate that these properties can be exploited for the visualization of β-galactosidase activity in phantom samples by different imaging modalities: NIR optical imaging, CEST and T1-weighted MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Jouclas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Laine
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Svetlana V Eliseeva
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Jérémie Mandel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Szeremeta
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jiefang He
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-François Gallard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Agnès Pallier
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Célia S Bonnet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Stéphane Petoud
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Philippe Durand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Éva Tóth
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France
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MRI Contrast Agents in Glycobiology. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238297. [PMID: 36500389 PMCID: PMC9735696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition involving glycoprotein-mediated interactions is ubiquitous in both normal and pathological natural processes. Therefore, visualization of these interactions and the extent of expression of the sugars is a challenge in medical diagnosis, monitoring of therapy, and drug design. Here, we review the literature on the development and validation of probes for magnetic resonance imaging using carbohydrates either as targeting vectors or as a target. Lectins are important targeting vectors for carbohydrate end groups, whereas selectins, the asialoglycoprotein receptor, sialic acid end groups, hyaluronic acid, and glycated serum and hemoglobin are interesting carbohydrate targets.
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Amarsy I, Papot S, Gasser G. Stimuli‐Responsive Metal Complexes for Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205900. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Amarsy
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University, CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Sébastien Papot
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP) Université de Poitiers, CNRS Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University, CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
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Amarsy I, Papot S, Gasser G. Stimuli‐Responsive Metal Complexes for Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Amarsy
- Chimie ParisTech - PSL: Ecole nationale superieure de chimie de Paris PSL University FRANCE
| | - Sébastien Papot
- Université de Poitiers: Universite de Poitiers Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP) FRANCE
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Universite PSL Chimie ParisTech 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris FRANCE
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Kombala CJ, Lokugama SD, Kotrotsou A, Li T, Pollard AC, Pagel MD. Simultaneous Evaluations of pH and Enzyme Activity with a CEST MRI Contrast Agent. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4535-4544. [PMID: 34856102 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular tumor microenvironment of many solid tumors has high acidosis and high protease activity. Simultaneously assessing both characteristics may improve diagnostic evaluations of aggressive tumors and the effects of anticancer treatments. Noninvasive imaging methods have previously been developed that measure extracellular pH or can detect enzyme activity using chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Herein, we developed a single-hybrid CEST agent that can simultaneously measure pH and evaluate protease activity using a combination of dual-power acidoCEST MRI and catalyCEST MRI. Our agent showed CEST signals at 9.2 ppm from a salicylic acid moiety and at 5.0 ppm from an aryl amide. The CEST signal at 9.2 ppm could be measured after selective saturation was applied at 1 and 4 μT, and these measurements could be used with a ratiometric analysis to determine pH. The CEST signal at 5.0 ppm from the aryl amide disappeared after the agent was treated with cathepsin B, while the CEST signal at 9.2 ppm remained, indicating that the agent could detect protease activity through the amide bond cleavage. Michaelis-Menten kinetics studies with catalyCEST MRI demonstrated that the binding affinity (as shown with the Michaelis constant KM), the catalytic turnover rate (kcat), and catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) were each higher for cathepsin B at lower pH. The kcat rates measured with catalyCEST MRI were lower than the comparable rates measured with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which reflected a limitation of inherently noisy and relatively insensitive CEST MRI analyses. Although this level of precision limited catalyCEST MRI to semiquantitative evaluations, these semiquantitative assessments of high and low protease activity still had value by demonstrating that high acidosis and high protease activity can be used as synergistic, multiparametric biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathuri J. Kombala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Sanjaya D. Lokugama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Aikaterini Kotrotsou
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Tianzhe Li
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Alyssa C. Pollard
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, United States
| | - Mark D. Pagel
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
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Laine S, Morfin JF, Galibert M, Aucagne V, Bonnet CS, Tóth É. Lanthanide DO3A-Complexes Bearing Peptide Substrates: The Effect of Peptidic Side Chains on Metal Coordination and Relaxivity. Molecules 2021; 26:2176. [PMID: 33918899 PMCID: PMC8069257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two DO3A-type ligands conjugated to substrates of urokinase (L3) and caspase-3 (L4) via a propyl-amide linker were synthesized and their lanthanide(III) (Ln3+) complexes studied. A model compound without peptide substrate (L2) and an amine derivative ligand mimicking the state after enzymatic cleavage (L1) were also prepared. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Dispersion (NMRD) profiles recorded on the gadolinium(III) (Gd3+) complexes, complemented with the assessment of hydration numbers via luminescence lifetime measurements on the Eu3+ analogues, allowed us to characterize the lanthanide coordination sphere in the chelates. These data suggest that the potential donor groups of the peptide side chains (carboxylate, amine) interfere in metal coordination, leading to non-hydrated LnL3 and LnL4 complexes. Nevertheless, GdL3 and GdL4 retain a relatively high relaxivity due to an important second-sphere contribution generated by the strongly hydrophilic peptide chain. Weak PARACEST effects are detected for the amine-derivative EuL1 and NdL1 chelates. Unfortunately, the GdL3 and GdL4 complexes are not significantly converted by the enzymes. The lack of enzymatic recognition of these complexes can likely be explained by the participation of donor groups from the peptide side chain in metal coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Éva Tóth
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orléans, France; (S.L.); (J.-F.M.); (M.G.); (V.A.); (C.S.B.)
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Goldenberg JM, Pagel MD. Assessments of tumor metabolism with CEST MRI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e3943. [PMID: 29938857 PMCID: PMC7377947 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a relatively new contrast mechanism for MRI. CEST MRI exploits a specific MR frequency (chemical shift) of a molecule while generating an image with good spatial resolution using standard MRI techniques, combining the specificity of MRS with the spatial resolution of MRI. Many CEST MRI acquisition methods have been developed to improve analyses of tumor metabolism. GluCEST, CrCEST, and LATEST can map glutamate, creatine, and lactate, which are important metabolites involved in tumor metabolism. GlucoCEST MRI tracks the pharmacokinetics of glucose transport and cell internalization within tumors. CatalyCEST MRI detects enzyme catalysis that changes a substrate CEST agent. AcidoCEST MRI measures extracellular pH of the tumor microenvironment by exploiting a ratio of two pH-dependent CEST signals. This review describes each technique, the technical issues involved with CEST MRI and each specific technique, and the merits and challenges associated with applying each CEST MRI technique to study tumor metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Goldenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark D. Pagel
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
This article aimed at reviewing the advances on the development of paramagnetic complexes used as chemical exchange saturation transfer agents in magnetic resonance imaging. This relatively new type of contrast opens new avenues in the development of MRI probes for molecular imaging, and coordination chemistry lies at the center of such advances. Strategies to detect important biomarkers such as pH, cations, anions, metabolites, enzyme, and O2 were described. The current challenges, limitations, and opportunities in this field of research were discussed.
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Lacerda S, Tóth É. Lanthanide Complexes in Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Theranostics. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:883-894. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lacerda
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301; Université d'Orléans; rue Charles Sadron 45071 Orléans France
| | - Éva Tóth
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301; Université d'Orléans; rue Charles Sadron 45071 Orléans France
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Tsitovich PB, Cox JM, Spernyak JA, Morrow JR. Gear Up for a pH Shift: A Responsive Iron(II) 2-Amino-6-picolyl-Appended Macrocyclic paraCEST Agent That Protonates at a Pendent Group. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12001-12010. [PMID: 27934305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two high-spin Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (CYCLEN) appended with four 2-amino-6-picolyl groups, denoted as [Fe(TAPC)]2+ and [Co(TAPC)]2+, are reported. These complexes demonstrate C2-symmetrical geometry from coordination of two pendents, and they are present in a single diastereomeric form in aqueous solution as shown by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by a single-crystal X-ray structure for the Co(II) complex. A highly shifted but low-intensity CEST (chemical exchange saturation transfer) signal from NH groups is observed at -118 ppm for [Co(TAPC)]2+ at pH 6.0 and 37 °C. A higher intensity CEST peak is observed for [Fe(TAPC)]2+, which demonstrates a pH-dependent frequency shift from -72 to -79 ppm at pH 7.7 to 4.8, respectively, at 37 °C. This shift in the CEST peak correlates with the protonation of the unbound 2-amino-6-picolyl pendents, as suggested by UV-vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy studies at different pH values. Phantom imaging demonstrates the challenges and feasibility of using the [Fe(TAPC)]2+ agent on a low-field MRI scanner. The [Fe(TAPC)]2+ complex is the first transition-metal-based paraCEST agent that produces a pH-induced CEST frequency change toward the development of probes for concentration-independent imaging of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel B Tsitovich
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Jordan M Cox
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Joseph A Spernyak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Janet R Morrow
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Diamagnetic Imaging Agents with a Modular Chemical Design for Quantitative Detection of β-Galactosidase and β-Glucuronidase Activities with CatalyCEST MRI. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2549-2557. [PMID: 27657647 PMCID: PMC6013409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Imaging agents for the noninvasive in vivo detection of enzyme activity in preclinical and clinical settings could have fundamental implications in the field of drug discovery. Furthermore, a new class of targeted prodrug treatments takes advantage of high enzyme activity to tailor therapy and improve treatment outcomes. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents that quantitatively detect β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase activities by measuring changes in chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). Based on a modular approach, we incorporated the enzymes' respective substrates to a salicylate moiety with a chromogenic spacer via a carbamate linkage. This furnished highly selective diamagnetic CEST agents that detected and quantified enzyme activities of glycoside hydrolase enzymes. Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics studies were performed by monitoring catalyCEST MRI signals, which were validated with UV-vis assays.
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Rashid HU, Martines MAU, Jorge J, de Moraes PM, Umar MN, Khan K, Rehman HU. Cyclen-based Gd 3+ complexes as MRI contrast agents: Relaxivity enhancement and ligand design. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5663-5684. [PMID: 27729196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive radiology technique used to examine the internal organs of human body. It is useful for the diagnosis of structural abnormalities in the body. Contrast agents are used to increase the sensitivity of this technique. 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) is a macrocyclic tetraamine. Its derivatives act as useful ligands to produce stable complexes with Gd3+ ion. Such chelates are investigated as MRI contrast agents. Free Gd3+ ion is extremely toxic for in vivo use. Upon complexation with a cyclen-based ligand, it is trapped in the preformed central cavity of the ligand resulting in the formation of a highly stable Gd3+-chelate. Better kinetic and thermodynamic stability of cyclen-based MRI contrast agents decrease their potential toxicity for in vivo use. Consequently, such agents have proved to be safest for clinical applications. Relaxivity is the most important parameter used to measure the effectiveness of a contrast agent. A number of factors influence this parameter. This article elucidates detailed strategies to increase relaxivity of cyclen-based MRI contrast agents. 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (DO3A) are two key ligands derived from cyclen. They also act as building blocks for the synthesis of novel ligands. A few important methodologies for the synthesis of DOTA and DO3A derivatives are described. Moreover, the coordination geometry of chelates formed by these ligands and their derivatives is discussed as well. Novel ligands can be developed by the appropriate derivatization of DOTA and DO3A. Gd3+-chelates of such ligands prove to be useful MRI contrast agents of enhanced relaxivity, greater stability, better clearance, lesser toxicity and higher water solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Ur Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | | | - Juliana Jorge
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Paula Martin de Moraes
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Naveed Umar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Kamin Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hanif Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probes Based on Ln3+ Complexes. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yoo B, Sheth VR, Howison CM, Douglas MJK, Pineda CT, Maine EA, Baker AF, Pagel MD. Detection of in vivo enzyme activity with CatalyCEST MRI. Magn Reson Med 2015; 71:1221-30. [PMID: 23640714 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CatalyCEST MRI compares the detection of an enzyme-responsive chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) agent with the detection of an unresponsive "control" CEST agent that accounts for other conditions that influence CEST. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of in vivo catalyCEST MRI. METHODS CEST agents that were responsive and unresponsive to the activity of urokinase plasminogen activator were shown to have negligible interaction with each other. A CEST-fast imaging with steady state precession (FISP) MRI protocol was used to acquire MR CEST spectroscopic images with a Capan-2 pancreatic tumor model after intravenous injection of the CEST agents. A function of (super)-Lorentzian line shapes was fit to CEST spectra of a region-of-interest that represented the tumor. RESULTS The CEST effects from each agent showed the same initial uptake into tumor tissues, indicating that both agents had the same pharmacokinetic transport rates. Starting 5 min after injection, CEST from the enzyme-responsive agent disappeared more quickly than CEST from the unresponsive agent, indicating that the enzyme responsive agent was being catalyzed by urokinase plasminogen activator, while both agents also experienced net pharmacokinetic washout from the tumor. CONCLUSION CatalyCEST MRI demonstrates that dynamic tracking of enzyme-responsive and unresponsive CEST agents during the same in vivo MRI study is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghee Yoo
- MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kuda-Wedagedara ANW, Allen MJ. Enhancing magnetic resonance imaging with contrast agents for ultra-high field strengths. Analyst 2015; 139:4401-10. [PMID: 25054827 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00990h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Contrast agents are diagnostic tools that often complement magnetic resonance imaging. At ultra-high field strengths (≥7 T), magnetic resonance imaging is capable of generating desirable high signal-to-noise ratios, but clinically available contrast agents are less effective at ultra-high field strengths relative to lower fields. This gap in effectiveness demands the development of contrast agents for ultra-high field strengths. In this minireview, we summarize contrast agents reported during the last three years that focused on ultra-high field strengths.
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Cakić N, Gündüz S, Rengarasu R, Angelovski G. Synthetic strategies for preparation of cyclen-based MRI contrast agents. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Krchová T, Kotek J, Jirák D, Havlíčková J, Císařová I, Hermann P. Lanthanide(III) complexes of aminoethyl-DO3A as PARACEST contrast agents based on decoordination of the weakly bound amino group. Dalton Trans 2014; 42:15735-47. [PMID: 24051547 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52031e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminoethyl DOTA analogues with unsubstituted (H3L1), monomethylated (H3L2) and dimethylated (H3L3) amino groups were prepared by improved synthetic procedures. Their solid-state structures exhibit an extensive system of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, which is probably present in solution and leads to the rather high value of the last dissociation constant. The protonation sequence of H3L1 in solution corresponds to that found in the solid state. The stability constants of the H3L1 complexes with La(3+) and Gd(3+) (20.02 and 22.23, respectively) are similar to those of DO3A and the reduction of the pK(A) value of the pendant amino group from 10.51 in the free ligand to 6.06 and 5.83 in the La(3+) and Gd(3+) complexes, respectively, points to coordination of the amino group. It was confirmed in the solid state structure of the [Yb(L1)] complex, where disorder between the SA' and TSA' isomers was found. A similar situation is expected in solution, where a fast equilibration among the isomers hampers the unambiguous determination of the isomer ratio in solution. The PARACEST effect was observed in Eu(III)-H3L1/H3L2 and Yb(III)-H3L1/H3L2 complexes, being dependent on pH in the region of 4.5-7.5 and pH-independent in more alkaline solutions. The decrease of the PARACEST effect parallels with the increasing abundance of the complex protonated species, where the pendant amino group is not coordinating. Surprisingly, a small PARACEST effect was also observed in solutions of Eu(III)/Yb(III)-H3L3 complexes, where the pendant amino group is dimethylated. The effect is detectable in a narrow pH region, where both protonated and deprotonated complex species are present in equilibrium. The data points to the new mechanism of the PARACEST effect, where the slow coordination-decoordination of the pendant amine is coupled with the fast proton exchange between the free amino group and bulk water mediates the magnetization transfer. The pH-dependence of the effect was proved to be measurable by MRI and, thus, the complexes extend the family of pH-sensitive probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Krchová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universita Karlova (Charles University), Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Jagadish B, Ozumerzifon TJ, Roberts SA, Hall GB, Mash EA, Raghunand N. IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF 10-(2-ALKYLAMINO-2-OXOETHYL)-1,4,7,10-TETRAAZACYCLODODECANE-1,4,7-TRIACETIC ACID DERIVATIVES BEARING ACID-SENSITIVE LINKERS. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013; 44. [PMID: 24363464 DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.813547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alkylation of the hydrobromide salts of 1,4,7-tris(methoxycarbonylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane and 1,4,7-tris(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane with appropriate α-bromoacetamides, followed by hydrolysis, provides convenient access to 10-(2-alkylamino-2-oxoethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid derivatives that contain acid-sensitive functional groups. The utility of the method is demonstrated by improved syntheses of two known DOTA monoamides bearing acid-sensitive ω-tritylthio alkyl chains in much higher yields based on cyclen as the starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumasamudram Jagadish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041 USA
| | - Tarik J Ozumerzifon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041 USA
| | - Sue A Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041 USA
| | - Gabriel B Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041 USA
| | - Eugene A Mash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041 USA
| | - Natarajan Raghunand
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041 USA ; Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041 USA
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Hasserodt J, Kolanowski JL, Touti F. Magnetogenese in Wasser, ausgelöst durch einen chemischen Analyten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hasserodt J, Kolanowski JL, Touti F. Magnetogenesis in Water Induced by a Chemical Analyte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:60-73. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hingorani DV, Randtke EA, Pagel MD. A catalyCEST MRI contrast agent that detects the enzyme-catalyzed creation of a covalent bond. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6396-8. [PMID: 23601132 DOI: 10.1021/ja400254e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CatalyCEST MRI can detect enzyme activity by employing contrast agents that are detected through chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). A CEST agent, Tm-DO3A-cadaverine, has been designed to detect the catalytic activity of transglutaminase (TGase), which creates a covalent bond between the agent and the side chain of a glutamine amino acid residue. CEST appeared at -9.2 ppm after TGase conjugated Tm-DO3A-cadaverine to albumin, which also caused a decrease in CEST from albumin at +4.6 ppm. Studies with model peptides revealed similar appearances and decreases in detectable CEST effects following TGase-catalyzed conjugation of the contrast agent and peptide. The MR frequencies and amplitudes of these CEST effects were dependent on the peptide sequence, which demonstrated the sensitivity of CEST agents to ligand conformations that may be exploited to create more responsive molecular imaging agents. The chemical exchange rates of the substrates and conjugated products were measured by fitting modified Bloch equations to CEST spectra, which demonstrated that changes in exchange rates can also be used to detect the formation of a covalent bond by catalyCEST MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina V Hingorani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5024, USA
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Touti F, Maurin P, Hasserodt J. Magnetogenese unter physiologischen Bedingungen mit molekularen Sonden, die auf (bio-)chemische Analyten ansprechen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Touti F, Maurin P, Hasserodt J. Magnetogenesis under physiological conditions with probes that report on (bio-)chemical stimuli. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4654-8. [PMID: 23526602 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Switched on: A molecular concept allows the generation of magnetism in an aqueous sample under the influence of a freshly added (bio-)chemical analyte. The analyte (a chemical reagent or enzyme) triggers the conversion of the probe, a diamagnetic chelate compound, into a paramagnetic compound (see scheme). The two probes prepared are easily accessible iron(II) chelates, and are operative at physiological conditions and/or in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faycal Touti
- Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR CNRS UCBL 5182, Université de Lyon-ENS de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Elmehriki AA, Milne M, Suchý M, Bartha R, Hudson RH. Complexes of selected late period lanthanide(III) cations with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid amide (DOTAM)-alkyl ligands — A new platform for the development of paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 18 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid amide (DOTAM)-alkyl derived complexes with selected late lanthanide(III) cations (Dy3+, Tb3+, and Tm3+) has been synthesized; their magnetic properties have been evaluated and compared to those derived from DOTAM. Peralkylation of cyclen with corresponding N-iodoacetyl amines was utilized as the key step in the synthesis. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) spectra of the complexes have been acquired at 37 °C, revealing that Tm3+-derived DOTAM-alkyl complexes possess the most favorable properties as potential paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A.H. Elmehriki
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A5B7, Canada
| | - Mark Milne
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A5B7, Canada
| | - Mojmír Suchý
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A5B7, Canada
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Robert H.E. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A5B7, Canada
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