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Borsley S, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Molecular Ratchets and Kinetic Asymmetry: Giving Chemistry Direction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400495. [PMID: 38568047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades ratchet mechanisms have transformed the understanding and design of stochastic molecular systems-biological, chemical and physical-in a move away from the mechanical macroscopic analogies that dominated thinking regarding molecular dynamics in the 1990s and early 2000s (e.g. pistons, springs, etc), to the more scale-relevant concepts that underpin out-of-equilibrium research in the molecular sciences today. Ratcheting has established molecular nanotechnology as a research frontier for energy transduction and metabolism, and has enabled the reverse engineering of biomolecular machinery, delivering insights into how molecules 'walk' and track-based synthesisers operate, how the acceleration of chemical reactions enables energy to be transduced by catalysts (both motor proteins and synthetic catalysts), and how dynamic systems can be driven away from equilibrium through catalysis. The recognition of molecular ratchet mechanisms in biology, and their invention in synthetic systems, is proving significant in areas as diverse as supramolecular chemistry, systems chemistry, dynamic covalent chemistry, DNA nanotechnology, polymer and materials science, molecular biology, heterogeneous catalysis, endergonic synthesis, the origin of life, and many other branches of chemical science. Put simply, ratchet mechanisms give chemistry direction. Kinetic asymmetry, the key feature of ratcheting, is the dynamic counterpart of structural asymmetry (i.e. chirality). Given the ubiquity of ratchet mechanisms in endergonic chemical processes in biology, and their significance for behaviour and function from systems to synthesis, it is surely just as fundamentally important. This Review charts the recognition, invention and development of molecular ratchets, focussing particularly on the role for which they were originally envisaged in chemistry, as design elements for molecular machinery. Different kinetically asymmetric systems are compared, and the consequences of their dynamic behaviour discussed. These archetypal examples demonstrate how chemical systems can be driven inexorably away from equilibrium, rather than relax towards it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M W Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
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2
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Takiguchi N, Yamazaki S, Murata M, Kawano S, Shizuma M, Muraoka M. Controlling the Molecular Shuttling of pH‐Responsive [2]Rotaxanes with Two Different Stations. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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3
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Ogoshi T, Kotera D, Fa S, Nishida S, Kakuta T, Yamagishi TA, Brouwer AM. A light-operated pillar[6]arene-based molecular shuttle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10871-10874. [PMID: 32789406 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03945d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A molecular shuttle comprising a pillar[6]arene macrocyclic ring and an axle with two equal-energy-level stations connected by an azobenzene unit was synthesised. The E isomer of the azobenzene functioned as "open gate", allowing the pillar[6]arene ring to rapidly shuttle back-and-forth between the two stations. Ultraviolet irradiation induced photo-isomerisation of the azobenzene from E to Z form. The Z isomer of the azobenzene functioned as a "closed gate", inhibiting shuttling of the pillar[6]arene ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan. and WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kotera
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shixin Fa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Shungo Nishida
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kakuta
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tada-Aki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Kumpulainen T, Panman MR, Bakker BH, Hilbers M, Woutersen S, Brouwer AM. Accelerating the Shuttling in Hydrogen-Bonded Rotaxanes: Active Role of the Axle and the End Station. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19118-19129. [PMID: 31697078 PMCID: PMC6923795 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
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The relation between the chemical structure and the mechanical
behavior of molecular machines is of paramount importance for a rational
design of superior nanomachines. Here, we report on a mechanistic
study of a nanometer scale translational movement in two bistable
rotaxanes. Both rotaxanes consist of a tetra-amide macrocycle interlocked
onto a polyether axle. The macrocycle can shuttle between an initial
succinamide station and a 3,6-dihydroxy- or 3,6-di-tert-butyl-1,8-naphthalimide end stations. Translocation of the macrocycle
is controlled by a hydrogen-bonding equilibrium between the stations.
The equilibrium can be perturbed photochemically by either intermolecular
proton or electron transfer depending on the system. To the best of
our knowledge, utilization of proton transfer from a conventional
photoacid for the operation of a molecular machine is demonstrated
for the first time. The shuttling dynamics are monitored by means
of UV–vis and IR transient absorption spectroscopies. The polyether
axle accelerates the shuttling by ∼70% compared to a structurally
similar rotaxane with an all-alkane thread of the same length. The
acceleration is attributed to a decrease in activation energy due
to an early transition state where the macrocycle partially hydrogen
bonds to the ether group of the axle. The dihydroxyrotaxane exhibits
the fastest shuttling speed over a nanometer distance (τshuttling ≈ 30 ns) reported to date. The shuttling in
this case is proposed to take place via a so-called harpooning mechanism
where the transition state involves a folded conformation due to the
hydrogen-bonding interactions with the hydroxyl groups of the end
station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatu Kumpulainen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs R Panman
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Bert H Bakker
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Hilbers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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5
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Wolf M, Ogawa A, Bechtold M, Vonesch M, Wytko JA, Oohora K, Campidelli S, Hayashi T, Guldi DM, Weiss J. Light triggers molecular shuttling in rotaxanes: control over proximity and charge recombination. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3846-3853. [PMID: 30996970 PMCID: PMC6446966 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05328f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lifetime of a charge separated state is enhanced by the effects of solvent polarity and the coordination controlled shuttling of a dumbbell in a porphyrin/fullerene rotaxane.
We present the synthesis of novel rotaxanes based on mechanically interlocked porphyrins and fullerene and their advanced investigations by means of photophysical measurements. To this end, a fullerene-capped dumbbell-type axle containing a central triazole was threaded through strapped (metallo)porphyrins—either a free-base or a zinc porphyrin. Femtosecond-resolved transient absorption measurements revealed charge-separation between the porphyrin and fullerene upon light excitation. Solvent polarity and solvent coordination effects induced molecular motion of the rotaxanes upon charge separation and enabled, for the first time, subtle control over the charge recombination by enabling and controlling the directionality of shuttling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wolf
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Ayumu Ogawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita 565-0871 , Japan . .,Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg , UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 4, rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Mareike Bechtold
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany . .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstraße 15 , D-76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Maxime Vonesch
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg , UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 4, rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Jennifer A Wytko
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg , UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 4, rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Koji Oohora
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita 565-0871 , Japan .
| | - Stéphane Campidelli
- LICSEN , NIMBE , CEA , CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita 565-0871 , Japan .
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Jean Weiss
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg , UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 4, rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
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6
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Langer P, Yang L, Pfeiffer CR, Lewis W, Champness NR. Restricting shuttling in bis(imidazolium)…pillar[5]arene rotaxanes using metal coordination. Dalton Trans 2018; 48:58-64. [PMID: 30403248 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal coordination to a series of bis (imidazolium)…pillar[5]arene [2]rotaxanes through the formation of metal-carbene bonds facilitates a new strategy to restrict the shuttling motion in [2]rotaxanes. Whereas the pillar[5]arene macrocycle rapidly shuttles along the full length of the bis (imidazolium) rod for the parent [2]rotaxane, Ag(i) coordination to the imidazolium groups through the formation of N-heterocyclic carbenes leads to restricted motion, effectively confining the shuttling motion of the [2]rotaxane. The Ag(i) coordinated [2]rotaxanes can be reacted further, either removing the Ag-carbene species to recreate the parent [2]rotaxane, or reaction with more bulky Pd(ii) species to further restrict the shuttling motion through steric inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Langer
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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7
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Ogoshi T, Kotera D, Nishida S, Kakuta T, Yamagishi TA, Brouwer AM. Spacer Length-Independent Shuttling of the Pillar[5]arene Ring in Neutral [2]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2018; 24:6325-6329. [PMID: 29473232 PMCID: PMC5947626 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
For a series of neutral [2]rotaxanes consisting of a pillar[5]arene ring and axles possessing two stations separated by flexible spacers of different lengths, the free energies of activation for the ring shuttling between the stations were found to be independent of the spacer length. The constitution of the spacer affects the activation energies: replacement of CH2 groups by repulsive oxygen atoms in the axle increases the barrier. The explanation for the observed length‐independence lies in the presence of a barrier for re‐forming the stable co‐conformation, which makes the ring travel back and forth along the thread in an intermediate state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Ogoshi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kotera
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shungo Nishida
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kakuta
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tada-Aki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Diac A, Matache M, Grosu I, Hădade ND. Naphthalenediimide - A Unique Motif in Macrocyclic and Interlocked Supramolecular Structures. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Diac
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre; “Babeş-Bolyai” University; 11 Arany Janos Str. RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Mihaela Matache
- University of Bucharest; Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry; 90-92 Panduri Street RO-050663 Bucharest Romania
| | - Ion Grosu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre; “Babeş-Bolyai” University; 11 Arany Janos Str. RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Niculina D. Hădade
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre; “Babeş-Bolyai” University; 11 Arany Janos Str. RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
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9
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Gholami G, Zhu K, Baggi G, Schott E, Zarate X, Loeb SJ. Influence of axle length on the rate and mechanism of shuttling in rigid H-shaped [2]rotaxanes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7718-7723. [PMID: 29568435 PMCID: PMC5851341 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03736h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of [2]rotaxane molecular shuttles was prepared containing a dibenzo[24]crown-8 (DB24C8) wheel and a rigid H-shaped axle with varying track lengths between recognition sites; from 7.4 to 20.3 Å as defined by 1-4 phenyl rings or a naphthyl group. The rate of shuttling was measured by variable temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy for neutral compounds and EXSY experiments for dicationic species. The rates were found to be independent of the length of the axle, except when the distance between the two recognition sites might be short enough (n = 1) to allow the crown ether to simultaneously interact with both recognition sites providing a short-cut mechanism which could lower the energy barrier. This notion is supported by DFT calculations and solid-state characterization of model compounds that mimic possible transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazale Gholami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada .
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China .
| | - Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada .
| | - Eduardo Schott
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Facultad de Química , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ximena Zarate
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas , Facultad de Ingeniería , Universidad Autónoma de Chile , Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 425 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Stephen J Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada .
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10
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Gómez-Durán CFA, Liu W, Betancourt-Mendiola MDL, Smith BD. Structural Control of Kinetics for Macrocycle Threading by Fluorescent Squaraine Dye in Water. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8334-8341. [PMID: 28753022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
While the general concept of steric speed bumps has been demonstrated in rotaxane shuttles and macrocycle threading systems, the sensitivity of speed bump effects has not been evaluated as a function of structural geometry. Values of Ka and kon for macrocycle threading in water are reported for a series of homologous squaraine dyes with different substituents (speed bumps) on the flanking chains and two macrocycles with different cavity sizes. Sensitivity to a steric speed bump effect was found to depend on (a) structural location, being lowest when the speed bump was near the end of a flanking chain, and (b) macrocycle cavity size, which was enhanced when the cavity was constricted. This new insight is broadly applicable to many types of molecular threading systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- César F A Gómez-Durán
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, South Bend, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, South Bend, Indiana 46556, United States
| | | | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, South Bend, Indiana 46556, United States
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11
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Kimura M, Mizuno T, Ueda M, Miyagawa S, Kawasaki T, Tokunaga Y. Four-State Molecular Shuttling of [2]Rotaxanes in Response to Acid/Base and Alkali-Metal Cation Stimuli. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1381-1390. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Fukui; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Takuma Mizuno
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Fukui; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Fukui; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Fukui; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Fukui; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Fukui; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
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12
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Benson CR, Fatila EM, Lee S, Marzo MG, Pink M, Mills MB, Preuss KE, Flood AH. Extreme Stabilization and Redox Switching of Organic Anions and Radical Anions by Large-Cavity, CH Hydrogen-Bonding Cyanostar Macrocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15057-15065. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Benson
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Elisabeth M. Fatila
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Semin Lee
- The
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew G. Marzo
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Michelle B. Mills
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kathryn E. Preuss
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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13
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Xu K, Nakazono K, Takata T. Diastereoselective synthesis of optically active rotaxane amine N-oxides via through-space chirality transfer. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Al Kobaisi M, Bhosale SV, Latham K, Raynor AM, Bhosale SV. Functional Naphthalene Diimides: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:11685-11796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Kobaisi
- School
of Applied Sciences, RMIT University
, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| | - Sidhanath V. Bhosale
- Polymers
and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
, Hyderabad, Telangana-500007, India
| | - Kay Latham
- School
of Applied Sciences, RMIT University
, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| | - Aaron M. Raynor
- School
of Applied Sciences, RMIT University
, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| | - Sheshanath V. Bhosale
- School
of Applied Sciences, RMIT University
, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
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15
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Jagesar DC, Wiering PG, Kay ER, Leigh DA, Brouwer AM. Successive Translocation of the Rings in a [3]Rotaxane. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1902-12. [PMID: 26918870 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A [2]rotaxane, a [3]rotaxane and the corresponding thread containing two succinamide (succ) binding stations and a central redox-active pyromellitimide (pmi) station were studied. Infrared spectroelectrochemical experiments revealed the translocation of the macrocycle between the succinamide station and the electrochemically reduced pmi station (radical anion and dianion). Remarkably, in the [3]rotaxane, the rings can be selectively translocated. One-electron reduction leads to the translocation of one of the two macrocycles from the succinamide to the pyromellitimide station, whereas activation of the shuttle through two-electron reduction results in the translocation of both macrocycles: the dianion, due to its higher electron density and hence greater hydrogen-bond accepting affinity, is hydrogen bonded to both macrocycles. Systems with such an on-command contraction are known as molecular muscles. The relative strengths of the binding between the macrocycle and the imide anions could be estimated from the hydrogen-bond-induced shifts in the C=O stretching frequencies of hydrogen-bond accepting amide groups of the macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiredj C Jagesar
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet G Wiering
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Euan R Kay
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK.,EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK.,School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Franchi P, Bleve V, Mezzina E, Schäfer C, Ragazzon G, Albertini M, Carbonera D, Credi A, Di Valentin M, Lucarini M. Structural Changes of a Doubly Spin-Labeled Chemically Driven Molecular Shuttle Probed by PELDOR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2016; 22:8745-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Franchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Valentina Bleve
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mezzina
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Albertini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari; University of Bologna; Viale Fanin 44 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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17
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Liu P, Shao X, Chipot C, Cai W. The true nature of rotary movements in rotaxanes. Chem Sci 2015; 7:457-462. [PMID: 30155010 PMCID: PMC6090524 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reveal the intricate nature of movements within rotaxanes by means of multidimensional free-energy landscapes.
Disentangling the different movements observed in rotaxanes is critical to characterize their function as molecular and biological motors. How to achieve unidirectional rotation is an important question for successful construction of a highly efficient molecular motor. The motions within a rotaxane composed of a benzylic amide ring threaded on a fumaramide moiety were investigated employing atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The free-energy profiles describing the rotational process of the ring about the thread were determined from multi-microsecond simulations. Comparing the theoretical free-energy barriers with their experimental counterpart, the syn–anti isomerization of the amide bond within the ring was ruled out. The free-energy barriers arise in fact from the disruption of hydrogen bonds between the ring and the thread. Transition path analysis reveals that complete description of the reaction coordinate requires another collective variable. The free-energy landscape spanned by the two variables characterizing the coupled rotational and shuttling processes of the ring in the rotaxane was mapped. The calculated free-energy barrier, amounting to 9.3 kcal mol–1, agrees well with experiment. Further analysis shows that shuttling is coupled with the isomerization of the ring, which is not limited to a simplistic chair-to-chair transition. This work provides a cogent example that contrary to chemical intuition, molecular motion can result from complex, entangled movements requiring for their accurate description careful modeling of the underlying reaction coordinate. The methodology described here can be used to evaluate the different components of the multifaceted motion in rotaxanes, and constitutes a robust tool for the rational design of molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Nankai University) , Tianjin , 300071 , China
| | - Xueguang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Nankai University) , Tianjin , 300071 , China.,Research Center for Analytical Sciences , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Christophe Chipot
- Laboratoire International Associé Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Unité Mixte de Recherche No. 7565 , Université de Lorraine , B.P. 70239 , 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy cedex , France.,Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group , Beckman Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . .,Department of Physics , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
| | - Wensheng Cai
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071 , China .
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18
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Vukotic VN, O’Keefe CA, Zhu K, Harris KJ, To C, Schurko RW, Loeb SJ. Mechanically Interlocked Linkers inside Metal–Organic Frameworks: Effect of Ring Size on Rotational Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9643-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Nicholas Vukotic
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Christopher A. O’Keefe
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Kelong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Kristopher J. Harris
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Christine To
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Robert W. Schurko
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Stephen J. Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
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19
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Kovaříček P, Lehn JM. Directional Dynamic Covalent Motion of a Carbonyl Walker on a Polyamine Track. Chemistry 2015; 21:9380-4. [PMID: 26017688 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Controlled directional displacement of a molecular group has been achieved based on dynamic covalent motions implementing the reactional features of the imine bond. ortho-Carboxybenzaldehyde derivatives are able to form stable adducts with both primary and secondary amines as imines or as amino lactones, respectively, depending on the acidity of the medium. They may thus perform pH-driven intramolecular "walking" along a non-symmetric polyamine chain, in which an imine serves as the terminus under basic conditions on one end of the chain and a lactone formed on a secondary hydroxylamine nitrogen on the other end serves as the terminal site upon addition of acid. The displacement between the termini occurs stochastically through reversible change in valency at the carbon site of the carbonyl group between imine, aminal, iminium and amino lactone form. On the other hand, the directionality results from the stabilisation of the terminal products under given pH conditions. By its ability to undergo interconversion between C=N and O-C-N moieties, the ortho-carboxybenzaldehyde group extends the realm of dynamic covalent chemistry of imines to secondary amines and opens new perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kovaříček
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge (France)
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge (France).
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20
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Woźny M, Pawłowska J, Tomczyk KM, Bilewicz R, Korybut-Daszkiewicz B. Potential-controlled rotaxane molecular shuttles based on electron-deficient macrocyclic complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13718-21. [PMID: 25248514 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06718e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This communication reports a novel sandwich-like rotaxane shuttle, which exhibits a unique mode of potential-controlled behaviour. Two dynamic processes occur simultaneously - conformational "unfolding" of the DADA stack accompanies translocation of the ring over the rotaxane's axle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Woźny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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21
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Malberg F, Brandenburg JG, Reckien W, Hollóczki O, Grimme S, Kirchner B. Substitution effect and effect of axle's flexibility at (pseudo-)rotaxanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1299-307. [PMID: 24991282 PMCID: PMC4077404 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of substitution with different functional groups and of molecular flexibility by changing within the axle from a single C-C bond to a double C=C bond. Therefore, we present static quantum chemical calculations at the dispersion-corrected density functional level (DFT-D3) for several Leigh-type rotaxanes. The calculated crystal structure is in close agreement with the experimental X-ray data. Compared to a stiffer axle, a more flexible one results in a stronger binding by 1-3 kcal/mol. Alterations of the binding energy in the range of 5 kcal/mol could be achieved by substitution with different functional groups. The hydrogen bond geometry between the isophtalic unit and the carbonyl oxygen atoms of the axle exhibited distances in the range of 2.1 to 2.4 Å for six contact points, which shows that not solely but to a large amount the circumstances in the investigated rotaxanes are governed by hydrogen bonding. Moreover, the complex with the more flexible axle is usually more unsymmetrical than the one with the stiff axle. The opposite is observed for the experimentally investigated axle with the four phenyl stoppers. Furthermore, we considered an implicit continuum solvation model and found that the complex binding is weakened by approximately 10 kcal/mol, and hydrogen bonds are slightly shortened (by up to 0.2 Å).
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Malberg
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Gerit Brandenburg
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Werner Reckien
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oldamur Hollóczki
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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22
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Young PG, Hirose K, Tobe Y. Axle length does not affect switching dynamics in degenerate molecular shuttles with rigid spacers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7899-906. [PMID: 24813375 DOI: 10.1021/ja412671k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
For a series of [2]rotaxane molecular shuttles possessing linear rigid rod-like axles of varying lengths between degenerate recognition sites, the activation barrier for shuttling motion was clearly shown to be constant. Moreover, dynamic NMR studies have revealed that both the entropic and enthalpic contributions to the shuttling motion remain constant regardless of the actual length of the rigid rod-like axles employed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Young
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
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23
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Andersen SS, Share AI, Poulsen BLC, Kørner M, Duedal T, Benson CR, Hansen SW, Jeppesen JO, Flood AH. Mechanistic Evaluation of Motion in Redox-Driven Rotaxanes Reveals Longer Linkers Hasten Forward Escapes and Hinder Backward Translations. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6373-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5013596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sissel S. Andersen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew I. Share
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Bjørn La Cour Poulsen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Mads Kørner
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Troels Duedal
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Christopher R. Benson
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Stinne W. Hansen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jan O. Jeppesen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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