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Badía-Domínguez I, Peña-Álvarez M, Wang D, Pérez Guardiola A, Vida Y, Rodríguez González S, López Navarrete JT, Hernández Jolín V, Sancho García JC, García Baonza V, Nash R, Hartl F, Li H, Ruiz Delgado MC. Dynamic Covalent Properties of a Novel Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole Diradical. Chemistry 2021; 27:5509-5520. [PMID: 33474741 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis and properties of a dicyanomethylene-substituted indolo[3,2-b]carbazole diradical ICz-CN. This quinoidal system dimerises almost completely to (ICz-CN)2 , which contains two long C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) σ-bonds between the dicyanomethylene units. The minor open-shell ICz-CN component in the solid-state mixture was identified by EPR spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and UV-visible spectroelectrochemical data, as well as comparison with reference monomer ICz-Br reveal that the nature of the one-electron oxidation of (ICz-CN)2 at ambient temperature and ICz-CN at elevated temperature is very similar in all these compounds due to the prevailing localization of their HOMO on the ICz backbone. The peculiar cathodic behaviour reflects the co-existence of (ICz-CN)2 and ICz-CN. The involvement of the dicyanomethylene groups stabilizes the close-lying LUMO and LUMO+1 of (ICz-CN)2 and especially ICz-CN compared to ICz-Br, resulting in a distinctive cathodic response at low overpotentials. Differently from neutral ICz-CN, its radical anion and dianion are remarkably stable under ambient conditions. The UV/Vis(-NIR) electronic transitions in parent (ICz-CN)2 and ICz-CN and their different redox forms have been assigned convincingly with the aid of TD-DFT calculations. The σ-bond in neutral (ICz-CN)2 is cleaved in solution and in the solid-state upon soft external stimuli (temperature, pressure), showing a strong chromism from light yellow to blue-green. Notably, in the solid state, the monomeric diradical species is predominantly formed under high hydrostatic pressure (>1 GPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Badía-Domínguez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miriam Peña-Álvarez
- Present address: Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions & School of, Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK.,MALTA-Consolider Team, Department of Physical Chemistry I, Chemistry Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Deliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for, Organic Functional Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | | | - Yolanda Vida
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, C/ Severo Ochoa 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sandra Rodríguez González
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan T López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Víctor Hernández Jolín
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan C Sancho García
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Valentín García Baonza
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Instituto de Geociencias IGEO (CSIC-UCM), University Complutense of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosie Nash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DX, UK
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DX, UK
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for, Organic Functional Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - M Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071, Málaga, Spain
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2
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Fumanal M, Capdevila-Cortada M, Novoa JJ. Understanding room-temperature π-dimerisation of radical ions: intramolecular π-[TTF] 22+ in functionalised calix[4]arenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:3807-3819. [PMID: 28102383 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07794c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Long, multicentre π-dimers of radical ions are weakly bound and can only be observed in solution at low temperature. However, recent supramolecular approaches induce the extra stabilisation required to preserve them at room temperature, by different means depending on the approach. In particular, π-[TTF]22+ dimers (TTF = tetrathiafulvalene) were detected upon oxidation of a TTF-based calix[4]arene in acetonitrile solution at room temperature, manifesting intramolecular [R-TTF]˙+[R-TTF]˙+ interactions (Chem. Commun. 2006, 2, 2233). In this work, the reasons behind the remarkable formation of these π-dimers in the calix[4]arene, [calix], molecule are unravelled by means of DFT calculations. We first demonstrate that the properties of the π-[R-TTF]22+ dimers are preserved in the [calix]2+. Most importantly, our results show that the π-dimerised and non-dimerised forms of the [calix]2+ are isoenergetic at room temperature, and that the activation energy for this process is ca. 9.5 kcal mol-1. Hence, both forms coexist in equilibrium at 298 K, as the intramolecular nature of the interaction ensures a high reaction rate. The role of the Na+ cation in preventing the π-[R-TTF]22+ dimerisation of the [calix]2+ receptor is also examined, unveiling that this effect is mostly due to the electrostatic repulsion induced by the cation. Finally, we provide a revision on room-temperature stable supramolecular long, multicentre π-dimers of radical ions, a class of systems with great potential as molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fumanal
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marçal Capdevila-Cortada
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Juan J Novoa
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Ou YP, Zhang J, Zhang MX, Zhang F, Kuang D, Hartl F, Liu SH. Bonding and Electronic Properties of Linear Diethynyl Oligothienoacene-Bridged Diruthenium Complexes and Their Oxidized Forms. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11074-11086. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Ou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | | | | | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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4
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Nishinaga T, Sotome Y. Stable Radical Cations and Their π-Dimers Prepared from Ethylene- and Propylene-3,4-dioxythiophene Co-oligomers: Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigations. J Org Chem 2017. [PMID: 28650158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Co-oligomers composed of two 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) units and two or three 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) units, i.e., 2E2PEt and 2E3PEt, were newly synthesized together with the ProDOT trimer 3PMe. On the basis of cyclic voltammetry, the gaps between the first and second oxidation potentials (ΔE1-2) of 2E2PEt and 2E3PEt were found to be larger than that of the previously synthesized ProDOT tetramer 4PHex. These co-oligomers gave the fairly stable radical cations 2E2PEt•+ and 2E3PEt•+ by chemical oxidation with AgSbF6. The disproportionation of 2E2PEt•+ and 2E3PEt•+ into neutral and dicationic species, which was observed for 4PHex•+, was inhibited in accord with the larger ΔE1-2. Additionally, the formation of the π-dimers (3PMe)22+, (2E2PEt)22+, and (2E3PE)22+ was clearly observed in dichloromethane solution at low temperatures with UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the π-dimerization enthalpies of 2E2PEt•+ and 2E3PEt•+ were greater than that of 3PMe•+, suggesting the formation of fully π-contacted structures. The structures of the π-dimers were optimized at the B97D3 method, and the calculated absorption spectra of the π-dimers obtained using TD-DFT methods were in reasonable agreement with the observed ones, supporting the reliability of the calculated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nishinaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sotome
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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5
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Wu H, Fang R, Tao J, Wang D, Qiao X, Yang X, Hartl F, Li H. Diacenaphthylene-fused benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophenes: polycyclic heteroacenes containing full-carbon five-membered aromatic rings. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:751-754. [PMID: 27995232 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein report on an efficient synthesis of diacenaphthylene-fused benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophenes and demonstrate that their packing structure in the solid state depends on the substituent groups. These compounds form dimers with their radical cations in high concentration solution and exhibit good field-effect mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhuo Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Renren Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jingwei Tao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Deliang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiaolan Qiao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK.
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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6
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Santaclara JG, Nasalevich MA, Castellanos S, Evers WH, Spoor FCM, Rock K, Siebbeles LDA, Kapteijn F, Grozema F, Houtepen A, Gascon J, Hunger J, van der Veen MA. Organic Linker Defines the Excited-State Decay of Photocatalytic MIL-125(Ti)-Type Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:388-395. [PMID: 26871265 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, MIL-125(Ti) and NH2 -MIL-125(Ti), two titanium-based metal-organic frameworks, have attracted significant research attention in the field of photocatalysis for solar fuel generation. This work reveals that the differences between these structures are not only based on their light absorption range but also on the decay profile and topography of their excited states. In contrast to MIL-125(Ti), NH2 -MIL-125(Ti) shows markedly longer lifetimes of the charge-separated state, which improves photoconversion by the suppression of competing decay mechanisms. We used spectroelectrochemistry and ultrafast spectroscopy to demonstrate that upon photoexcitation in NH2 -MIL-125(Ti) the electron is located in the Ti-oxo clusters and the hole resides on the aminoterephthalate unit, specifically on the amino group. The results highlight the role of the amino group in NH2 -MIL-125(Ti), the electron donation of which extends the lifetime of the photoexcited state substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara G Santaclara
- Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maxim A Nasalevich
- Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia Castellanos
- Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wiel H Evers
- Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C M Spoor
- Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kamila Rock
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Laurens D A Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand Grozema
- Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Houtepen
- Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Gascon
- Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Monique A van der Veen
- Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands.
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7
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Pawliczek M, Garve LKB, Werz DB. Exploiting amphiphilicity: facile metal free access to thianthrenes and related sulphur heterocycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:9165-8. [PMID: 25948531 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01757b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzodithioloimines are reacted with arynes or alkynes substituted with electron-withdrawing groups to afford the corresponding thianthrene or benzo[b][1,4]dithiine derivatives. The transformation takes place under mild reaction conditions without any transition metal. Furthermore, the reaction mode could be expanded to 2-thiocyanatopyrroles yielding pyrrolothiazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pawliczek
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Organische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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8
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Fumanal M, Capdevila-Cortada M, Ribas-Arino J, Novoa JJ. Electronic excitation energies in dimers between radical ions presenting long, multicenter bonding. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:2651-60. [PMID: 26575562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation of long, multicenter dimers between radical ions is usually monitored through UV-vis spectroscopy given the characteristic low-energy absorption band that they exhibit, not observed for the parent monomers. In this work, the performance of CASPT2, RASPT2, and TD-DFT methods for obtaining excitation energies of the long, multicenter bonded π-[TCNE]2(2-) and π-[TTF]2(2+) dimers has been addressed (TCNE = tetracyanoethylene; TTF = tetrathiafulvalene). The impact of the active space on the vertical electronic transitions computed at the RASPT2 and CASPT2 levels has been tested against experimentally observed absorption bands. Analogous tests have been carried out for a wide variety of density functionals within the TD-DFT formalism. Our calculations show that whereas CASPT2 predicts very accurate excitation energies for the π-[TCNE]2(2-), the mean absolute error for π-[TTF]2(2+) is higher for CASPT2 than for TD-DFT calculations, whenever pure density functionals or low % HF exchange hybrid functionals are used. Hybrid functionals with high % HF exchange (and thus RSH functionals) conduct to large errors on the excitation energies in both dimers. Furthermore, vertical electronic transitions are also obtained for 100 configurations extracted from a 45 ps molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulation aimed at providing an accurate description of the thermal fluctuation effects of a π-[TCNE]2(2-) dimer in dichloromethane. These thermal effects explain the shape of the experimental UV-vis spectrum, where the lowest HOMO → LUMO absorption presents a broad band and the following HOMO-1 → LUMO absorption exhibits a narrower band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fumanal
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona , Avenida Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marçal Capdevila-Cortada
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona , Avenida Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona , Avenida Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Novoa
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona , Avenida Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Cinar ME, Ozturk T. Thienothiophenes, Dithienothiophenes, and Thienoacenes: Syntheses, Oligomers, Polymers, and Properties. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3036-140. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500271a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emin Cinar
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turan Ozturk
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
- Chemistry
Group, Organic Chemistry Laboratory, TUBITAK UME, P.O. Box 54, 41470 Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
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10
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Procopio EQ, Bonometti V, Panigati M, Mercandelli P, Mussini PR, Benincori T, D’Alfonso G, Sannicolò F. Dinuclear Rhenium Complexes as Redox-Active Pendants in a Novel Electrodeposited Polycyclopentadithiophene Material. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:11242-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ic501840p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Bonometti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Panigati
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Unità di Ricerca di Milano del Consorzio INSTM, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mercandelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Unità di Ricerca di Milano del Consorzio INSTM, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia R. Mussini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Unità di Ricerca di Milano del Consorzio INSTM, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturati, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D’Alfonso
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Unità di Ricerca di Milano del Consorzio INSTM, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Sannicolò
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturati, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
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